Pathology

• HTLV-1: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
• HPV: benign warts, cervical cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer
• EBV: Burkitt lymphomas, B-cell lymphomas in patients with T-cell immunosuppression
• Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus: hepatocellular carcinomas
• H. pylori: gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma

Radiographic abnormalities of Rheumatoid arthritis are:
 Periarticular osteoporosis
 Marginal joint erosions
 Joint subluxation
 Joint space narrowing

Clinical features of Achalasia:
• Dysphagia for solids and liquids
• Putrid breath
• High LES pressure on esophageal manometry
• 'Bird-beak' sign on barium swallow study
• Increased risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

 Emphysema is a chronic obstructive airway disease characterized by permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles.
 It is a component of along with chronic bronchitis.
 Subtypes include centriacinar (most common, smoking related), panacinar (seen in α1-antitrypsin deficiency), distal acinar and irregular.

• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus.
• Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.
• Physiological hyperplasia occurs in – breast during puberty, liver after hepatectomy
• Pathological hyperplasia occurs in – BPH, wart & endometrial tumour

In kala-azar
 Symptoms begin with intermittent fever, weakness, and weight loss.
 Massive enlargement of the spleen is characteristic.
 Hyperpigmentation of the skin is seen in light-skinned patients (kala-azar means black sickness).