বিষয়সমূহ

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Narration

মোট প্রশ্ন৪৫০এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Narration

PrepBank · পাতা / · ২০১৩০০ / ৪৫০

২০১.
Change the narration: He said to me, "Good evening, can you help me?"
  1. He told good evening and asked whether I can help him.
  2. He wished me good evening and requested to help him.
  3. He greeted me good evening and wanted if I could help him.
  4. He wished me good evening and asked if I could help him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished me good evening and asked if I could help him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished me good evening and asked if I could help him.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Direct: He said to me, "Good evening, can you help me?"
- Indirect: He wished me good evening and asked if I could help him.

• Direct থেকে Indirect করার নিয়ম:
- বাক্যে "Good morning," "Good evening," "Good afternoon" ইত্যাদি থাকলে Indirect এ reporting verb "said" এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "wished" হবে।
- Structure:
Sub + wish/wished + object + Good morning/evening/afternoon.

• Interrogative Sentence এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:

- Reporting verb টি 'ask'/ 'enquire of'/ 'want to know' ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
- Reported Speech যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হলে, Reported speech এর পূর্বে that না বসে if/whether বসাতে হবে। 
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
- অর্থাৎ, Subject + verb + ext.
- Structure: Subject + ask/enquire of + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether + Reported speech এর subject + verb (Tense অনুসারে) + বাকী অংশ।

• Note: একই সাথে দুইটি বাক্য থাকলে তা and দ্বারা যুক্ত হবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২০২.
She said, "Let us go to the park." (make it indirect)
  1. She suggested that we should go to the park.
  2. She said that let us go to the park.
  3. She said that we can go to the park.
  4. She suggested that we should gone to the park.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She suggested that we should go to the park.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She suggested that we should go to the park.
ব্যাখ্যা
Let যুক্ত sentence এর Indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose / suggest হয়। 
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they / we + should বসে।
- Reported speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- Reporting verb এরপর subject third person হলে that এরপরে we বসে, এবং reporting verb এর subject first person হলে that এরপরে they বসে।

Direct: She said, "Let us go to the park."
Indirect: She suggested that we should go to the park.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২০৩.
What is the correct indirect form of: He said, 'You had better see a doctor'
  1. He advised him to see a doctor.
  2. He advised that he should see a doctor.
  3. He suggested that he seen a doctor.
  4. He proposed to see a doctor.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He advised him to see a doctor.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He advised him to see a doctor.
ব্যাখ্যা
• had better এবং subject second person যুক্ত direct speech কে  indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম - 
- প্রথমে Subject বসবে,
- advised বসবে,
- object বসবে,
- infinitive বসবে,
- বাকি অংশ বসবে,।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে -  He advised him to see a doctor.
২০৪.
He has said, "I have done my duty."(Change into indirect speech) 
  1. He has said that he had done his duty.
  2. He has said that he has done his duty.
  3. He has told that he has done his duty.
  4. He has told that he had done his duty.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He has said that he has done his duty.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He has said that he has done his duty.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: He has said, "I have done my duty."
• Indirect speech: He has said that he has done his duty.
- উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে Reporting verb "has said" এখানে present tense এ আছে। তাই reported speech-এ verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হবে না। Reporting verb-এর পরে যেহেতু এখানে object নেই, তাই told  ব্যবহার না করে said ব্যবহারই সঠিক।

• Direct speech এর reporting verb যদি Present tense বা Future tense থাকে,
- তবে reported speech এর verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- কেবল person পরিবর্তিত হয়,
- অর্থাৎ, 1st person (I, we) থাকলে Reporting Verb এর Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- 2nd person (you) থাকলে Reporting Verb এর Object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reported speech এর 3rd person এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। 

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

২০৫.
Choose the correct form of speech for the sentence:
He said, " Let me have some pudding."
  1. He said that he had some pudding.
  2. He said he had some pudding.
  3. He desired that he might have some pudding.
  4. He told that he let have some pudding.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He desired that he might have some pudding.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He desired that he might have some pudding.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: He said, " Let me have some pudding."
• Indirect: He desired that he might have some pudding.

• Imperative sentence এর Narration Change এর Structure:
- Let দিয়ে প্রস্তাব না বুঝালে reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে,
- Inverted কমা উঠে গিয়ে that বসে,
- Reported verb- এর subject পুনরায় বসে,
- might বসে,
- বাকি অংশ। 

Example:
- He said, "Let me have some cake."
- He desired that he might have some cake.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury and Hossain.

২০৬.
He said, "Will you listen to such a man?
  1. He asked them will you listen to such a man.
  2. He asked them are you listening to such a man.
  3. He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
  4. He asked them whether they will listen to such a man.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Reported speech যদি Interrogative sentence হয় তাহলে reporting verb 'said' বা 'said to' indirect speech এ 'ask', 'demand', 'enquire', 'wonder' বা 'want to know' তে পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
- Reported speech যদি কোন auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে indirect speech এ if বা whether ব্যবহৃত হয়। 
- Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত বাক্য আর Interrogative থাকে না; একারণে এর শেষে প্রশ্ন বোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে না।
- এজন্যে Indirect speech এ auxiliary verb টি subject এর পরে বসে। 

Direct: He said, "Will you listen to such a man?
Indirect: He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain. 

২০৭.
Akash exclaimed that it was a beautiful day. (make it direct)
  1. Akash said, "It was a beautiful day!"
  2. Akash said, "What a beautiful day is it!"
  3. Akash said, "It is a beautiful day!"
  4. Akash said, "What a beautiful day!"
  5. Akash said, "How beautiful day it is!"
সঠিক উত্তর:
Akash said, "What a beautiful day!"
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Akash said, "What a beautiful day!"
ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, 
- Indirect speech এ reported speech টি past indefinite এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা present indefinite এ হবে।
- Indirect speech এ exclaimed থাকলে direct speech এ তা said হয়।
- তারপর কমা বসবে। 
- তারপর inverted comma এর ভিতর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• সুতরাং, The correct direct form of the sentence "Akash exclaimed that it was a beautiful day." is: ঘ) Akash said, "What a beautiful day!"
- In this sentence, Akash is expressing a feeling of admiration or amazement about the day, which aligns with the exclamatory form "What a beautiful day!"
- Other options either do not match the exclamatory nature of the original sentence or are grammatically incorrect.

• "It is a beautiful day!" এই বাক্যটি সাধারণ statement
- কিন্তু মূল বাক্যে exclaimed থাকায় direct speech এ একটি exclamatory sentence হওয়া উচিত।
- "What a beautiful day!" exclamatory sentence হিসেবে বক্তার উচ্ছ্বাস/আবেগ বেশি ভালোভাবে প্রকাশ করে.
- সুতরাং যদিও "It is a beautiful day!" গ্রামারগতভাবে সঠিক।
- কিন্তু exclaimed এর প্রকৃত অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে "What a beautiful day!" বেশি উপযুক্ত

২০৮.
Sayeed said, "I was busy." বাক্যটির indirect speech
  1. Sayeed said that I was busy.
  2. Sayeed said that he was busy.
  3. Sayeed that I had been busy.
  4. Sayeed said that he had been busy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sayeed said that he had been busy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sayeed said that he had been busy.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: Sayeed said, "I was busy."
• Indirect Speech: Sayeed said that he had been busy.

- এই প্রশ্নে দেওয়া বাক্যটি Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ বক্তৃতা) এর রূপান্তর সম্পর্কে।

- প্রথমে Direct Speech (সরাসরি বক্তৃতা) হিসেবে মূল বাক্যটি ছিল:
- Sayeed said, "I was busy."
- এখন, Indirect Speech-এ এই বাক্যটি রূপান্তর করার সময় কিছু নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হয়, যেমন:
- Reporting verb – "said" থাকে যেমন আছে।

- Pronoun (সর্বনাম) – "I" পরিবর্তন হয়ে "he" হবে, কারণ Sayeed বলছে।
- Tense পরিবর্তন – সরাসরি বক্তৃতায় যদি অতীত কাল থাকে, তবে Indirect Speech-এ তা এক ধাপ পেছনে চলে যায়।
- অর্থাৎ, "was" হয়ে "had been" হয়ে যাবে, কারণ এটি অতীতের কথাকে নির্দেশ করছে।

- এটি সঠিক, কারণ এখানে "I" হয়ে "he" এবং "was" হয়ে "had been" হয়েছে।
- তাহলে সঠিক উত্তর ঘ) Sayeed said that he had been busy.
২০৯.
She said to him, "Please help me." (Make it indirect)
  1. She requested him to help her.
  2. She advised him helping her.
  3. She told him help her.
  4. She said him to help her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She requested him to help her.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She requested him to help her.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/ order/ advice/ beg/ forbid বসে।
- Object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী person পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- reported verb টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/ command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

• Direct speech: She said to him, "Please help me."
• Indirect speech: She requested him to help her.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২১০.
He said, “I will meet you here tomorrow.” (Change the narration)
  1. He said that he would meet me here tomorrow
  2. He said that he would meet me here the next day.
  3. He said that he would meet me there tomorrow.
  4. He said that he would meet me there the next day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would meet me there the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would meet me there the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর ঘ) there the next day

• সবসময় pronouns, tenses, place, and time in indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে.
• সাধারণ পরিবর্তন:
- Direct speech এ  here, থাকলে indirect speech এ there হবে।
- Direct speech এ now, থাকলে indirect speech এ then হবে।
- Direct speech এ today, থাকলে indirect speech এ  that day হবে।
- Direct speech এ tomorrow, থাকলে indirect speech এ the next day হবে।
- Direct speech এ here, থাকলে indirect speech এ there হবে।
- Direct speech এ tomorrow, থাকলে indirect speech এ the next day হবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২১১.
He said to me, "Let's explore the hidden trails in the forest."
  1. He proposed to me that we might explore the hidden trails in the forest.
  2. He asked me that we may explore the hidden trails in the forest.
  3. He suggested me they might explore the hidden trails in the forest.
  4. He urged me that they could explore the hidden trails in the forest.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He proposed to me that we might explore the hidden trails in the forest.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He proposed to me that we might explore the hidden trails in the forest.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said to me, "Let's explore the hidden trails in the forest."
Indirect Speech: He proposed to me that we might explore the hidden trails in the forest.

