Pathology

Explanation :
Crystal deposited in primary gout -
Monosodium  urate crystal

Explanation :
Respiratory emergency -
Tension pneumothorax
Acute severe bronchial asthma
Acutr exacervation of COPD

Endocrine emergency :
DKA
Hypoglycemia
Thyrotoxic coma

Culex is vector for filariasis

Infection with mumps virus resulting in bilateral inflamed parotid glands Orchitis, pancreatitis, and aseptic meningitis may also be present.

Explanation: Campylobacter species have been linked to GBS & post infectious reactive arthritis.

Explanation: Streptococcus has several enzymes that helps for rapid spreading (hyaluronidase).

Uric acid stone is radio opaque

Explanation :
Seronegetive arthritis -
Reactive arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Enteropathic arthritis

Explanation :
Fixative in tissue biopsy is used for fixation of tissue
It prevents autolysis
Most frequently, the routine fixative will be neutral buffered formalin.

Explanation: Acute type-1 respiratory failure occurs in pneumonia, chronic type-1 respiratory failure occurs in COPD, lung fibrosis, rt to left shunt.

CA-125 is a tumour marker for Ca ovary

Explanation: After incubation period, there is diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weakness, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. On examination, there may be abdominal distension and tenderness, Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption may occur, with bulky stools that float.

Explanation: Astrocytoma is commonest glial tumour

Explanation :
Flapping tremor in -
Renal failure
Liver failure
Respiratory failure.

Smoking remains most important modifiable risk factor in CAD

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 80 , Fig : 4.12

Explanation :
In chronic passive hepatic congestion-
The centrilobular regions are grossly redbrown and slightly depressed (because of cell death) and are accentuated against the surrounding zones of uncongested tan liver (nutmeg liver). 
Microscopically, there is centrilobular congestion and hemorrhage, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, and variable degrees of hepatocyte dropout and necrosis.

Explanation -
Streptococcus agalactiae or group B streptococcus (GBS), E.coli is 
well-known and common pathogenic agent of neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by the colonization of the maternal birth canal.

Explanation :
Imprinting disorders -
Beckwith wiedermann syndrome
Prader willi syndrome 
Anglemann syndrome

The obligate intracellular bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii

Explanation :
The removal of supernumerary cells (in excess of the required number) during development. 
• Involution of hormone-dependent tissues on hormone withdrawal, such as endometrial cell breakdown during the menstrual cycle, ovarian follicular atresia in menopause, and regression of the lactating breast after weaning.
• Cell turnover in proliferating cell populations, such as immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus, B lymphocytes in germinal centers that fail to express useful antigen receptors and epithelial cells in intestinal crypts, to maintain a constant cell number (homeostasis).
• Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues.
• Death of host cells that have served their useful purpose, such as neutrophils in an acute inflammatory response, and lymphocytes at the end of an immune response.

Explanation -
The expression of the defect tends to be more uniform than in autosomal dominant disorders.
• Complete penetrance is common.
• Onset is frequently early in life.
• Although new mutations associated with recessive disorders do occur, they are rarely detected clinically.
Since the individual with a new mutation is an asymptomatic heterozygote, several generations may pass before the descendants of such a person mate with other heterozygotes and produce affected offspring.
• Many of the mutated genes encode enzymes. Occurs due to defect in enzymes.

Explanation -
Causes of stroke in old age -
HTN,DM,OHD,Atherosclerosis 
Causes of stroke in young age -
Vulvular heart disease, 
Rupture barry aneurism 
Arterio venous malformation 
Vasculitis

The hallmark of SLE is the production of autoantibodies Antibodies to double-stranded DNA and the so-called Smith (Sm) antigen are virtually diagnostic of SLE.

Explanation: Bronchiectasis usually affects the lower lobes bilaterally

Explanation :
Clinical triad of Grave's disease :
Goiter
Exophthalmos
Pretibial myxoedema

Vertical transmission occurs in case of toxoplasmosis

Normal cellular constituent that accumulates inside the cell is lipid, others are abnormal.

