১০১.
ICF & ISF are separated by
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Cell membrane
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Cell membrane
PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন
Physiology
Physiology
PrepBank · পাতা ২ / ৯ · ১০১–২০০ / ৮৮৮
ক
১০২.
Calcium binding capacity of albumin is ------ mmol/g
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
0.02
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
0.02
ব্যাখ্যা
Calcium binding capacity of albumin is 0.02 mmol/g or 0.8 mg/g
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P:334
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P:334
১০৩.
Cardiac muscle fibers-
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Have intercalated discs where there are desmosomes and gap (communicating) Junctions
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Have intercalated discs where there are desmosomes and gap (communicating) Junctions
ব্যাখ্যা
Cardiac muscle fibres-
-Have single, oval, central nucleus.
-T-tubules found at the level of Z-band but in skeletal muscle T-tubules found A-I Junction.
-Intercalated disc acts as motor end in Cardiac muscle.
১০৪.
Difference between Alveolar and Pleural Pressures is called
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Transpulmonary pressure
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Transpulmonary pressure
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Guyton 14th; P- 492
১০৫.
Uric Acid production in case of Normal Protein intake
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
2
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
2
ব্যাখ্যা
Uric Acid production in case of Normal Protein intake- 2 %
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 177
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 177
১০৬.
Which is not true about urine
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Glucose present
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Glucose present
১০৭.
Which is substrate for Lysosomal enzyme cathepsins?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Protein
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Protein
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Ganong 26th; Table-2.1
১০৮.
Renin is derived from
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Kidney
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Kidney
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
১০৯.
Total peripheral resistance is inversely proportional to
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Cross sectional area of blood vessels
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Cross sectional area of blood vessels
ব্যাখ্যা
★Total peripheral resistance
Directly proportional to
-Velocity
-Viscosity
-Length of blood vessels
Inversely proportional to
-Lumen of blood vessels
-4th power of radius
-Elasticity of arterial wall
১১০.
False about conduction velocity
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
CV in LL is faster than in UL
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
CV in LL is faster than in UL
ব্যাখ্যা
Conduction velocity:
1. It is the speed at which motor and sensory impulses traverse a given segment of nerve (meter/sec)
2. Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments.
3. New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adult.
4. CV in UL is faster than in LL
In elderly there is slowing of conduction,
in local tissue temperature slows CV.
1. It is the speed at which motor and sensory impulses traverse a given segment of nerve (meter/sec)
2. Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments.
3. New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adult.
4. CV in UL is faster than in LL
In elderly there is slowing of conduction,
in local tissue temperature slows CV.
১১১.
TDP is associated with
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
QRS complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
QRS complex
ব্যাখ্যা
QRS complexes with variable peaks that appear to twist around the isoelectric line characterize torsades de pointes (TDP).
• Predisposing risk factors for TDP include congenital channelopathies, severe bradycardia, drugs, and hypokalemia.
• Drug-induced TDP is of major concern because it can be life threatening; class IA/III antiarrhythmic agents, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and antihistamines are among the list of drugs that are noted to destabilize repolarization.
• Predisposing risk factors for TDP include congenital channelopathies, severe bradycardia, drugs, and hypokalemia.
• Drug-induced TDP is of major concern because it can be life threatening; class IA/III antiarrhythmic agents, antipsychotics, antibiotics, and antihistamines are among the list of drugs that are noted to destabilize repolarization.
১১২.
Mismatch about Addison's disease
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Renal salt and water retention
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Renal salt and water retention
ব্যাখ্যা
Metabolic features:
1. Dilutional hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
2. Marked insulin sensitivity and hypoglycemia.
3. Renal salt and water loss, hypotension & weight loss.
4. Hyperpigmentation of skin and buccal mucosa (due to increased ACTH following decreased cortisol).
5. Adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis)
It is the state of acute adrenocortical insufficiency in patients with Addison’s disease who are exposed to the stressful conditions like infection, trauma surgery, vomiting, diarrhoea etc. Patients become confused, disoriented and eventually develop severe hypotension and shock.