→ Direct Narration এ Let’s/Let us থাকলে Indirect Narration এ Propose + to + Object বসে।

অন্যভাবে বলা যায়,
→ Let এর পরে us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/suggest হয় + inverted comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসে + we/they + should + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
২১২.
She said to her friend, "Let us watch a movie tonight." (Make into Indirect Speech)
  1. She told her friend to watch a movie tonight.
  2. She asked her friend that they should watch a movie tonight.
  3. She suggested to her friend to watch a movie tonight.
  4. She proposed to her friend that they should watch a movie that night.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She proposed to her friend that they should watch a movie that night.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She proposed to her friend that they should watch a movie that night.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: She said to her friend, "Let us watch a movie tonight."
• Indirect: She proposed to her friend that they should watch a movie that night.

• Let দ্বারা শুরু imperative sentence -এর narration পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Let us দিয়ে শুরু হয়ে যখন কোনো proposal/suggestion (প্রস্তাব) বোঝায় তখন reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/suggest হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে linker হিসেবে that বসে।
- পুনরায় subject হিসেবে they/we বসে।
- তারপর বাক্যে finite verb -এর আগে Modal auxiliary 'should' ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর reported speech -এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Note: প্রস্তাবের ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb -এর subject বা object টি first person হলে we এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে they বসে।
- তবে suggest -এর ক্ষেত্রে suggest +gerund ব্যব্যহার করা যায়।

• More Example:
- Direct: He said to me, "Let us go home."
- Indirect: He proposed to me that we should go home.

Source:
1. A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২১৩.
You said to me, "Why were you absent?"
  1. You told me why I had been absent.
  2. You asked me why had I been absent.
  3. You told me why had I been absent.
  4. You asked me why I had been absent.
সঠিক উত্তর:
You asked me why I had been absent.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
You asked me why I had been absent.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Direct sentence-এর reported speech interrogative হলে indirect করার সময় তাকে affirmative করতে হয়।
- Direct speech-এ past tense (were) থাকলে Indirect Speech-এ past perfect tense (had been) ব্যবহার করা হয়।

Direct narration: You said to me, "Why were you absent?"
Indirect narration: You asked me why I had been absent.
২১৪.
The principal said to the children, "Do not run under the sun." (Make it indirect)
  1. The principal forbade the children to run under the sun.
  2. The principal advised the children not to run under the suns.
  3. The principal ordered the children not to run under the sun.
  4. All of these
সঠিক উত্তর:
All of these
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
All of these
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নোল্লিখিত বাক্যটি  নিষেধ/উপদেশমূলক হওয়ায় said এর পরিবর্তে advised/forbade/ordered ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যের indirect speech এ advised এবং ordered ব্যবহৃত হলে not to ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- কিন্তু forbade নিজেই না বোধক হওয়ায় এর পর not বসবে না শুধু to + verb বসবে।

• যেমন:
The principal said to the children, "Do not run under the sun."

এর indirect speech হতে পারে।
1. The principal forbade the children to run under the sun.
2. The principal advised the children not to run under the sun.
3. The principal advised the children not to run under the sun.

• আরো উদাহরণ:
• Direct speech: 'Don't waste your time' the boss said to the employees.
1- The boss ordered/advised the employees not to waste their time.
2- The boss forbade the employees to waste their time.

• Direct speech: John said to me, “Don’t conceal anything”.
- Indirect speech: John forbade me to conceal anything.

• Direct speech: My father said to me, “Do not waste your time.”
Indirect speech: My father forbade me to waste my time.

• The Teacher said to the students, “Do not make noise.”
1. The teacher ordered/advised the students not to make noise.
2. The teacher forbade the students to make noise.
২১৫.
She said, "They had left before I arrived." (Make it indirect)
  1. She said that they had left before she arrived.
  2. She said that they have had left before she arrived.
  3. She said that they left before she had arrived.
  4. She said that they had had left before she had arrived.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that they had left before she arrived.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that they had left before she arrived.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ ক্ষেত্রে:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

- যদি reported speech যদি had + verb এর past participle হয় তাহলে  Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- অর্থাৎ, had + V3 এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- said to me এর পরিবর্তে told me হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct: She said, "They had left before I arrived."
Indirect: She said that they had left before she arrived.
২১৬.
She said, "Good bye, my dear friends."
  1. She told that her dear friends good bye.
  2. She bade her dear friends good bye.
  3. She said that good bye to her dear friends.
  4. She told that good bye to her dear friends.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She bade her dear friends good bye.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She bade her dear friends good bye.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: She bade her dear friends good bye. 

• মূল বাক্য: Direct Speech: She said, "Good bye, my dear friends."
- Indirect Speech-এ এই বাক্যটি রূপান্তর করতে হলে, Reporting verb হিসাবে "bade" ব্যবহার করাতে হবে,
- কারণ "Good bye" বিদায় জানানোর পরিপ্রেক্ষিতে সাধারণত "bid" বা "bade" ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনগুলি:

→ She = She (অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে)
→ said = bade (goodbye এর জন্য bid/bade ব্যবহার করা হয়)
→ my = her (speaker এর my থেকে her হবে)
→ dear friends = dear friends (অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে)

সঠিক বাক্য গঠন: Subject + bade + object + goodbye.
অর্থাৎ → She + bade + her dear friends + good bye.
অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে, সঠিক উত্তর: She bade her dear friends good bye. 

অন্য অপশনগুলোর মাঝে:
ক) She told that her dear friends good bye. → "told" ব্যবহারের পর "that" এখানে ভুল। "Told" এর পর object আসতে হয়।
গ) She said that good bye to her dear friends. → "said" এর পর "that" এখানে অপ্রয়োজনীয়। "Good bye" সাধারণত "bade" দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা হয়।
ঘ) She told that good bye to her dear friends. → "told" এর পর "that" ভুল।"Told" এর পরে "good bye" বসানো যায় না।
২১৭.
Identify the correct sentences:
  1. He has said to me that I will go but you will stay there in Dhaka.
  2. He has told me that he will go but I will stay here in Dhaka.
  3. He has told me that I would go but you would stay there in Dhaka.
  4. He has told me that he would go but I would stay here in Dhaka.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He has told me that he will go but I will stay here in Dhaka.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He has told me that he will go but I will stay here in Dhaka.
ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক বাক্যটি হচ্ছে - He has told me that he will go but I will stay here in Dhaka.
মূলত এখানে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন অর্থে সবগুলো বাক্যই শুদ্ধ।

প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি indirect speech এ রয়েছে।
Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, Indirect speech এর Reporting verb - Present বা Future Tense এর হলে Reported Speech এর Verb- যে কোনো Tense এর হতে পারে। আবার নিকটবর্তী বা দূরবর্তী (here, therer, now, then etc.) যে কোনো নির্দেশনা সূচক শব্দ বসাতেও সমস্যা নেই।

অর্থ অনুযায়ী সবচেয়ে সুন্দর এবং মানানসই বাক্য হবে - (“He has said to me, “I will go but you will stay here in Dhaka” Probable Direct Speech ধরে নিয়ে)
খ) He has told me that he will go but I will stay here in Dhaka.
অর্থ: সে আমাকে বলেছিল যে, সে চলে যাবে কিন্তু আমি এখানে ঢাকায়ই থাকব।

২১৮.
My friend said, "I was ill." (Make it indirect)
  1. My friend said that he was ill.
  2. My friend said that he had been ill.
  3. My friend told that I was ill.
  4. My friend said that I were ill.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My friend said that he had been ill.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My friend said that he had been ill.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: My friend said, "I was ill."
Indirect Speech: My friend said that he had been ill.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
→ Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
→ কমার বদলে that বসবে।
→ reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
২১৯.
She said, "May Allah give me strength to face the challenge." (Make it narration)
  1. She wished that Allah may give her strength to face the challenge.
  2. She prayed that Allah may give me strength to face the challenge.
  3. She wished that Allah might to give her strength to face the challenge.
  4. She prayed that Allah might give her strength to face the challenge. 
সঠিক উত্তর:
She prayed that Allah might give her strength to face the challenge. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She prayed that Allah might give her strength to face the challenge. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Optative Sentence এর Direct speech থাকে Indirect speech- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- reporting clause এর subject বসে।
- reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে (wish/wished)/ (pray/prayed) বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- may/ might বসে।
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Direct speech: She said, "May Allah give me strength to face the challenge."
• Indirect speech: She prayed that Allah might give her strength to face the challenge. 

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২০.
The Captain said to the soldiers, "Stand still." (Change the narration)
  1. The Captain commanded the soldiers to stand still.
  2. The Captain command the soldiers to stand still.
  3. The Captain told the soldiers stand still.
  4. The Captain said the soldiers to stand still.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The Captain commanded the soldiers to stand still.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The Captain commanded the soldiers to stand still.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The Captain said to the soldiers, "Stand still"
Indirect: The Captain commanded the soldiers to stand still.

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২২১.
My father said, "Water is wet." (make it indirect)
  1. My father said that water was wet.
  2. My father remarked that water had been wet.
  3. My father said that water is wet..
  4. My father advised that  water has been wet.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My father said that water is wet..
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My father said that water is wet..
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct narration: My father said, "Water is wet."
• Indirect narration: My father said that water is wet.

- Universal truth বা habitual fact প্রকাশ করায় বাক্যটির indirect narration গঠনের সময় verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তন হবে না।

More Example:
Direct narration: My father said, "All that glitters is not gold."
Indirect narration: My father said that all that glitters is not gold.
২২২.
"Let's have a cup of tea, my friend," I said.
  1. Addressing him as my friend, I proposed that we will have a cup of tea.
  2. Addressing him as my friend, I told that we will have a cup of tea.
  3. Addressing him as my friend, I proposed that we should have a cup of tea.
  4. Addressing him as my friend, I asked that we should have a cup of tea.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing him as my friend, I proposed that we should have a cup of tea.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing him as my friend, I proposed that we should have a cup of tea.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: "Let's have a cup of tea, my friend," I said.
• Indirect: Addressing him as my friend, I proposed that we should have a cup of tea.