Explanation: amoebic liver abscesses is caused by Entamoeba histolytica

Explanation: anuria is deemed to exist when less than 100 mL of urine is passed per day.

Explanation:
Gonorrhea can be transmitted during birth, causing severe conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum).

Explanation :
Rheumatoid arthritis :
Affect 3rd to 5th decade
Male : Female - 1:5
Anaemia present
Limitation of movement and muscle wasting

Explanation: Eosinophils are key inflammatory cells found in almost all subtypes of asthma

sinensis causes obstructive jaundice

Explanation -
Trichomonas vaginalis :
Is sexually transmitted 
Metronidazole is effective drug
May cause urethritis,vaginal discharge
Found in trophozoite form

Ascaris lumbricoides is known as the “giant roundworm.” The adults are the largest intestinal nematodes, often growing to 25 cm or more.

Explanation: Intravenous drug misuse is responsible for more than 90% cases of developing HCV infection

Explanation :
Radiation sensitive tissue -
Tissue with high rate of cell division like gonad,Bone marrow,Lymphoid tissue, mucosa of the GIT.

Explanation :
Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome -
Caused by a derangement in glomerular capillary walls resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins

Explanation :
Signs of portal hypertension -
Ascites
Yellowing of the skin
Easy bruising 
Enlarged spleen
Varices
Arterial hypotension
Caput medusae
Edema of the legs

Explanation :
Joint involvement in order in osteoarthritis -
Knee joint > Lower lumber joint > Cervical vertebra > Proximal and distal interpharengeal joint

HHV-8 is responsible for kaposi sarcoma

Accumulation of cholesterol occurs in xanthoma

S. Hematobium causes bladder cancer

Staphylococcus aureus causes Scalded skin syndrome

Medulloblastoma is childhood tumour in cerebellam

Urothelial carcinoma is malignant tumour of urethra

Explanation :
The most common conventional DMARDs are methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, and leflunomide. Azathioprine and other drugs are used much less frequently. 

Explanation :
Most common cause of community acquired pneumonia -
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Nosochomial / hospital acquired pneumonia -
E.coli

Explanation -
Common symptoms of Cushing syndrome -
Weight gain in the trunk, with thin arms and legs.
Weight gain in the face. ...
A fatty lump between the shoulders. ...
Pink or purple stretch marks on the stomach, hips, thighs, breasts and underarms.
Thin, frail skin that bruises easily.
Slow wound healing.
Acne.

Signs -
Moon face
Thinning of hair,hirsuitism
Mild exopthalmos
HTN
Buffalo hump
Pendulous abdomen

Relapses of P. vivax and P. ovale malaria can occur up to several years after the initial illness as a result of hypnozoites latent in the liver.

Explanation: Delayed type of hypesensitivity.

Transplacental transmission occurs in Syphilis

Ref. Robbins 9th p-93

Explanation -
In the early nonprogressive phase of shock, various neurohumoral mechanisms help maintain cardiac output and blood pressure. These mechanisms include baroreceptor reflexes, release of catecholamines and antidiuretic hormone, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, and generalized sympathetic stimulation. The net effect is tachycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, and renal fluid conservation; cutaneous vasoconstriction causes the characteristic “shocky” skin coolness and pallor (notably, septic shock can initially cause cutaneous vasodilation, so the patient may present with warm, flushed skin). Coronary and cerebral vessels are less sensitive to sympathetic signals and maintain relatively normal caliber, blood flow, and oxygen delivery. Thus, blood is shunted away from the skin to the vital organs such as the heart and the brain.

The obligate intracellular bacteria Rickettsia prowazekii

In ancylostoma major damage is due to the loss of blood at the site of attachment in the small intestine. Weakness and pallor accompany the microcytic anemia caused by blood loss.

