Pathology

duodenale causes microcytic anaemia

Explanation :
Clinical features of type 2 respiratory failure :
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Airway obsteuction
Cor pulmonale
Signs of precipitating factors

Tertian malaria is subdivided into malignant malaria, caused by P. falciparum, and benign malaria, caused by P. vivax and P. ovale.

Explanation :
Avuscular necrosis seen in :
Head of femur
Talas
Scaphoid
Radiation therapy
Sickle cell crisis
Trauma 
Tumor

Explanation :
The dominant cause of IHD syndrome is insufficient coronary perfusion relative to myocardial demand, due to chronic, progressive atherosclerotic narrowing of the epicardial coronary arteries

Explanation :
RB gene is called Governor of the cell cycle. 
It inhibit cell cycle in G1-S phase.

Explanation: Peptic ulcer disease is the most common Cause of acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Anesthetic accident produces neurogenic shock

Explanation: E.coli is the most common cause of UTI

Angiogenesis is promoted by PDGF

Dog is the definitive host in E. Granulosus

Non papillary carcinoma is most common cause of RCC

Explanation :
Local factor influence wound healing -
Local blood supply
Denervation
Local infection
Foreign body
Haematoma
Necrotic tissue
Mechanical stress
Protection ( dressing)
Surgical techniques
Types of tissues

• Malingerer (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who pretends to be ill in order to avoid having to work.
Bangla Meaning: যে ব্যক্তি কর্তব্য এড়াতে অসুস্থতার ভান করে।

• অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - 
• Zealot (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who has very strong opinions about something, and tries to make other people have them too.
Bangla Meaning: কোনো বিশেষ আদর্শ দল, গোষ্ঠী বা ধর্মমত বিষয়ে প্রবল ও আপসহীন আগ্রহ-উদ্দীপনা প্রকাশ করে এমন ব্যক্তি; অন্ধ সমর্থক; গোঁড়া মৌলবাদী।

• Guileless (adjective)
English Meaning: Honest and direct.
Bangla Meaning: প্রতারণাহীন।

• Gullible (adjective)
English Meaning: Easily deceived or tricked, and too willing to believe everything that other people say.
Bangla Meaning: সহজে প্রতারণাযোগ্য।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

Superficial layer of necrotic debris is morphological pictures of peptic ulcer

No explanation added.

Explanation: 90% of gastric ulcers are situated on the lesser curve within the antrum or at the junction between body and antral mucosa

Carcinoma of breast metastasizes lymphatic route

Explanation -
Diatary factors reduce risk for colorectal carcinoma -
Folic acid
Fibers
Calcium
Omega 3 fatty acid

Explanation :
Causetive agents of pain in acute inflammation :
Prostaglandin 
Bradykinin
Increased K+
Decreased pH
Tissue reaction
5-HT/ serotonin

Leukocyte migration through endothelium is called diapedesis

Cellular aging results from telomere shortening

Explanation :
Bone cell -
Osteoblast : Bone forming cell
Osteocyte - Control calcium and phosphate level in bone
Osteoclast - Bone resorbing cell.

Ref:Robbins/9th/p-62

Amoebiasis is caused by E. histolytica

• Infection by M. tuberculosis proceeds in steps, from initial infection of macrophages to a subsequent TH1 response that both contains the bacteria and causes tissue damage

Explanation :
Most effective cardiac biomarker in acute MI is serum trophonin I, which rise in 4-6 hours, peak at 12 hours and fall after 48-72 hours.

Rabies virus is bullet shaped, enveloped, single-strand RNA virus of negative polarity. The first step in viral replication is synthesis of full-length copies (postive strands) of the viral genome.

Explanation: Humans are infected by eating food contaminated with mature ova. Ascaris larvae hatch in the duodenum, migrate through the lungs, ascend the bronchial tree, are swallowed and mature in the small intestine

Causes of acute pneumonias in the community include H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis (both associated with acute exacerbations of COPD), S. aureus (usually secondary to viral respiratory infections), K. pneumoniae (observed in patients who are chronic alcoholics), P. aeruginosa (seen in persons with cystic fibrosis, in burn victims, and in patients with neutropenia), and L. pneumophila, seen particularly in organ transplant recipients.

Explanation :
Changes in peripheral blood after acute blood loss :
Extravascular fluid pass into capillaries
Fluid may retain by kidneys
Hb% decreased
PCV decreased 
Reticulocyte count increase 5-15%
Thrombocytosis.

Defensin limits entry of microorganism into body

Explanation :
Autosomal dominant inheritance -
At least one parent of a case is affected
Both male and female canbe equally affected.
Consecutive generations are affected
Presents in heterozygous state

Explanation: WBC & nitrite in urine is suggestive of UTI

Beneficial effect of inflammation is control of infection

Explanation: P. falciparum infects all stages of RBC

Explanation -
Premalignant condition of female genital tract :
Cervical dysplasia including CIN
LSIL,HSIL
Endometrial hyperplasia 
Leucoplakia
Dysplasia
Lichen sclerosus of vulva

Explanation -
Metastatic calcification :
Metastatic calcification may occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia also accentuates dystrophic calcification. There are four principal causes of hypercalcemia: (1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with subsequent bone resorption, as in hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid tumors, and ectopic secretion of PTH-related protein by malignant tumors  (2) resorption of bone tissue, secondary to primary tumors of bone marrow (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia) or diffuse skeletal metastasis (e.g., breast cancer), accelerated bone turnover (e.g., Paget disease), or immobilization; (3) vitamin D–related disorders, including vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis (in which macrophages activate a vitamin D precursor), and idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy (Williams syndrome), characterized by abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D; and (4) renal failure, which causes retention of phosphate, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Less common causes include aluminum intoxication, which occurs in patients on chronic renal dialysis, and milk-alkali syndrome, which is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate.