• Let দ্বারা শুরু imperative sentence -এর narration পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Let us দিয়ে শুরু হয়ে যখন কোনো proposal/suggestion (প্রস্তাব) বোঝায় তখন reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/suggest হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে linker হিসেবে that বসে।
- পুনরায় subject হিসেবে they/we বসে।
- তারপর বাক্যে finite verb -এর আগে Modal auxiliary 'should' ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর reported speech -এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Note: প্রস্তাবের ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb -এর subject বা object টি first person হলে we এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে they বসে।
- তবে suggest -এর ক্ষেত্রে suggest +gerund ব্যব্যহার করা যায়।

• Note-2: Direct Specch -এ reporting clause (I said) ইত্যাদি, reported speech -এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা শেষে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু Indirect speech -এ reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।

• Note-3: Direct Specch -এ ব্যবহৃত vocatives (সম্বোধন) পদগুলো Indirect speech -এ বাদ দেয়া যায়।
- তবে, যেসব ক্ষেত্রে বাদ দেয়া যায় না, কেবল সেখানে vocatives -কে Addressing as দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা হয়।

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২২৩.
He said to me, ''Which item do you want?'' (Make it indirect)
  1. He told me which item I wanted.
  2. He said to me which item I wanted.
  3. He asked me which item did he want.
  4. He asked me which item I wanted.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me which item I wanted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me which item I wanted.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: He said to me, ''Which item do you want?''
• Indirect: He asked me which item I wanted.

-  Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত Interrogative sentence টি যদি কোন Wh - question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়,তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ সেই Wh - question word টিই Conjunction হিসাবে বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে inverted comma তুলে, linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।
- Direct speech- এ present Indefinite tense থাকলে Indirect narration এ তা past indefinite tense হয়।

- Structure : Sub + ask + object (যদি থাকে) + Interrogative Pronoun/Interrogative adverb + Reported speech এর Subject + Verb + বাকি অংশ।
২২৪.
She said that she had left the office long before. (Make it direct)
  1. She said, "I leave the office long ago."
  2. She said, "I left the office long ago."
  3. She said, "I had left the office long before."
  4. She said to that, "I left the office long before."
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said, "I left the office long ago."
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said, "I left the office long ago."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect: She said that she had left the office long before.
• Direct: She said, "I left the office long ago."

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before.
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.
২২৫.
Rubel said, "Hurrah! I have won the match." (make it indirect)
  1. Rubel exclaimed with grief that he had won the match.
  2. Rubel exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.
  3. Rubel said that he had won the match.
  4. Rubel bade that he had won the match.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rubel exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rubel exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- subject + reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim / exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim / exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে (যদি থাকে)।

• Direct speech: Rubel said, "Hurrah! I have won the match."
• Indirect speech: Rubel exclaimed with joy that he had won the match.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৬.
I said, "Bring it." (Change the narration)
  1. I said that let it be brought.
  2. I said that it should be brought.
  3. I ordered someone to bring it.
  4. I said to bring it.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I ordered someone to bring it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I ordered someone to bring it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

• “Bring it” একটি Imperative Sentence এবং তা আদেশ করা (order) অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
- তাই indirect narration এ said to এর পরিবর্তে ordered ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- সঠিক উত্তর - I ordered someone to bring it.
২২৭.
He said to me, "Who is your favorite author"?
  1. He asked me who my favorite author is.
  2. He asked me who was my favorite author.
  3. He told me who my favorite author was.
  4. He asked me who my favorite author was.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me who my favorite author was.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me who my favorite author was.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: He said to me, "Who is your favorite author"?
Indirect speech: He asked me who my favorite author was.

• Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb "said" -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই "Wh" question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech-এর subject বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী Tense পরিবর্তিত হবে এবং Verb, Subject এর পরে বসে।

Other options:
ক) He asked me who my favorite author is.
- Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Direct speech টি present Indefinite tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech টি past Indefinite tense হবে। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

খ) He asked me who was my favorite author.
- Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Indirect speech এ  Verb, Subject এর পরে বসে। Interrogative sentence টিকে Assertive Sentence পরিণত করতে হবে। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) He told me who my favorite author was.
- Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb "said"
এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। এখানে "said" এর পরিবর্তে 'told" এর ব্যবহার সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২২৮.
The coach said, "Practice makes a man perfect." (Make it indiredt)
  1. The coach said that it is practice that makes a man perfect.
  2. The coach said that it is practice that will make a man perfect.
  3. The coach said that practice makes a man perfect.
  4. The coach said that practice will make a man perfect.
  5. The coach said that it is the practice that makes a man perfect.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The coach said that practice makes a man perfect.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The coach said that practice makes a man perfect.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: The coach said, "Practice makes a man perfect."
Indirect: The coach said that practice makes a man perfect.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

• More Examples:
Direct: The teacher said, "Knowledge is power."
Indirect: The teacher said that knowledge is power.

Direct: The teacher said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
Indirect: The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

Direct: The historian said, "The Romans built roads throughout their empire."
Indirect: The historian said that the Romans built roads throughout their empire.
২২৯.
Rupa said, "I must write a story." (Indirect)
  1. Rupa told that she should write a story.
  2. Rupa said that she would write a story.
  3. Rupa told that she will have to write a story.
  4. Rupa said that she had to write a story.
  5. Rupa said that she has to write a story.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rupa said that she had to write a story.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rupa said that she had to write a story.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত must, ought to এবং should-এর মতো modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না, যদিও কখনো কখনো must এর জায়গায় had to বসে এবং should এর জায়গায় subject এর person পরিবর্তন অনুযায়ী would বসে।

Example: 

Direct: Rupa said, "I must write a story."
Indirect: Rupa said that she had to write a story.

Source: Applied English Grammar & Composition by P.C. Das
২৩০.
The indirect form of: Liya said, "I must leave for the territory."
  1. Liya told that she has been leaving for the territory.
  2. Liya said that she has leave for the territory.
  3. Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.
  4. Liya said that she must be leave for the territory.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: Liya said, "I must leave for the territory."
• Indirect: Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb হিসেবে say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech -এর first person 'I' - Reporting verb এর subject অনুযায়ী 'she' হবে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ 'had to' হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৩১.
(Qs. 19-20): In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Direct Speech. Select the best one which expresses the same sentence in Indirect Speech.
He said to me, "What are you planning for the weekend?"
  1. He asked me whether I was planning for the weekend.
  2. He asked me what I was planning for the weekend.
  3. He asked me what I had planned for the weekend.
  4. He asked me if I was planning for the weekend.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me what I was planning for the weekend.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me what I was planning for the weekend.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech: He said to me, "What are you planning for the weekend?"
• Indirect speech: He asked me what I was planning for the weekend.

• Interrogative sentence - এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech টি- present continuous tense -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past continuous tense -এ পরিণত হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (what) + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২৩২.
Change the speech: She asked me, "Are you a student?"
  1. She asked me that I was a student.
  2. She asked me was I a student.
  3. She asked me if I am a student.
  4. She asked me if I was a student.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me if I was a student.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me if I was a student.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: She asked me, "Are you a student?"
Indirect Speech: She asked me if I was a student.

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present indefinite tense এ রয়েছে।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past  indefinite tense হবে।
২৩৩.
Which one is the correct indirect narration of "She said, 'Alas! My father is no more"?
  1. She said that her father is no more.
  2. She said exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
  3. She exclaimed with regret that her father is no more.
  4. She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ঘ) She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.

Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! My father is no more.”
Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.

মূল বাক্য: Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! My father is no more.”
উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Exclamatory Sentence.  এখানে "Alas!" শব্দটি দুঃখ বা দুঃখজনিত অভিব্যক্তি প্রকাশ করছে।
- যখন বাক্যে "Alas!" থাকে, তখন Indirect Speech-এ "exclaimed with sorrow" ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- Said → Exclaimed with sorrow পরিবর্তন হবে।
- Present tense → Past tense (is → was) পরিবর্তন হবে।
উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে "My father" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "her father" হবে (কারণ she ব্যবহার হয়েছে)।
"is" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "was" হবে।
অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে, সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ) She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more. 

অন্য অপশনগুলো:
ক) She said that her father is no more. — এখানে আবেগ প্রকাশ নেই, শুধু সাধারণ তথ্য দেওয়া হয়েছে।
খ) She said exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more. — এখানে said এবং exclaimed একসাথে বসানো হয়েছে, যা গঠনগতভাবে ভুল।
গ) She exclaimed with regret that her father is no more. — এখানে is অপরিবর্তিত আছে, কিন্তু tense পরিবর্তন হয়ে was হওয়া উচিত। এছাড়া regret এর পরিবর্তে sorrow ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

২৩৪.
The parents said to their daughter, "May you achieve great success in life." (Make it indirect)
  1. The parents wished that their daughter may be achieved great success in life.
  2. The parents wished that their daughter might achieve great success in life.
  3. The parents wished that their daughter may have achieved great success in life.
  4. The parents wished that their daughter might be achieve great success in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The parents wished that their daughter might achieve great success in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The parents wished that their daughter might achieve great success in life.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: The parents said to their daughter, "May you achieve great success in life."
Indirect: The parents wished that their daughter might achieve great success in life.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Direct: The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the examination."
- Indirect: The teacher wished that the students might pass the examination.
২৩৫.
Change the narration: The manager said, "Who solved the obstacle?"
  1. The manager enquired that who solved the obstacle.
  2. The manager enquired of who will solve the obstacle.
  3. The manager asked who solved the obstacle.
  4. The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: The manager said, "Who solved the obstacle?"
• Indirect: The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.

• Interrogative Sentence -এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb হিসেবে ask/asked, demand of, enquired of, want to know ইত্যাদি বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- Reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- has এর past participle form 'had' বসবে। 
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসবে। 
- তারপর object বসবে। 

• More Examples:
- Direct: They said, "Why are you late?"
- Indirect: They asked why I was late.
২৩৬.
"Are you going?" Rony asked her. [change the narration]
  1. Rony asked her if she was being going.
  2. Rony told her if she was going.
  3. Rony asked her if she was going.
  4. Rony asked her if she has been going.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rony asked her if she was going.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rony asked her if she was going.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:

Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

- এই বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense হয়।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct: "Are you going?" Rony asked her.
Indirect: Rony asked her if she was going.
২৩৭.
Change the narration: He said, "Let us meet at the cafe."
  1. He told us to meet at the cafe.
  2. He suggested that they should meet at the cafe.
  3. He proposed that we will meet at the cafe.
  4. He suggested that we could meet at the cafe.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He suggested that they should meet at the cafe.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He suggested that they should meet at the cafe.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: He said, "Let us meet at the cafe."
• Indirect: He suggested that they should meet at the cafe.