Ref: ABC 6th/P-510
1. Dilutional hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
2. Marked insulin sensitivity and hypoglycemia.
3. Renal salt and water loss, hypotension & weight loss.
4. Hyperpigmentation of skin and buccal mucosa (due to increased ACTH following decreased cortisol).
5. Adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis)
It is the state of acute adrenocortical insufficiency in patients with Addison’s disease who are exposed to the stressful conditions like infection, trauma surgery, vomiting, diarrhoea etc. Patients become confused, disoriented and eventually develop severe hypotension and shock.
Ref: ABC 6th/P-510
১১৩.
Presence of which particle in urine indicates UTI?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Nitrite
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Nitrite
ব্যাখ্যা
Presence of nitrite in urine indicates presence of bacteria in urine since some bacteria convert nitrate into nitrite in urine.
১১৪.
Which initiates cardiac cycle
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Atrial systole
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Atrial systole
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
Atrial systole initiates cardiac cycle because the sinus node (pacemaker) of the heart is located in the right atrium.
Atrial systole initiates cardiac cycle because the sinus node (pacemaker) of the heart is located in the right atrium.
১১৫.
Functions of ACTH
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Mild stimulation of adrenal androgen secretion
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Mild stimulation of adrenal androgen secretion
ব্যাখ্যা
Functions of ACTH:
1. Growth of adrenal cortex.
2. Stimulation of glucocorticoid secretion.
3. Mild stimulation of adrenal androgen secretion.
4.Stimulates melanocytes and causes skin pigmentation
1. Growth of adrenal cortex.
2. Stimulation of glucocorticoid secretion.
3. Mild stimulation of adrenal androgen secretion.
4.Stimulates melanocytes and causes skin pigmentation
১১৬.
Importance of plasma clearance:
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
All
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
All
১১৭.
Which of the following is responsible for the movement of O2 from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Passive diffusion
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Passive diffusion
ব্যাখ্যা
Respiratory gases pass through the alveolar capillary membrane by passive diffusion.
১১৮.
Hormones that doesnt counteract the action of insulin
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
GIP-1
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
GIP-1
ব্যাখ্যা
Hormones that counteract the action of insulin Diabetogenic hormones:
1. Glucagon
2. Cortisol
3. Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
4. Growth hormone
5. Thyroid hormone
1. Glucagon
2. Cortisol
3. Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
4. Growth hormone
5. Thyroid hormone
১১৯.
Which part of the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) The T wave
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) The T wave
ব্যাখ্যা
The P wave is primarily produced by atrial depolarization, the QRS complex is dominated by ventricular depolarization, and the T wave by ventricular repolarization.
১২০.
Erythrose has following no of Carbon?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
4
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
4
১২১.
Ovarian hormone
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
All
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
All
ব্যাখ্যা
All of 3 & inhibin are ovarian hormone
১২২.
The glomerular capillaries cannot filtrate...?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Plasma protein
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Plasma protein
ব্যাখ্যা
The renal artery enters the kidney through the hilum and then branches progressively to form the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries (also called radial arteries), and afferent arterioles, which lead to the glomerular capillaries, where large amounts of fluid and solutes (except the plasma proteins) are filtered to begin urine formation.
১২৩.
VC+RV=?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) TLC
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) TLC
১২৪.
F cell of islets of Langerhans secrete
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) PP
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) PP
ব্যাখ্যা
Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
১২৫.
Immature RBC is called
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Reticulocyte
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Reticulocyte
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Reticulocyte is otherwise known as immature RBC. It is slightly larger than matured RBC. The cytoplasm contains the reticular network or reticulum, which is formed by remnants of disintegrated organelles. Due to the reticular network, the cell is called reticulocyte. The reticulum of reticulocyte stains with supravital stain.
Reticulocyte is otherwise known as immature RBC. It is slightly larger than matured RBC. The cytoplasm contains the reticular network or reticulum, which is formed by remnants of disintegrated organelles. Due to the reticular network, the cell is called reticulocyte. The reticulum of reticulocyte stains with supravital stain.
১২৬.
Which one of following is an example of secondary active counter transport-?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Na+-Ca+ transport
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Na+-Ca+ transport
ব্যাখ্যা
★Examples of Secondary active transport-
-Na+-Ca++ counter transport
-Na+-H+ counter transport
-Chloride shift
১২৭.