Explanation :
Approximately 40% of the patients have congenital heart disease. The most frequent forms of congenital heart diseases in Down syndrome are atrioventricular septal defects constituting 43% of cases, whereas ventricular septal defects, atrial septal defects, and tetralogy of Fallot also involved.
Children with trisomy 21 have a high risk of developing leukemia; there is 20-fold increased risk of developing acute B lymphoblastic leukemias and 500-fold increased risk of acute myeloid leukemias. The latter, most commonly, is acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
• Virtually all patients with trisomy 21 older than age 40 develop neuropathologic changes characteristic of Alzheimer disease, a degenerative disorder of the brain.
• Patients with Down syndrome have abnormal immune responses that predispose them to serious infections, particularly of the lungs, and to thyroid autoimmunity, causing hypothyroidism .

Schwannoma is a peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Explanation :
Effects of complement in acute inflammation :
Vasodilation 
Increased vascular permeability 
Phagocytosis
MAC
Chemotaxis
Leucocyte adhesion

Explanation -
Tophaceous gout occurs when uric acid crystals form masses of white growths that develop around the joints and tissues that gout has affected. These masses, called tophi, are often visible under the skin and tend to look like swollen nodules. The material may be in a liquid, pasty, or chalky state.

Explanation -
B cell immunodeficiency -
X linked hypogummaglobulinaemia 
Selective immunoglobulin deficiencies. 

• Bronchiectasis is a disorder in which destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue by chronic necrotizing infections leads to permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
• Bronchiectasis usually affects the lower lobes bilaterally
• The airways are dilated, sometimes up to four times normal size.

Leucopenia occurs in kala-azar

Explanation: Schwannoma is a peripheral nerve sheath tumour

Carcinoma in situ includes CIN

Fat embolism is common in fracture

Explanation :
Systemic fungal infection -
Coccidiodes 
Paracoccidiodes
Histoplasma
Blastomyces

Sporotrichosis is subcutaneous fungal infection. 

Explanation -
Amniotic fluid embolism is the fifth most common cause of maternal mortality worldwide; it accounts for roughly 10% of maternal deaths in the United States and results in permanent neurologic deficit in as many as 85% of survivors.
Amniotic fluid embolism is an ominous complication of labor and the immediate postpartum period.Mortality rate is up to 80%.
The onset is characterized by sudden severe dyspnea, cyanosis, and shock, followed by neurologic impairment ranging from headache to seizures and coma, and by DIC. 

Metabolic acidosis occurs in AGN

It most commonly affects the mitral valve and is responsible for 99% of acquired mitral stenosis

Myxoma is the most common cardiac primary tumour

Explanation: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with type-IV hypersensitivity

Explanation :
Female pseudohermaphrodite -
Gonads : Ovary
Karyotype : 46,XX
Secondary sexual organ incomplete or ambiguous 
Cliteromegaly found
Excessive androgen found.

Explanation -
Granulation tissue found in :
Wound
Ulcer
Sinus tract
Pyogenic granuloma 
Fistula
Wall of abscess
Granulation tissue absent in :
All types of granulomatous inflammation except pyogenic granuloma 
Scar
Necrosis
Organizing haematoma
Congestion.

Explanation: Cardiac primary tumor myxoma occurs mainly in left atrium.

Apoptosis is Programmed cell death

Phlebothrombosis is thrombosis of vein with no inflammation. It mainly occurs in calf vein. Usually produces few sign & symptoms.

Explanation :
Rabies virus can grow in nerve cell
And transmitted through nerve.

Explanation: Others are RNA viruses.

Explanation -
Primary headache -
Tension headache
Migraine
Cluster headache
Trigeminal neuralgia
Benign paroxysmal headache

- The fundamental defect in SLE is a failure of the mechanisms that maintain self-tolerance.
- Most of the systemic lesions are caused by immune complexes (type III hypersensitivity).

Explanation :
Gastric ulcer
Ruptures oesophageal varices
Carcinoma of stomach
Ruptured oesophageal varices