• Let যুক্ত sentence এর Indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/ suggest হয়। 
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they/ we + should বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Note: Reporting verb এর subject/object টি first person হলে that এরপরে we বসে, অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে that এরপরে they বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২৩৮.
Sifat exclaimed that he was a great fool. (Make it direct)
  1. Sifat said 'What a great fool is he!'
  2. Sifat said 'What a great fool am I!'
  3. Sifat said, 'What a fool is I!'
  4. Sifat said, 'What a fool I am!'
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sifat said, 'What a fool I am!'
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sifat said, 'What a fool I am!'
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect এর reported speech এ great থাকলে direct এ What দ্বারা exclamatory sentence টি শুরু হয়।
- এরপর Subject + exclaimed এর পরিবর্তে said বসে
- এরপর inverted comma + What + a/an + noun + subject বসে person অনুযায়ী + verb এর present form বসে+ inverted comma + exclamatory sigh (!)বসে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct: Sifat exclaimed that he was a great fool. 
Indirect: Sifat said, 'What a fool I am!'
২৩৯.
Change the speech: The doctor said to the patient, "Take this medicine twice a day."
  1. The doctor told the patient should take this medicine twice a day.
  2. The doctor advised the patient to take those medicine twice a day.
  3. The doctor advised the patient to take this medicine twice a day.
  4. The doctor requested the patient that take this medicine twice a day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The doctor advised the patient to take this medicine twice a day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The doctor advised the patient to take this medicine twice a day.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The doctor said to the patient, "Take this medicine twice a day."
- Indirect: The doctor advised the patient to take this medicine twice a day.

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর অর্থ ও ভাবানুসারে Reporting verb টি order/command, advise, request, ask, beg বা tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তবে উপদেশ বুঝালে Reporting verb হিসেবে advise  ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে।
- তবে, Negative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে not to বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- 'this' সাধারণত 'that' -এ রূপান্তর হয়। তবে context বর্তমান (medicine is still present/current) থাকলে কখনো কখনো 'this' অপরিবর্তীত থাকতে পারে।
- "Take this medicine twice a day" → to take this medicine twice a day অর্থাৎ, পূর্বে বলেছে কিন্তু medicine still relevant.

• Structure:
- Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

More Examples:
- Direct speech: The officer said to the guard, "Shut the gate."
- Indirect speech: The officer ordered the guard to shut the gate.

২৪০.
My aunt said to me, "I returned from vacation yesterday."
  1. My aunt told to me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
  2. My aunt told me she had returned from vacation the previous day.
  3. My aunt told me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
  4. My aunt told to me she had returned from vacation the previous day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My aunt told me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My aunt told me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হব

• Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - My aunt told me that she had returned from vacation the previous day.
২৪১.
V. In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Direct/Indirect Speech. Out of the four alternatives suggested select the one which best express the same sentence in Indirect/Direct Speech (Qs.44-45).
৪৪) My friend said to me, "Has your father returned from Chattogram?"
  1. My friend said to me that my father has returned from Chattogram
  2. My friend asked me if my father had returned from Chattogram
  3. My friend told me that his father had returned from Chattogram
  4. My friend enquired me if his father has returned from Chattogram
সঠিক উত্তর:
My friend asked me if my father had returned from Chattogram
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My friend asked me if my father had returned from Chattogram
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: My friend said to me, "Has your father returned from Chattogram?"
Indirect: My friend asked me if my father had returned from Chattogram.

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present perfect tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past perfect tense হবে।
- reporting verb 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। 
- has এর past participle form 'had' বসবে। 
- তারপর object বসবে। 
২৪২.
Change the narration: He asked, "Have you seen my keys?"
  1. He asked where my keys were.
  2. He asked me to see his keys.
  3. He asked if I had seen his keys.
  4. He asked when I had seen his keys.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked if I had seen his keys.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked if I had seen his keys.
ব্যাখ্যা
• The correct sentence is: He asked if I had seen his keys. 
--------------------- 
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:  
- Subject + asked + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

সুতরাং, সঠিক indirect speech টি- He asked if I had seen his keys.
২৪৩.
The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has won the game." (Make it indirect)
  1. The students exclaimed with grief that their team had won the game.
  2. The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
  3. The students said that their team won game.
  4. The students bade that their team had won the game.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/ great 
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct: The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has won the game."
Indirect: The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৪৪.
She said to him, "Please help me with my homework." (make it indirect)
  1. She told him to help her with her homework.
  2. She ordered him to help her with her homework.
  3. She commanded him to help her with her homework.
  4. She requested him to help her with her homework.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She requested him to help her with her homework.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She requested him to help her with her homework.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/ order/ advice/ beg/ forbid বসে।
- Object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী person পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- reported verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order / command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

• Direct speech: She said to him, "Please help me with my homework."
• Indirect speech: She requested him to help her with her homework.

Source- Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৫.
Rafi said to his brother, "Where have you kept my book?" (Make it indirect)
  1. Rafi asked his brother where had he kept his book.
  2. Rafi asked his brother where he had kept his book.
  3. Rafi asked his brother where have you kept his book.
  4. afi asked his brother where he has kept his book.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rafi asked his brother where he had kept his book.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rafi asked his brother where he had kept his book.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Interrogative sentence (Direct speech) কে Assertive sentence (Indirect speech)- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম: 
- উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি wh question যুক্ত।
- wh question যুক্ত বাক্যের indirect speech এ 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে 'asked' বসে।
- Reported speech -এর Wh word অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh-question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech টি present perfect tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech এ, তা past perfect tense এ পরিণত হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Direct speech: Rafi said to his brother, "Where have you kept my book?"
• Indirect speech: Rafi asked his brother where he had kept his book.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৬.
I said to Proma, "Friend, help me." (Indirect)
  1. I request Proma to help me by addressing her as a friend.
  2. I asked for help by Addressing Proma as a friend.
  3. Addressing Proma as a friend, I requested her to help me.
  4. Addressing Proma friend, I asked her to help me.
  5. Both A + C
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing Proma as a friend, I requested her to help me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing Proma as a friend, I requested her to help me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নীচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- Addressing বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) ,
- as বসে,
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে,
- Reporting verb বসবে,
- to বসবে,
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি + Reporting verb এর subject +  Reporting verb + to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Direct: I said to Proma, "Friend, help me."
Indirect: Addressing Proma as a friend, I requested her to help me.
২৪৭.
'Do you work from home?' he said. (make it indirect)
  1. He asked me if I have worked from home.
  2. He asked me if I worked from home.
  3. He said to me if I worked from home.
  4. He told me if I worked from home.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I worked from home.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I worked from home.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: 'Do you work from home?' he said.
Indirect speech: He asked me if I worked from home.

• Interrogative sentence - এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said”- এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject "You"→ Reporting verb এর object এর person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হবে।
- তারপর Tense পরিবর্তন: সাধারণত Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা Past Indefinite tense হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + "if" বা "whether" বা "Wh" + Reported speech -এর subject + verb + বাকি।

Other options:

ক) He asked me if I have worked from home.
- ভুল কারণ, Interrogative sentence এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech "Present indefinite tense" থাকলে তা Past Indefinite tense হয়।

গ) He said to me if I worked from home.
- ভুল কারণ, Interrogative sentence এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb “said”- এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।

ঘ) He told me if I worked from home.
- ভুল কারণ, Interrogative sentence এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb “said”- এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৮.
The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the test." (Change the narration)
  1. The teacher wished that the students may passed the test.
  2. The teacher wished that the students might pass the test.
  3. The teacher wished that the students might have passed the test.
  4. The teacher wished that the students may be pass the test.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher wished that the students might pass the test.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher wished that the students might pass the test.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the test."
Indirect Speech: The teacher wished that the students might pass the test.

• Optative Sentence-এর Direct form কে Indirect form-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

- Reported speech দ্বারা প্রার্থনা বোঝালে said-এর পরিবর্তে pray/prayed বসে, কিন্তু মঙ্গল কামনা বোঝালে wish/wished বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে linker হিসেবে that বসে।
- reported speech-এর subject বসে+ may/ might বসে
- reported verb-এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।
- অর্থাৎ, reported speech টি assertive form -এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৪৯.
Choose the correct form of speech for the sentence:
He said, " Let me have some cake."
  1. He told that he let have some cake.
  2. He said he had some cake.
  3. He desired that he might have some cake.
  4. He said that he had some cake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He desired that he might have some cake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He desired that he might have some cake.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর গ) He desired that he might have some cake.

• Imperative sentence এর Narration Change এর Structure:
Let দিয়ে প্রস্তাব না বুঝালে reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে,
- inverted কমা উঠে গিয়ে that বসে,
- Reported verb- এর subject পুনরায় বসে,
- might বসে,
- বাকি অংশ। 

Example:
- He said, "Let me have some cake."
- He desired that he might have some cake.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২৫০.
Ruhi said, "I must leave now." (Change the narration)
  1. Ruhi said that she had to leave then.
  2. Ruhi said that she has to leave than.
  3. Ruhi said that she must leave now.
  4. Ruhi said that she had to leave now.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ruhi said that she had to leave then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ruhi said that she had to leave then.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct speech: Ruhi said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: Ruhi said that she had to leave then. 

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'now' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'then' বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must complete this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to finish that project.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৫১.
He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay." (make it indirect)
  1. He told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
  2. He has told me that he would go out but I should stay.
  3. He has told me that he would go out but I shall stay.
  4. He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech থাকে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Direct Speech এ Reporting Verb এর Tense যদি Present tense বা Future Tense হয় তখন Indirect SpeechTense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Inverted Comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।

Direct Speech: He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay."
Indirect Speech: He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.