Ehlers danlos syndrome is a condition where there is poorly developed collagen,easy to hurt,poor healers,cigarette paper like skin known as rubber man or human pretzels. 

Explanation :
Causes of bronchiactasis :
Congenital or hereditary conditions
Infections
Bronchial obstruction
Rheumatoid arthritis,SLE,Inflammatory bowel disease,COPD,Post transplantation

• Colorectal cancer incidence peaks at 60 to 70 years of age, with fewer than 20% of cases occuring before age 50.

Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis :
Occurs in solid organ except brain
Example - Infract of heart ( MI),Kidney,Spleen,Gumma of tertiary syphilis. 

Explanation :
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein made by the liver.
The level of CRP increases when there's inflammation in the body.
Synthesis upregulated by TNF.

This fungus can be stuck by rose thorn.

Crohn’s disease causes deep & linear ulcer

Explanation:
Graves’ disease is the most common cause, especially in younger females.
It is an autoimmune condition with TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies.

Explanation:
Permanent cells are cells that have lost the ability to divide (i.e., they are non-proliferative after birth).
Once destroyed, they cannot be replaced through mitosis.
These cells remain in the G₀ phase of the cell cycle permanently.

 Examples of Permanent Cells in the Human Body:
1. Neurons (Nerve cells) – Central nervous system neurons do not divide.
2. Cardiac muscle cells – Myocytes in the heart do not regenerate.
3. Skeletal muscle cells – Multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers are also considered permanent, although satellite cells can aid limited repair.

Glucose level is decreased in acute Pyogenic meningitis

• S. pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia; the distribution of inflammation is usually lobar.

Explanation :
Features of irreversible cell injury -
Membrane injury
Intracellular release and activation of lysosomal enzyme 
Increase calcium influx
Decreased basophilia
Phagocytosis.

Infection typically leads to the development of delayed hypersensitivity to M. tuberculosis antigens, which can be detected by the tuberculin (PPD, or Mantoux) skin test.

Most common site of fatty change is liver

Complication of wound healing due to deficient scar formation is wound dehiscence

Explanation:
Hydroxychloroquine is the mainstay of long-term therapy, reduces flares, and long term survival against SLE.

Explanation :
Causes of fine tremor :
Hyperthyroidism
Heavy metal poisoning
Drugs ( Beta agonist,Theophylline,Caffine,Sodium valproate,TCA,Amphetamine) 

Resting tremor :
Parkinson's syndrome

RBC increases in CSF in SAH

Explanation :
Glomerular syndrome :
Nephritic syndrome
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 
Nephrotic syndrome 
Chronic renal failure
Isolated urinary abnormalities

Quartan malaria is caued by P. Malariae

Diagnosis of hereditary angioedema can be confirmed by measurement of level of C1 inhibitor.

Explanation :
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
Mostly breast
Then- salivary gland 
Pancreas
Neonates after delivery. 

• Oligoarthritis is more common,
• Systemic disease is more frequent,
• Large joints are affected more often than small joints,
• Rheumatoid nodules and rheumatoid factor are usually absent, and
• Antinuclear antibody (ANA) seropositivity is common.

Explanation :
H.pylori associated gastritis -
Inflammatory infiltrate - Neutrophil, plasma cell
Location - Antrum
Acid production - Increased to slightly decreased 
Gastrin - Normal to drcreased
Sequelae - Peptic ulcer,Adenocarcinoma,MALToma

Explanation: A positive tuberculin test signifies T-cell–mediated immunity to mycobacterial antigens but does not differentiate between infection and active disease.

Explanation: Tularaemia and spores of bacillus used as bioterrorism

Explanation :
Mycobacterium -
Rigid cell wall contain mycolic acid
M.fortuitum is rapid growing
Causes growth primarily in lungs

Explanation: Haemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumours and are present in 1–20% of the population

Main source of TNF is macrophage

Explanation :
CD4 + T helper cells may initiate the autoimmune response in RA by reacting arthritogenic agent.

Type-1 respiratory failure occurs in lobar collapse

Western blot is confirmatory for HIV, if it is indeterminate, we will repeat this after one month.

Explanation: Syphilis is caused by T.pallidum

anaemia occurs in kala-azar due to hypersplenism

SLE is Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity

Explanation: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy results in diastolic (relaxation) dysfunction. Virtually all cases are due to autosomal dominant mutation

• RA typically manifests as a symmetric arthritis principally affecting the small joints of the hand and feet.