Most common site of gluconeogenesis
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
LIver
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
LIver
ব্যাখ্যা
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 158
Site of gluconeogenesis: a.Liver 90%
b.Kidney 10%
Site of gluconeogenesis: a.Liver 90%
b.Kidney 10%
১২৮.
Which of the following pancreatic secretions has a receptor with four subunits, two of which have tyrosine kinase activity?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Insulin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Insulin
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation-
★ The insulin receptor in target tissues is a tetramer. The two β subunits have tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylate the receptor when stimulated by insulin.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-424 &BRS physiology/6th/P-249/Fig-7.3
★ The insulin receptor in target tissues is a tetramer. The two β subunits have tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylate the receptor when stimulated by insulin.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-424 &BRS physiology/6th/P-249/Fig-7.3
১২৯.
Which is not a part of HDL
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Apo B
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Apo B
ব্যাখ্যা
Composition of HDL
Apoprotein 50 %
Apo A
Apo C
Apo E
Lipid 50%
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 218
Apoprotein 50 %
Apo A
Apo C
Apo E
Lipid 50%
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 218
১৩০.
O2 therapy is 100% effective in which form of hypoxia?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hypoxic
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hypoxic
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Guyton 14th; P- 547
১৩১.
Site of synthesis of albumin
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Liver
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Liver
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Most of plasma protein is synthesized from liver except gamma globulin from plasma cells.
Most of plasma protein is synthesized from liver except gamma globulin from plasma cells.
১৩২.
Which is essential for blood coagulation:
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Prothrombin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Prothrombin
ব্যাখ্যা
1st four clotting factor are essential
১৩৩.
Secretion from which part of GIT lacks digestive enzyme
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Large intestine
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Large intestine
১৩৪.
Cardiac reserve in Severe Heart Failure
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Zero
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Zero
১৩৫.
Percentage of sperms in semen
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) 10%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) 10%
১৩৬.
Which is best matched regarding MPS
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Contain Uronic acid
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Contain Uronic acid
১৩৭.
Which is true for excitatory post synaptic potential?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) It is a graded potential
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) It is a graded potential
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : EPSP is confined only to the synapse. It is a graded potential. It is similar to receptor potential and endplate potential. EPSP has two properties: 1. It is nonpropagated 2. It does not obey all or none law. EPSP is not transmitted into the axon of postsynaptic neuron. However, it causes development of action potential in the axon.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 783)
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 783)
১৩৮.
Lacrimal Gland is supplied by
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Pterygopalatine ganglion
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Pterygopalatine ganglion
ব্যাখ্যা
The lacrimal gland receives secretomotor PNS through Pterygopalatine ganglion
Innervation
Sensory: lacrimal nerve (from ophthalmic nerve)
Parasympathetic: greater petrosal nerve (from facial nerve)
Sympathetic: deep petrosal nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Snell 8th - 415 Review Q- 15
Innervation
Sensory: lacrimal nerve (from ophthalmic nerve)
Parasympathetic: greater petrosal nerve (from facial nerve)
Sympathetic: deep petrosal nerve (from internal carotid plexus)
Snell 8th - 415 Review Q- 15
১৩৯.
Which is not correct for composition of cell membrane:
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Carbohydrate 10%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Carbohydrate 10%
১৪০.
Which of the following neurotransmitter is not found in retinna?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Glutamate
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Glutamate
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 141.1)
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 141.1)
১৪১.
Where is taste center situated?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) opercular insular cortex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) opercular insular cortex
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Center for taste sensation is in opercular insular cortex, i.e. in the lower part of postcentral gyrus, which receives cutaneous sensations from face. Thus, the taste fibers do not have an independent cortical projection.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 1025)
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 1025)
১৪২.
A 67-year-old man presents to accident and emergency with a 3-day history of shortness of breath. On examination you palpate the radial pulse and notice that the patient has an irregular heart beat with an overall rate of 140 bpm. You request an electrocardiogram (ECG) which reveals that the patient is in atrial fibrillation. Which of the following would you expect to see when assessing the JVP?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Absent a waves
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Absent a waves
ব্যাখ্যা
The JVP provides clinicians with information regarding right atrial pressures and filling. It mainly consists of five wave forms:
1 a wave - representing atrial systole;
2 c wave - representing closure of the tricuspid valve (this wave is not usually visible);
3 x descent - representing a fall in atrial pressure during ventricular systole;
4 v wave - representing atrial filling against a closed tricuspid valve;
5 y descent - representing the opening of the tricuspid valve.