Source: A Passage To The English Language S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৫২.
He said, “We must colour the house next year.” (Make in Indirect)
  1. He said that we colour the h house the following year.
  2. He said that they must have to colour the house the following year.
  3. He said that they would colour the house the following year.
  4. He said that they would have to colour the house the following year.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that they would have to colour the house the following year.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that they would have to colour the house the following year.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত must, ought to এবং should-এর মতো modal auxiliary গুলির কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না, যদিও কখনো কখনো Direct Speech এ Must থাকলে এই Must দ্বারা যদি কোনো ভবিষ্যৎ কাজের বাধ্যবাধকতা বুঝায় অথবা উপদেশ বুঝায়, তাহলে Indirect করার সময় would have to ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Next থাকলে the following বসে।

• তাই এখানে He said that they would have to colour the house the following year. হবে সঠিক উত্তর।
২৫৩.
Rina said to him, "Congratulations!" 
Choose the correct Indirect Narration:
  1. Rina says him congratulations.
  2. Rina congratulates him.
  3. Rina congratulated him.
  4. Rina said congratulations to him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rina congratulated him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rina congratulated him.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: গ) Rina congratulated him.

• Direct Narration এ Thanks/Thank you/ Congratulations/ welcome থাকলে indirect narration এ said এর পরিবর্তে Thanked/ Congratulated/ Welcome বসে।

• Narration এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী "Thank you" এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb এর structure: 
- subject + said থাকলে thanked + subject এর object form এই নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়।

- Rina said to him, "Congratulations!" 
- Rina congratulated him.

২৫৪.
"O, beware, my lord, of jealousy," Iago said to Othello.
Choose the correct indirect speech of the above sentence:
  1. Iago addressed Othello respectfully as his lord and told him to beware of jealousy.
  2. Iago advised Othello that he was beware of jealousy.
  3. Iago said to Othello to beware of jealousy.
  4. Addressing Othello as his lord, Iago proposed that they should beware of jealousy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Iago addressed Othello respectfully as his lord and told him to beware of jealousy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Iago addressed Othello respectfully as his lord and told him to beware of jealousy.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
 
• Imperative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নিচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- Addressing বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) 
- as বসে
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে
- Reporting verb বসবে
- to বসবে
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
 
Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি +and + Reporting verb এর subject +  Reporting verb + to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
- Lord উল্লেখ আছে বিধায় respectfully বসবে।
 
Correct sentence: Iago addressed Othello respectfully as his lord and told him to beware of jealousy.
২৫৫.
Kamal said, "I am ill." (Change the narration)
  1. Kamal said that he is ill.
  2. Kamal said that he was ill.
  3. Kamal said that I am ill.
  4. Kamal said he was ill.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kamal said that he was ill.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kamal said that he was ill.
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ am এর পরিবর্তে was হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

সেই অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর, Kamal said that he was ill.

More Example: 
Direct: He said, “I am well.”
Indirect: He said that he was well.
২৫৬.
Make it direct: 'Nipa called me a fool.'
  1. Nipa said to me, "You were a fool".
  2. Nipa said to me, "You are a fool".
  3. Nipa say to me, "You are a fool".
  4. Nipa told me, "You are a fool".
সঠিক উত্তর:
Nipa said to me, "You are a fool".
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Nipa said to me, "You are a fool".
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect: 'Nipa called me a fool.'
• Direct: Nipa said to me, "You are a fool".

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, 
- Indirect speech এ reported speech টি past indefinite এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা present indefinite এ হবে।
- Indirect speech এ called me থাকলে direct speech এ তা said to হয়।
- তারপর কমা বসবে। 
- তারপর inverted comma এর ভিতর বাকি অংশ বসে।
২৫৭.
Make it indirect: Ishrin said, "I am sorry."
  1. Ishrin made an apology.
  2. Ishrin apologies.
  3. Ishrin said that she is sorry.
  4. Both A & B
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ishrin made an apology.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ishrin made an apology.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Mood অনুযায়ী বাক্যকে indirect speech এ পরিণত করা যায়।
- সে ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে subject এবং তারপরেই verb বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 'Sorry' যুক্ত direct speech কে Indirect করতে হলে,
- Indirect speech এ said এর পরিবর্তে made an apology or apologized বসে।
- Structure: subject + made an apology/ apologized

Direct: Ishrin said, "I am sorry."
Indirect: Ishrin apologized.
Or
Ishrin made an apology.
২৫৮.
Komol said, "I must go there. (change the narration)
  1. Komol said that he must go there.
  2. Komol said that he should go there.
  3. Komol said that he had to go there.
  4. Komol said that he might go there.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Komol said that he had to go there.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Komol said that he had to go there.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - গ) Komol said that he had to go there.

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

- Reported speech-এ must থাকলে এবং reporting verb past tense-এর হলেও indirect speech-এ must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- আবার চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা না বোঝালে must-এর বদলে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। 

• Example:
Dir Kalim said, "I must go there."
Ind: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Dir: Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired."
Ind: Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.

Dir: The teacher said, "Students must obey their teachers."
Ind: The teacher said that students must obey their teachers.

Dir: Biva said to Eva, "You must suffer a loss if you are not an efficient (দক্ষ) manager."
Ind: Biva said to Eva that she (Eva) must suffer a loss if she (E) were not an efficient manager.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৫৯.
He said that he _____ the previous day.
  1. has come
  2. came
  3. arrived
  4. had come
সঠিক উত্তর:
had come
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
had come
ব্যাখ্যা
• বাক্যটাকে Direct Narration এ চিন্তা করলে এ রকম হয় He said, “I came yesterday”.
- Direct Speech এর Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech এ Past Perfect Tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Direct Narration-এ Past Indefinite Tense-এ ছিলো, তাই Indirect Narration-এ Past Perfect Tense হবে।

• তাই শূন্যস্থানে had come বসবে।
- Complete sentence: He said that he had come the previous day.
২৬০.
Sanial said that he had seen him long before. (Make it direct)
  1. Sanial said, "I saw him long ago."
  2. Sanial said, "I had seen him long before."
  3. Sanial said, "I have seen him long before."
  4. Sanial said, "I did see him long ago."
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sanial said, "I saw him long ago."
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sanial said, "I saw him long ago."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.

- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হIndirect: Sanial said that he had seen him long before.
Direct: Sanial said, “I saw him long ago.”
২৬১.
The boy exclaimed with fear that it was a very terrible storm. (make it direct)
  1. The boy said, "What a terrible storm it was!"
  2. The boy said, "What a terrible storm is it!"
  3. The boy said, "What a terrible storm it is!"
  4. The boy said, "What a very terrible storm it is!"
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy said, "What a terrible storm it is!"
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy said, "What a terrible storm it is!"
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect speech এ আনন্দ, দুঃখ বুঝালে Sentence টিতে Exclaimed/ Exclaimed with joy/ Exclaimed with sorrow থাকলে Direct করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর Subject বসে।
- exclaimed এর পরিবর্তে said বসে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শুরু।
- What + a/an + reported speech এর subject/ Noun (adjective থাকলে noun এর আগে বসে) + verb এর present form বসে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শেষ।
- Exclamatory sign (!) বসে।

Indirect: The boy exclaimed with fear that it was a very terrible storm.
Direct: The boy said, "What a terrible storm it is!"

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৬২.
Mou says she did not receive the email. (Make it direct)
  1. Mou says, 'I did not receive the email.'.
  2. Mou says, 'she did not received the email.'.
  3. Mou said, 'she did not receive the email.'.
  4. Mou said, 'I did not receive the email.'.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mou says, 'I did not receive the email.'.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mou says, 'I did not receive the email.'.
ব্যাখ্যা
Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect কে Direct Speechকরার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং that উঠে যায়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• উল্লিখিত বাক্যের repoting verb says -present tense এ আছে তাই Direct এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে,
- Person/subject পরিবর্তন হয় 'I' হবে।
- বাকি সব ঠিক থাকবে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 
Indirect: Mou says she did not receive the email.
Direct: Mou says, 'I did not receive the email.'.
২৬৩.
'Helena said I took the laptop home with me.' Its indirect form is- 
  1. Helena said that she took the laptop home with her
  2. Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her
  3. Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her
  4. Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her
সঠিক উত্তর:
Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: 'Helena said I took the laptop home with me.'
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- যেমন: (I → she), (me → her).
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense (took) -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense (had taken) -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর পরিবর্তন হয়নি ("took" should become "had taken").

গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর ভুল পরিবর্তন হয়েছে ("has taken" না হয়ে "had taken" হবে).

ঘ) Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
→  এটি ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত object নেয়, এছাড়া "had the laptop taken" হলো wrong structure.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

২৬৪.
Change the narration:
The manager said to the employees, "Submit the report by Monday."
  1. The manager told the employees that to submit the report by Monday.
  2. The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.
  3. The manager tell the employees to submit the report by Monday.
  4. The manager tells the employees that submit the report by Monday. 
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.

• Imperative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

- The manager said to the employees, "Submit the report by Monday."
- The manager told the employees to submit the report by Monday.

Other Options:
(ক) The manager told the employees that to submit the report by Monday. — grammatically ভুল।

(গ) The manager tell the employees to submit the report by Monday. — tense ভুল, past tense হওয়া উচিত।

(ঘ) The manager tells the employees that submit the report by Monday.— tense এবং structure উভয়ই ভুল।

২৬৫.
Change the narration:
The teacher said to the students, "Finish your homework before class." 
  1. The teacher told the students that to finish their homework before class. 
  2. The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.
  3. The teacher tell the students to finish their homework before class.
  4. The teacher tells the students that finish their homework before class.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.

• Imperative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Finish your homework before class."
Indirect: The teacher told the students to finish their homework before class.

Other Options:
(ক) The teacher told the students that to finish their homework before class. — grammatically ভুল।
(গ) The teacher tell the students to finish their homework before class. — tense ভুল, past tense হওয়া উচিত।
(ঘ) The teacher tells the students that finish their homework before class. — tense এবং structure উভয়ই ভুল।

২৬৬.
Change the narration:
She said, "I had eaten my lunch."
  1. She said that she ate her lunch.
  2. She said that she had eaten her lunch.
  3. She said that she has eaten her lunch.
  4. She said that she had eat her lunch.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that she had eaten her lunch.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that she had eaten her lunch.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) She said that she had eaten her lunch.

- She said, "I had eaten my lunch."
- মূল বাক্য past perfect tense এ আছে।
- Reported speech এ tense অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- “had eaten” অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- বাক্যটি সম্পন্ন কাজ বোঝায়।
- তাই সঠিক উত্তর হলো “She said that she had eaten her lunch.”

Other Options:
ক) She said that she ate her lunch.
- Past Indefinite হয়েছে, অথচ মূল বাক্য ছিল Past Perfect.

গ) She said that she has eaten her lunch.
- "has eaten" Present Perfect, যা এখানে ভুল।

ঘ) She said that she had eat her lunch.
- "had eat" ভুল -"had + past participle (eaten)" হওয়া উচিত।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৬৭.
Choose the following narration in the indirect form: 
He said, "I will meet you at the park tomorrow."
  1. He said that he will meet me at the park tomorrow.
  2. He said that he would meet me at the park the next day.
  3. He told that he is meeting me at the park tomorrow.
  4. He said that he would meet you at the park tomorrow.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would meet me at the park the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would meet me at the park the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: He said, "I will meet you at the park tomorrow."
খ) He said that he would meet me at the park the next day. 
সঠিক উত্তর।
• এই ধরনের বাক্যে narration পরিবর্তনের  নিয়ম। (tomorrow" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "the next day" তে পরিনত হয়)।
• Sub+ said/told + that + reporting verb এর subject অনুসারে subjective form + would/could/might + বাকি অংশ।

Other Options:
ক) He said that he will meet me at the park tomorrow. (Incorrect: No tense/time change).
গ) He told that he is meeting me at the park tomorrow. (Incorrect: Incorrect tense).
ঘ) He said that he would meet you at the park tomorrow. (Incorrect: "you" not changed to "me").

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৬৮.
'He said that he had done the work'. The direct speech is -
  1. He said, 'I will do the work.'
  2. He said, 'I will be done the work.'
  3. He said, 'He will do the work.'
  4. He said, 'He did the work'.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said, 'He did the work'.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said, 'He did the work'.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,

- Indirect speech এ that clause টি past perfect tense এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা reported speech এ পরিণত হবে এবং তা past indefinite tense এ হবে।

সুতরাং, সঠিক direct speech টি হবে - He said, 'He did the work.'
২৬৯.
Choose the correct indirect speech of: "Why did she leave early?"
  1. He asked why did she leave early.
  2. He asked why had she left early.
  3. He asked why she had left early.
  4. He asked why was she leaving early.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked why she had left early.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked why she had left early.
ব্যাখ্যা
→ Answer: He asked why she had left early.

WH-Question-কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময়:
- Reporting Verb হিসেবে asked ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- Tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে (Past Indefinite → Past Perfect)।
- Inversion (Auxiliary Verb + Subject) সরিয়ে Subject + Verb এর সঠিক ক্রম বজায় রাখতে হবে।
- WH-word (যেমন: how, what, where ইত্যাদি) ঠিক রাখতে হবে।

→ Direct Speech-এ প্রশ্নের Structure ছিল: Wh-word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object? 
→ Indirect Speech-এ প্রশ্নের Structure হয়: Reporting Verb + Wh-word + Subject + Verb (Tense অনুযায়ী) + Object.

- এই নিয়ম অনুসরণ করে সঠিক উত্তরটি হলো: He asked why she had left early.

Examples:
Direct speech: "Where do you live?"
Indirect Speech: She asked where I lived.
২৭০.
He said to me, "Can you give me some water now?"
  1. He asked me if I could give him some water now.
  2. He asked me whether if I could give him some water then.
  3. He asked me whether I could give him some water then.
  4. He asked me if I could give him some water.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me whether I could give him some water then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me whether I could give him some water then.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:
Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
-  can থাকলে could হবে এবং Subject এর পরে বসবে।
- now থাকলে then হবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He asked me whether I could give him some water then.
২৭১.
The teacher said to the students, “Work hard.” (make it indirect) 
  1. The teacher said the student to work hard.
  2. The teacher advised the students to work hard.
  3. The teacher told that the students work hard.
  4. The teacher requested that the student worked hard.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher advised the students to work hard.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher advised the students to work hard.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: The teacher said to the students, “Work hard.”
Indirect Speech: The teacher advised the students to work hard.

• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/ order/ advice/ beg/ forbid বসে।
- Object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী person পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- Reported verb টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/ command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭২.
Identify the correct sentence.
  1. The manager forbade the employees not using their phones in meetings.
  2. The manager forbade the employees do not to use their phones in meetings.
  3. The manager forbade the employees not to use their phones in meetings.
  4. The manager forbade the employees to use their phones in meetings.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager forbade the employees to use their phones in meetings.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager forbade the employees to use their phones in meetings.
ব্যাখ্যা
• উল্লিখিত বাক্যগুলোর মধ্যে একমাত্র সঠিক বাক্যটি হচ্ছে - The manager forbade the employees to use their phones in meetings.
- বাংলা অর্থ - ম্যানোজার কর্মচারীদের মিটিং-এ তাদের ফোন ব্যবহার করতে নিষেধ করেছিলেন।

• বাক্যটি indirect sentence এর উদাহরণ, আর indiret sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে don't এর বদল not এর ব্যবহার সঠিক।
- indirect speech এ advised এবং ordered ব্যবহৃত হলে not to ব্যবহৃত হবে কিন্তু forbade নিজেই না বোধক হওয়ায় এর পর not বসবে না শুধু to + verb বসবে।

• অন্য অপশনগুলতে -
ক) forbade আছে তাই not using এর ব্যবহার ভুল। 
খ) অপশনেও forbade আছে তাই do not to use এর ব্যবহার ভুল। 
গ) অপশনেও forbade আছে তাই not to use এর ব্যবহার ভুল।
২৭৩.
The mother said, “Finish your homework.”
Change the narration:
  1. The mother said to finish your homework.
  2. The mother asked finish your homework.
  3. The mother told him to finish his homework.
  4. The mother told to finished his homework.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The mother told him to finish his homework.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The mother told him to finish his homework.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: The mother told him to finish his homework.

- The mother said, “Finish your homework.”
- মূল বাক্যটি  আদেশ বা অনুরোধ নির্দেশ করে।
- যা imperative sentence.
- imperative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে -
- Reported speech এ “tell/told + object + to + verb” form ব্যবহার হয়।
- “your homework” পরিবর্তিত হয়ে “his homework” হয় কারণ subject পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে।
- “Said” এর পরিবর্তে “told” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে কারণ সরাসরি নির্দেশনা।

- Direct Speech: The mother said, “Finish your homework.”
- Indirect Speech: “The mother told him to finish his homework.”

Other Options:
(ক) The mother said to finish your homework. → “said” এর পরে “to” ব্যবহার হয় না।

(খ) The mother asked finish your homework.→ “to” অনুপস্থিত, গঠন ভুল।

(ঘ) The mother told to finished his homework.→ “finished” এর পরিবর্তে “to finish” হওয়া উচিত।

২৭৪.
Choose the correct indirect speech:
Mother said to me, “May you succeed in life.”
  1. Mother said that you might succeed in life.
  2. Mother wished that I might succeed in life.
  3. Mother told me that I may succeed in life.
  4. Mother suggested that I might succeed in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mother wished that I might succeed in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mother wished that I might succeed in life.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: Mother wished that I might succeed in life.

• মূল বাক্য বিশ্লেষণ: Direct Speech: Mother said to me, “May you succeed in life.”
এখানে "May" দ্বারা Optative Sentence (আশীর্বাদমূলক বাক্য) দেওয়া হয়েছে।
যখন May দিয়ে শুভকামনা (Blessing) বা প্রার্থনা (Prayer) বোঝানো হয়, তখন wished/prayed ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
May → Might তে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
"said to" → "wished" হয়ে যায়।

উল্লিখিত বাক্যে "you" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "I" হবে, কারণ Reporting Speech-এ "me" আছে।

"May" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "might" হবে।
Indirect Speech রূপান্তর করলে হয়: Mother wished that I might succeed in life.

বাকি অপশনগুলো ভুল:
ক) Mother said that you might succeed in life.. → এখানে শুভকামনার ভাব প্রকাশ হয়নি, তাই "wished" লাগবে এবং you হবে না।
গ) Mother told me that I may succeed in life. → "told" ব্যবহার করা যায় না কারণ এটি সাধারণ বক্তব্যের জন্য হয়, শুভকামনার জন্য নয় এবং may হবে না।
ঘ) Mother suggested that I might succeed in life. → "suggested" সাধারণত পরামর্শ (advice) বোঝায়, কিন্তু এখানে পরামর্শ নয়, শুভকামনা বোঝানো হয়েছে।
২৭৫.
My mother said to me, "Why did you not go to school Yesterday? (Make it indirect)
  1. My mother asked me why I had not gone to school the previous day.
  2. My mother told me why I had not gone to school the previous day.
  3. My mother asked me why I have not gone to school the previous day.
  4. My mother asked me why had I not gone to school the previous day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My mother asked me why I had not gone to school the previous day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My mother asked me why I had not gone to school the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: My mother said to me, "Why did you not go to school Yesterday? 
Indirect speech:  My mother asked me why I had not gone to school the previous day.


• Interrogative sentence (Direct speech) কে (Indirect speech)- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
-  Interrogative sentence-এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb "said" -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই "Wh" question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech-এর Object বসবে।
- Direct speech টি past Indefinite tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech এ, তা past perfect tense এ পরিণত হবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী Tense পরিবর্তিত হবে এবং Verb, Subject এর পরে বসে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭৬.
Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired." (change the narration)
  1. Rima said that Kamal must had his car repaired.
  2. Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.
  3. Rima said that Kamal would have to his car repaired.
  4. Rima said that Kamal was having his car repaired.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - খ) Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired. 

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

- Reported speech-এ must থাকলে এবং reporting verb past tense-এর হলেও indirect speech-এ must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- আবার চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা না বোঝালে must-এর বদলে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। Examples:

• Example: 
Dir: Kalim said, "I must go there."
Ind: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Dir: Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired."
Ind: Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.

Dir: The teacher said, "Students must obey their teachers."
Ind: The teacher said that students must obey their teachers.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৭৭.
He said that he ____ the previous day.
  1. has come
  2. had come
  3. came
  4. arrived
সঠিক উত্তর:
had come
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
had come
ব্যাখ্যা

• বাক্যটাকে Direct Narration এ চিন্তা করলে এ রকম হয় He said, “I came yesterday”.
- Direct Speech এর Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech এ Past Perfect Tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Direct Narration-এ Past Indefinite Tense-এ ছিলো, তাই Indirect Narration-এ Past Perfect Tense হবে।

• তাই শূন্যস্থানে had come বসবে।
- Complete sentence: He said that he had come the previous day.