In atrial fibrillation, the 'a waves' are absent (D) due to dysfunctional atrial systole. A raised JVP with normal waveform pattern (A) is usually seen in fluid overload and right heart failure. Large v waves (B) are usually seen in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. Cannon 'a waves' (C) are seen in patients with complete heart block, single chamber ventricular pacing, ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular ectopics. Large 'a waves' (E) can be seen in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary stenosis.
1 a wave - representing atrial systole;
2 c wave - representing closure of the tricuspid valve (this wave is not usually visible);
3 x descent - representing a fall in atrial pressure during ventricular systole;
4 v wave - representing atrial filling against a closed tricuspid valve;
5 y descent - representing the opening of the tricuspid valve.
In atrial fibrillation, the 'a waves' are absent (D) due to dysfunctional atrial systole. A raised JVP with normal waveform pattern (A) is usually seen in fluid overload and right heart failure. Large v waves (B) are usually seen in patients with tricuspid regurgitation. Cannon 'a waves' (C) are seen in patients with complete heart block, single chamber ventricular pacing, ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular ectopics. Large 'a waves' (E) can be seen in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary stenosis.
১৪৩.
Highest conductivity occur in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Glomerulus
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Glomerulus
১৪৪.
Maximum % of total blood that can be removed with almost no effect on cardiac output?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 10
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 10
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
About 10% of the total blood volume can be removed with almost no effect on arterial pressure or cardiac output, but greater blood loss usually diminishes the cardiac output first and falls to zero when about 40% to 45% of the total blood volume has been removed.
About 10% of the total blood volume can be removed with almost no effect on arterial pressure or cardiac output, but greater blood loss usually diminishes the cardiac output first and falls to zero when about 40% to 45% of the total blood volume has been removed.
১৪৫.
Absence of intrinsic factor of castle may lead to
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Pernicious anaemia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Pernicious anaemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Intrinsic factor of Castle, secreted by parietal cells of gastric glands plays an important role in erythropoiesis. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (which is called extrinsic factor) from GI tract into the blood. Vitamin B12 is an important maturation factor during erythropoiesis. Absence of intrinsic factor in gastric juice causes deficiency of vitamin B12, leading to pernicious anaemia.
১৪৬.
Most important factor for CO
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
VR
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
VR
ব্যাখ্যা
Although heart function is obviously crucial in
determining cardiac output, the various factors of the peripheral circulation that affect flow of blood into the heart from the veins, called venous return, are normally the primary controllers of cardiac output.
(Ref. Guyton & Hall-14th, P-245
determining cardiac output, the various factors of the peripheral circulation that affect flow of blood into the heart from the veins, called venous return, are normally the primary controllers of cardiac output.
(Ref. Guyton & Hall-14th, P-245
১৪৭.
Thelarche is
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) The development of breast
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) The development of breast
ব্যাখ্যা
Thelarche is the development of breast.
১৪৮.
Which is not a source of energy for muscle rephosphorlyation
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ATP
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ATP
ব্যাখ্যা
Three Sources of Energy for Muscle Contraction
1) The first source of energy that is used to reconstitute the ATP is the substance phosphocreatine, which carries a high-energy phosphate bond similar to the bonds of ATP.
2) The second important source of energy, which is used to reconstitute both ATP and phosphocreatine, is a process called glycolysis-the breakdown of glycogen previously stored in the muscle cells.
3) The third and final source of energy is oxidative metabolism, which means combining oxygen with the end products of glycolysis and with various other cellular foodstuffs to liberate ATP.
More than 95% of all energy used by the muscles for sustained long-term contraction is derived from oxidative metabolism.
1) The first source of energy that is used to reconstitute the ATP is the substance phosphocreatine, which carries a high-energy phosphate bond similar to the bonds of ATP.
2) The second important source of energy, which is used to reconstitute both ATP and phosphocreatine, is a process called glycolysis-the breakdown of glycogen previously stored in the muscle cells.