• Direct Speech/ Reporting speech Vs Indirect speech / Reported  speech

- Present indefinite ↔ Past indefinite 
- Present continuous ↔ Past continuous 
- Present Perfect ↔ Past perfect 
- Past indefinite ↔ Past Perfect 
- Past continuous ↔ Past perfect continuous
- Past perfect ↔ Past Perfect 
- Future Indefinite ↔ Use of modal 

২৭৮.
The boy said to his friend, “Are you going to the market?” (Make it Indirect)
  1. The boy told his friend if he was going to the market.
  2. The boy asked his friend if he was going to the market.
  3. The boy said his friend that he was going to the market.
  4. The boy told to his friend if he was going to the market.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy asked his friend if he was going to the market.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy asked his friend if he was going to the market.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: খ) The boy asked his friend if he was going to the market.

প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যকে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মাবলী:
• Reporting Verb এর পরিবর্তন:
- প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে "said to" → "asked"
• Tense পরিবর্তন:
- "are you going" → "was going"
• অন্যান্য পরিবর্তন:
- প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বাদ যায় - "if" যোগ হয় (Yes/No প্রশ্নের ক্ষেত্রে)
- "you" → "he" (second person → third person)

অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তরটি হলো: The boy asked his friend if he was going to the market.

অন্য অপশনগুলি ভুল কেন:
- ক) "told" ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, যা প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে উপযুক্ত নয়।
- গ) "said" ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে এবং বাক্যের গঠন ভুল।
- ঘ) "told to" ভুল গঠন, "asked" হওয়া উচিত।
২৭৯.
My friend said to me, "May you pass the pen to her." (Change the narration)
  1. My friend prayed me I may pass the pen to her.
  2. My friend hoped that I may pass the pen to her.
  3. My friend wished that I might pass the pen to her.
  4. My friend wished me I might pass the pen to her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My friend wished that I might pass the pen to her.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My friend wished that I might pass the pen to her.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: গ) My friend wished that I might pass the pen to her.

প্রদত্ত Direct speech:
My friend said to me, "May you pass the pen to her."

Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর ক্ষেত্রে নিম্নের নিয়ম অনুসরণ করবে,
• Subject + wished + that + new subject + might + verb + object.
- My friend wished that I might pass the pen to her.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৮০.
Faria said, “She reached at eight O’clock.” (Change the narration)
  1. Faria said that she will reach at eight O’clock.
  2. Faria said that she has reached at eight O’clock.
  3. Faria said that she had reached at eight O’clock.
  4. Faria said that she reached at eight O’clock.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Faria said that she had reached at eight O’clock.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Faria said that she had reached at eight O’clock.
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রদত্ত sentence টি direct narration - এ আছে;
- এর indirect narration হবে “Faria said that she had reached at eight O’clock.”

• Narration - change করার ক্ষেত্রে,

- Direct narration থেকে  Indirect narration - এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো - 
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb - say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- তারপর assertive sentence - এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে conjuction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech - এর person - Reporting verb - এর subject, object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- তবে, Reported speech - এ third person থাকলে তা পরিবর্তন হয় না।
-তারপর Direct narration - এ Reported speech যদি simple past - এ থাকে তাহলে  Indirect narration - এ past perfect tense - এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• প্রদত্ত sentence - এ Reported speech - এর subject টি third person (she) - এ আছে তাই এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Direct narration:  Faria said, “She reached at eight O’clock.
Indirect narration: Faria said that she had reached at eight O’clock.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২৮১.
"May you be happy,” he said. (Change into indirect speech)
  1. He said that I might be happy.
  2. He wished that might I be happy.
  3. He said that might I be happy.
  4. He wished that I might be happy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that I might be happy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that I might be happy.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: He wished that I might be happy.
- Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসে।

• Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে।
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।
 
Other options:
ক) He said that I might be happy.
- ভুল, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার সময় "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসে।

খ) He wished that might I be happy.
- ভুল, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার সময় reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে।

গ) He said that might I be happy.
- ভুল, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার সময় "said" এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসে। তারপর reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৮২.
Change into indirect speech: "Are you alone, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me.
  1. What I was doing these alone was asked by a soft voice.
  2. Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I was alone. 
  3. A soft voice told me as his son and asked me if I was alone.
  4. A soft voice from my behind asked me if I was alone.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I was alone. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I was alone. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Interrogative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নীচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:

- Addressing বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে),
- as বসে,
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে,
- Reporting verb বসবে,
- if/whether বসবে (Yes/No question এর জন্য),
- Reported speech statement form-এ বসবে।

Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি + Reporting verb এর subject + Reporting verb + if/whether + statement.

Direct: "Are you alone, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me.
Indirect: Addressing me as his son, a soft voice asked if I was alone.

২৮৩.
He said to me, "Will you help me tomorrow?"
The correct indirect speech is:
  1. He asked me if I will help him the next day.
  2. He asked me if I would help him tomorrow.
  3. He asked me if I would help him the next day.
  4. He told me to help him the next day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I would help him the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I would help him the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: গ) He asked me if I would help him the next day.
প্রথমে Reporting Verb Change করতে হবে, এক্ষেত্রে, 
Direct: "Will you help...?" Interjection sentence: হওয়ায় Indirect এ asked + if/whether হবে,
পরবর্তীতে  Tense Change :Will কে  Would এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে,
"tomorrow" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে  the next day হবে।
এবং Pronoun Change, "me" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে him হবে। 

অন্যদিকে, 
ক) "will"- Tense পরিবর্তন হয়ে "would" হবে।
খ) "tomorrow" - সময় বদলায়নি "the next day" হবে।
ঘ) "told me to help" - অর্থ পরিবর্তন করে (request থেকে order)।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৮৪.
The salesman said, "Thank you, Sir". The correct form of indirect speech is___
  1. The salesman thanked his customer.
  2. The salesman respectfully thanked the person spoken to.
  3. The salesman said that thank you sir.
  4. The salesman addressed the customer 'sir' and thanked him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The salesman respectfully thanked the person spoken to.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The salesman respectfully thanked the person spoken to.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Narration এ Thanks/Thank you/ Congratulations/ welcome থাকলে indirect narration এ said এর পরিবর্তে Thanked/ Congratulated/ Welcome বসে।
- Reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb অনুরূপ tense বসে।
- Sir উল্লেখ আছে বিধায় respectfully বসবে।
- আর কাউকে উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা হয়েছে এই অর্থে to the person spoken to হবে।
- Structure: - Reporting verb এর subject + respectfully+ object + thanked।

Direct: The salesman said, "Thank you, Sir".
Indirect: The salesman respectfully thanked the person spoken to.

২৮৫.
The correct indirect form of: "The man said, 'Shall I live if there breaks out a great war in the country?'" is –
  1. The man asked if he will live if there breaks out a great war in the country.
  2. The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.
  3. The man said that he should live if there broke out a great war in the country.
  4. The man said whether he shall live if there breaks out a great war in the country.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - খ) The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.

- Shall/will + I/we দিয়ে reported speech-এর বাক্য শুরু হলে এবং তা মূলত কোন প্রশ্ন না বুঝিয়ে কোন ভবিষ্যত অনুমান বুঝালে indirect speech এ ask ইত্যাদির স্থলে wonder (অনুমান করা, অবাক হওয়া) ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের জন্য প্রযোজ্য অন্যান্য নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হয়।
• Examples:
- Dir. The man said, "Shall I live if there breaks out a great war in the country?"
- Ind. : The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.

- Dir. : The boy said, "What shall I be in 1998?"
- Ind. : The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.

- Dir. : She said, "Where shall we be after 1,000 years?"
- Ind. She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.

Source: A Passage To The English Language. S. M. Zakir Hussain.
২৮৬.
Afnan said to his sister, "What is the main item on the menu?" (Change Narration).
  1. Afnan asked his sister If the main item was on the menu.
  2. Afnan asked his sister what the main item is on the menu.
  3. Afnan asked his sister what the main item was on the menu.
  4. Afnan asked his sister what the main item be on the menu.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Afnan asked his sister what the main item was on the menu.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Afnan asked his sister what the main item was on the menu.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর গ) Afnan asked his sister what the main item was on the menu.

• Reported speech যদি Interrogaive Pronoun (যেমন: Who, Whom, Whose, What, Which, ইত্যাদির Interrogative adverb (যেমন- Why, Where, How, Where ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয় তবে if/whether বসে না, এ শব্দটিই বসে। এক্ষেত্রেও Sentence টির Assertive form বসে।

• Structure:
- Sub+ask+object (যদি থাকে),
- Interrogative Pronoun/Interrogative adverb,
- Reported speech এর Subject,
- Verb + বাকী অংশ।

Direct: He said to his father, "What are you doing?"
Indirect: He asked his father what he was doing.

Direct: He said to me. "Where do you live?"
Indirect: He asked me where I lived.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২৮৭.
Arif said, "I shall go to home." (make it indirect)
  1. Arif said that he will go to home.
  2. Arif requested that he would go to home.
  3. Arif said that he would go to home.
  4. Arif said that he would be going to home.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Arif said that he would go to home.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Arif said that he would go to home.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech এ Reported Verb টি Past Tense হলে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting Speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting Verb say/said, tell/told বসবে। (যদি থাকে)
- Inverted Comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Subject/ Person অনুসারে পরিবর্তন হবে।
- Future Tense এর Will/Shall এর পরিবর্তে Would ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Direct: Arif said, "I shall go to home."
Indirect: Arif said that he would go to home.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৮৮.
The old man said, "How helpless I am!"(Change into indirect speech)
  1. The old man said that he was very helpless.
  2. The old man exclaimed with joy that he was very helpless.
  3. The old man exclaimed with grief that he was very helpless.
  4. The old man told that he was very helpless.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man exclaimed with grief that he was very helpless.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man exclaimed with grief that he was very helpless.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: "How helpless I am!" said the old man.
Indirect: The old man exclaimed with grief that he was very helpless.
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি একটি Exclamatory sentence. তাই Indirect speech করার সময় বাক্যটিতে তাই said-এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed with grief বসেছে।
 
• Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে।
- আর দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim / exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর Verb বসবে।
- very/ great বসবে।
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৮৯.
Choose the correct indirect form:
He said, "I must finish the report today." 
  1. He said he must finish the report today.
  2. He said that he must finish the report that day.
  3. He said that he had to finish the report that day.
  4. He said that he must to finish the report today. 
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had to finish the report that day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had to finish the report that day.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: গ) He said that he had to finish the report that day.