3) The third and final source of energy is oxidative metabolism, which means combining oxygen with the end products of glycolysis and with various other cellular foodstuffs to liberate ATP.
More than 95% of all energy used by the muscles for sustained long-term contraction is derived from oxidative metabolism.
১৪৯.
Neuroglial cell of PNS
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
ব্যাখ্যা
Schwann cell is cell of PNS.
১৫০.
Hormones responsible for K+ driven into cell excludes-?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Glucagon
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Glucagon
ব্যাখ্যা
Factors increased influx of K+ -
-Insulin
-Aldosterone
-Acute potassium excess
-Alkalosis
-Epinephrine
-Alpha blocker
১৫১.
Tissue oxygenation is not dependent on
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Pulse rate
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Pulse rate
ব্যাখ্যা
কোন ব্যাখ্যা যোগ হয় নি।
১৫২.
Which type of cell junction found in endothelium of capillary:
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Tight junction
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Tight junction
১৫৩.
Parasympathetic effect present in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Lacrimal Gland
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Lacrimal Gland
১৫৪.
Lungs apics have following zone of blood flow
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
2 and 3
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
2 and 3
ব্যাখ্যা
Zones 1, 2, and 3 of Pulmonary Blood Flow
The capillaries in the alveolar walls are distended by the blood pressure inside them but simultaneously are compressed by the alveolar air pressure on their outsides. Therefore, whenever the lung alveolar air pressure becomes greater than the capillary blood pressure, the capillaries close, and there is no blood flow.
Under different normal and pathological lung conditions, one may find any one of three possible zones (patterns) of pulmonary blood flow, as follows:
Zone 1: No blood flow during all portions of the cardiac cycle because the local alveolar capillary pressure in that area of the lung never rises higher than the alveolar air pressure during any part of the cardiac cycle
Zone 2: Intermittent blood flow only during the peaks of pulmonary arterial pressure because the systolic pressure is then greater than the alveolar air pressure, but the diastolic pressure is less than the alveolar air pressure
Zone 3: Continuous blood flow because the alveolar capillary pressure are remains greater than alveolar air pressure during the entire cardiac cycle
Normally, the lungs have only zones 2 and 3 blood flow-zone 2 (intermittent flow) in the apices and zone 3 (continuous flow) in all the lower areas.
The capillaries in the alveolar walls are distended by the blood pressure inside them but simultaneously are compressed by the alveolar air pressure on their outsides. Therefore, whenever the lung alveolar air pressure becomes greater than the capillary blood pressure, the capillaries close, and there is no blood flow.
Under different normal and pathological lung conditions, one may find any one of three possible zones (patterns) of pulmonary blood flow, as follows:
Zone 1: No blood flow during all portions of the cardiac cycle because the local alveolar capillary pressure in that area of the lung never rises higher than the alveolar air pressure during any part of the cardiac cycle
Zone 2: Intermittent blood flow only during the peaks of pulmonary arterial pressure because the systolic pressure is then greater than the alveolar air pressure, but the diastolic pressure is less than the alveolar air pressure
Zone 3: Continuous blood flow because the alveolar capillary pressure are remains greater than alveolar air pressure during the entire cardiac cycle
Normally, the lungs have only zones 2 and 3 blood flow-zone 2 (intermittent flow) in the apices and zone 3 (continuous flow) in all the lower areas.
১৫৫.
Resonator is
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
chest cavity
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
chest cavity
ব্যাখ্যা
The three major organs of articulation are the lips,tongue, and soft palate.
The resonators include the mouth, the nose and associated nasal sinuses, the pharynx, and even the chest cavity.
The resonators include the mouth, the nose and associated nasal sinuses, the pharynx, and even the chest cavity.
১৫৬.
The sensory organ of hearing is situated on
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Basilar membrane
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Basilar membrane
ব্যাখ্যা
This sensory organ of the hearing is situated on the basilar membrane. It is spread like a ribbon along the entire length of basilar membrane.
১৫৭.
Tetany occurs when plasma calcium level falls below …mg/dl
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
6
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
6
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, by decreasing the resorption of calcium from bones. Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular hyperexcitability, resulting in hypocalcemic tetany. Normally, tetany occurs when plasma calcium level falls below 6 mg/dL from its normal value of 9.4 mg/dL.
১৫৮.
Which of the following transport processes is involved if transport of glucose from the intestinal lumen into a small intestinal cell is inhibited by abolishing the usual Na+ gradient across the cell membrane?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Cotransport
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Cotransport
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
In the usual Na+ gradient, the [Na+] is higher in extracellular than in intracellular fluid (maintained by the Na+–K+ pump). Two forms of transport are energized by this Na+ gradient cotransport and countertransport. Because glucose is moving in the same direction as Na+, one can conclude that it is cotransport.
In the usual Na+ gradient, the [Na+] is higher in extracellular than in intracellular fluid (maintained by the Na+–K+ pump). Two forms of transport are energized by this Na+ gradient cotransport and countertransport. Because glucose is moving in the same direction as Na+, one can conclude that it is cotransport.
১৫৯.
Seminiferus tubular fluid rich in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
K
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
K
ব্যাখ্যা
The fluid in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules is quite different from plasma; it contains very little protein and glucose but is rich in androgens, estrogens, K+, inositol, and glutamic and aspartic acids.
Maintenance of its composition depends on the blood-testis barrier. The barrier also protects the germ cells from bloodborne noxious agents, prevents antigenic products of germ cell division and maturation from entering the circulation and generating an autoimmune response, and may help establish an osmotic gradient that facilitates movement of fluid into the tubular lumen.
Maintenance of its composition depends on the blood-testis barrier. The barrier also protects the germ cells from bloodborne noxious agents, prevents antigenic products of germ cell division and maturation from entering the circulation and generating an autoimmune response, and may help establish an osmotic gradient that facilitates movement of fluid into the tubular lumen.
১৬০.
Large intestine secretion is devoid of
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Digestive enzymes
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Digestive enzymes
১৬১.
Factor decreasing ESR
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Viscosity of blood
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Viscosity of blood
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Factor increasing ESR
• Specific gravity of RBC
• Rouleaux formation
• Increase in size of RBC
Factors decreasing ESR:
• Viscosity of blood
• RBC count
১৬২.
Which of the followings is false regarding source of acetylcholine?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves supplying apocrine sweat glands
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves supplying apocrine sweat glands
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Acetylcholine is the transmitter substance at the neuromuscular junction and synapse. It is also released by the following nerve endings:
1. Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve
2. Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve
3. Preganglionic sympathetic nerve
4. Postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves:
i. Nerves supplying eccrine sweat glands
ii. Sympathetic vasodilator nerves in skeletal muscle
5. Nerves in amacrine cells of retina
6. Many regions of brain.
১৬৩.
Where does feedforward synaptic inhibition occur?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Cerebellum
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Cerebellum
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Presynaptic inhibition is mediated by axoaxonal synapses. It is prominent in spinal cord. Negative feedback inhibition is the type of synaptic inhibition, which is caused by Renshaw cells in spinal cord. Feedforward synaptic inhibition occurs in cerebellum and it controls the neuronal activity in cerebellum. Inhibition of antagonistic muscles when a group of muscles are activated is called reciprocal inhibition. It is because of reciprocal innervation.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 783, 784)
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 783, 784)
১৬৪.
Properties of WBC excludes:
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Pinocytosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Pinocytosis
১৬৫.
Which increases GFR?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Prostaglandins
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Prostaglandins
১৬৬.
B cell of islets of Langerhans secrete
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Insulin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Insulin
ব্যাখ্যা
Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
১৬৭.
Which of the followings is not the feature of oculosympathetic palsy?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Exophthalmos
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Exophthalmos
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Horner syndrome is an eye disorder caused by damage to cervical sympathetic nerve. It is also called Bernard-Horner syndrome, Claude- Bernard-Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy. Symptoms of Horner syndrome appear on the affected side. The symptoms are:
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Swelling of lower eyelid
3. Miosis (abnormal constriction of pupil)
4. Enophthalmos (sinking of eyeball into its cavity)
5. Absence of sweating on affected side of the face.
১৬৮.
Preventive drug for gout is
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Febuxostat
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Febuxostat
১৬৯.