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Direct speech- এ 'today' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'that day' বসবে।

Direct speech: He said, "I must finish the report today."
Indirect speech: He said that he had to finish the report that day.

Other Options: 
(ক) He said he must finish the report today. - tense ঠিক নয়।
(খ) He said that he must finish the report that day. - tense ঠিক নয়, এবং must থাকবে না।
(ঘ) He said that he must to finish the report today. — “must to finish” grammatically ভুল।

২৯০.
He said to me, "Give me a piece of cake."
  1. He requested me to give him a piece of cake.
  2. He said to me give him a piece of cake.
  3. He ordered me to give him a piece of cake.
  4. He command me to give him a piece of cake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He requested me to give him a piece of cake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He requested me to give him a piece of cake.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request / order / advice / beg / forbid বসে।
- Object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী person পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- reported verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order / command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

Direct: He said to me, "Give me a piece of cake."
Indirect: He requested me to give him a piece of cake.

Source- Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৯১.
What is the Indirect Speech of - Anis said, "I must write a letter?"
  1. Anis said that he has to write a letter.
  2. Anis said that he had to write a letter.
  3. Anis said that he must write a letter.
  4. Anis said that he wrote a letter.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Anis said that he had to write a letter.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Anis said that he had to write a letter.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- যখন Reported Verb past হয়, তখন must → had to হবে।
- তারপর বাক্যটির বাকি অংশ বসানো হয়।

Direct narration: Anis said, "I must write a letter."
Indirect narration: Anis said that he had to write a letter.
২৯২.
Roshni said to Riva, "Will you help me with this work?" [change the narration]
  1. Roshni asked Riva that she would help her with that work.
  2. Roshni asked Riva if she would help her with that work.
  3. Roshni asked Riva if she would help her with this work.
  4. Roshni asked Riva if she would helped her with that work.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Roshni asked Riva if she would help her with that work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Roshni asked Riva if she would help her with that work.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: Roshni said to Riva, "Will you help me with this work?"
Indirect: Roshni asked Riva if she would help her with that work.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Interrogative sentence এ যদি W/H question word না থেকে যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তখন সেই বাক্যটিকে পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of বসে।
- Object বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- if/ whether বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reported speech এর verb বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

Direct: Promi said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Promi asked her friend if she would go home.

মূল বাক্য: Roshni said to Riva, "Will you help me with this work?"
- এটি Direct Speech, যেটিকে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- “Will you” → “if/whether she would”
- “this work” → Indirect speech-এ সাধারণত “that work” হয়।

বাকি অপশনগুলো ভুল কেন:

ক) Roshni asked Riva that she would help her with that work.
 → ভুল, এখানে that নয় if/whether বসবে। 

গ) Roshni asked Riva if she would help her with this work.
→ Indirect speech-এ “this” সাধারণত “that” হয়।

ঘ) Roshni asked Riva if she would helped her with that work.
→ ভুল, কারণ “would” এর সাথে base verb আসে, past participle নয়।

২৯৩.
She said, "I may visit my friend tomorrow."
  1. She said that she may visit her friend the next day.
  2. She said that she might visit her friend the next day.
  3. She said that she can visit her friend the next day.
  4. She said that she will visit her friend the next day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that she might visit her friend the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that she might visit her friend the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) She said that she might visit her friend the next day.

- She said, "I may visit my friend tomorrow."
- মূল বাক্যে modal verb “may” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
- Reported speech এ “may” পরিবর্তিত হয় “might” হয়।
- বাক্যের অর্থ একই রয়ে যায়।
- তাই সঠিক উত্তর হলো “She said that she might visit her friend the next day.”

Other Options:
ক) She said that she may visit her friend the next day.
- "may" অতীত কালেও অপরিবর্তিত রয়ে গেছে, যা ভুল।

গ) She said that she can visit her friend the next day.
- "can" → "could" হওয়া উচিত, কিন্তু এখানে Direct Speech এ "may" ছিল।

ঘ) She said that she will visit her friend the next day.
- এখানে "may" কে "will" এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে, যা অর্থ ও tense বদলে দেয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৯৪.
The boy said, "Hurrah! My father has come."(Make it indirect)
  1. The boy said his father had come.
  2. The boy exclaimed with joy that his father had come.
  3. The boy exclaimed with sorrow that his father had come.
  4. The boy told his father had come.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy exclaimed with joy that his father had come.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy exclaimed with joy that his father had come.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: The boy said, "Hurrah! My father has come.
Indirect Speech: The boy exclaimed with joy that his father had come.
- প্রদত্ত Direct Speech টি একটি Exclamatory Sentence. Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting Verb এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed with joy বসে।

• Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ আনন্দ/ দুঃখ বুঝালে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject + Reporting Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে (আনন্দ বুঝালে) exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে এবং (দুঃখ বুঝালে) exclaim/ exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৯৫.
She said that she ______ the work already.
  1. finishes
  2. finished
  3. has finished
  4. had finished
সঠিক উত্তর:
had finished
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
had finished
ব্যাখ্যা

• এই বাক্যটি Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)–এ রয়েছে।
- Direct Speech–এ বাক্যটি হবে:
- She said, “I have finished the work already.”

- Direct Speech–এ Present Perfect Tense থাকলে, Indirect Speech–এ তা Past Perfect Tense–এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- এটিকে বলা হয় tense backshift.

- has finished → had finished (সঠিক)
- finishes / finished / has finished → Indirect Speech–এর ক্ষেত্রে ভুল।
- তাই শূন্যস্থানে had finished বসালে বাক্যটি ব্যাকরণগতভাবে সঠিক হয়।

• Complete sentence:
- She said that she had finished the work already.

• Bangla Meaning:
- সে বলেছিল যে সে কাজটি আগেই শেষ করেছিল।

• Narration Rule:
- Direct Speech → Indirect Speech.
- Present Indefinite → Past Indefinite.
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous.
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect.
- Past Indefinite → Past Perfect.
- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous.

- সময় নির্দেশক শব্দও পরিবর্তিত হয়—
- yesterday → the previous day.
- today → that day.
- now → then.

২৯৬.
He said, 'What a beautiful scenery it is!"
  1. He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful scenery.
  2. He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful scenery.
  3. He wonder with joy that it was a beautiful scenery.
  4. He said with joy that it was a very beautiful scenery.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful scenery.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful scenery.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reported Speech How বা What দ্বারা শুরু হলে আতিশয্য বুঝালে Indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- subject + reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim / exclaimed with joy বসে। 
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- How বা What এর পরিবর্তে very, much , great ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

Direct: He said, 'What a beautiful scenery it is!"
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful scenery.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৯৭.
"Is he coming to the party?" Rina asked him. [Change the narration.]
  1. Rina asked him if he came to the party.
  2. Rina asked him if he has been coming to the party.
  3. Rina asked him if he is coming to the party.
  4. Rina asked him if he was coming to the party.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rina asked him if he was coming to the party.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rina asked him if he was coming to the party.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: Rina asked him if he was coming to the party.

- "Is he coming to the party?" Rina asked him.
- Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- এই বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense হয়।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।
- Rina asked him if he was coming to the party.

Other Options:
ক) Rina asked him if he came to the party.
→ simple past, tense mismatch; past continuous tense হবে।

খ) Rina asked him if he has been coming to the party.
→ present perfect continuous, past continuous tense হবে।

গ) Rina asked him if he is coming to the party.
→ present tense, সঠিক tense হবে past tense.

২৯৮.
Change the narration: Baelish said, “Long live King Joffrey!”
  1. Baelish said that King Joffrey to live long.
  2. Baelish wished the king, Joffrey, live long.
  3. Baelish wished that King Joffrey might live long.
  4. Baelish might wished that King Joffrey to live long.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Baelish wished that King Joffrey might live long.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Baelish wished that King Joffrey might live long.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: গ) Baelish wished that King Joffrey might live long.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী:
- Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Direct Narration: Baelish said, “Long live King Joffrey!”
- Indirect Narration: Baelish wished that King Joffrey might live long.

অন্য অপশনগুলো:
ক) Baelish said that King Joffrey to live long. → to live long ভুল construction।
খ) Baelish wished the king, Joffrey, live long. → এখানে might নেই, incomplete।
ঘ) Baelish might wished that King Joffrey to live long. → verb form ভুল (might wished নয়)।

More Examples:
- Direct Narration: He said, “Long live our unity!”
- Indirect Narration: He wished that their unity might live long.

২৯৯.
Change into indirect speech:
They said, "We had finished the work."
  1. They said that they finished the work.
  2. They said that they had finished the work.
  3. They said that they have finished the work.
  4. They said that they had finish the work.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They said that they had finished the work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They said that they had finished the work.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Correct Answer: খ) They said that they had finished the work.

- They said, "We had finished the work."
- মূল বাক্য past perfect tense এ আছে।
- Reported speech এ tense অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- “Had finished” অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- বাক্যটি সম্পন্ন কাজ বোঝায়।
- তাই সঠিক উত্তর হলো “They said that they had finished the work.”

Other options:
ক) They said that they finished the work. 
- Past Indefinite হয়েছে, অথচ মূল বাক্য ছিল Past Perfect.

গ) They said that they have finished the work.
- "have finished" Present Perfect, যা এখানে ভুল।

ঘ) They said that they had finish the work.
- "had finish" ভুল -"had + past participle (finished)" হওয়া উচিত।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩০০.
She asked me, 'Are you happy in your new job?' (make it indirect)
  1. She asked me if I had been happy in my new job.
  2. She asked me if I have been happy in my new job.
  3. She asked me whether I am happy in my new job.
  4. She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me if I was happy in my new job.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

•  উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present indefinite tense এ রয়েছে।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past indefinite tense হবে।

Direct speech: She asked me, 'Are you happy in your new job?'
Indirect speechShe asked me if I was happy in my new job.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.