O2 level in peripheral circulation depends on?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
O2 dissolving capacity of Hb
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
O2 dissolving capacity of Hb
ব্যাখ্যা
কোন ব্যাখ্যা যোগ হয় নি।
১৭০.
Which proportion of WBC found maximum:
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Neutrophil
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Neutrophil
১৭১.
Which of the followings is known as auditopsychic area?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Broca's area 22
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Broca's area 22
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Cortical auditory centers are in the temporal lobe of cerebral cortex. Auditory areas are:
1. Primary auditory area, which includes area 41, area 42 and Wernicke area.
2. Secondary auditory area or auditopsychic area, which includes area 22
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 1014)
1. Primary auditory area, which includes area 41, area 42 and Wernicke area.
2. Secondary auditory area or auditopsychic area, which includes area 22
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 1014)
১৭২.
What is the site of Ca2+ storage and release for excitation-contraction coupling?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the internal tubular structure that is the site of Ca2+ storage and release for excitation-contraction coupling. It has terminal cisternae that make intimate contact with the T tubules in a triad arrangement.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the internal tubular structure that is the site of Ca2+ storage and release for excitation-contraction coupling. It has terminal cisternae that make intimate contact with the T tubules in a triad arrangement.
১৭৩.
Which one is gold standard for measurement of GFR?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Inulin clearance
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Inulin clearance
ব্যাখ্যা
Following can be taken as a measure of GFR:
1. Inulin clearance
2. Creatinine clearance and
3. Urea clearance
Inulin clearance – the gold standard of physiologists - is not practical or necessary in clinical practice. Clinically creatinine clearance is widely used. Urea clearance is not an accurate measure of GFR
১৭৪.
No of Carbon in butyric acid
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
4
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
4
১৭৫.
The low-resistance pathways between myocardial cells that allow for the spread of action potentials are the
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Gap junctions
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Gap junctions
ব্যাখ্যা
The gap junctions occur at the intercalated disks between cells and are low-resistance sites of current spread.
১৭৬.
The pulse pressure in the large arteries is directly proportional to
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Stroke volume
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Stroke volume
ব্যাখ্যা
Pulse pressure (PP)
-PP Directly proportional to SV
-PP inversely proportional to compliance/Arterial elasticity
১৭৭.
Gunylin Receptor is not found in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Male reproductive tract
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Male reproductive tract
১৭৮.
Amount of formed element in blood
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) 45%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) 45%
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations: Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed elements (45%)
১৭৯.
ECG changes in Hyperkalemia
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
wide QRS complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
wide QRS complex
১৮০.
Thirst centre is stimulated by-?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Intracellular dehydration
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Intracellular dehydration
ব্যাখ্যা
Thirst center is stimulated by-
-Intracellular dehydration
-Hypovolemia
-Angiotensin-2 in circulation
১৮১.
Following cardiovascular changes occurs after birth –
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Closure of ductus venosus
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Closure of ductus venosus
ব্যাখ্যা
Cardiovascular changes following birth are-
-Increase arterial oxygen tension
-Decreased Pulmonary vascular resistance
-Increased Pulmonary blood flow
-Increased systemic vascular resistance
-Closure of Ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus
-closure Foramen ovale
১৮২.
Direct stimulation of RVLM done by
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Hypoxia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Hypoxia
১৮৩.
Stimuli that decrease GH secretion
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
REM sleep
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
REM sleep
১৮৪.
Thirst and hunger control center-
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Lateral hypothalamic area
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Lateral hypothalamic area
ব্যাখ্যা
Thirst and hunger control center in lateral hypothalamic area
১৮৫.
Erythropoitin is consist of.........AA
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
165
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
165
১৮৬.
About what % of human body is fluid?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 60%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 60%
ব্যাখ্যা
60% of TBW is fluid where 40% is ICF & 20 is ECF
১৮৭.
Normal Hb
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hb F
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hb F
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Hb S, Hb C, Hb H, Hb Barts are abnormal Hb.
Hb S, Hb C, Hb H, Hb Barts are abnormal Hb.
১৮৮.
Can be measured by spirometry
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vital capacity
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vital capacity
ব্যাখ্যা
Volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities, which include residual volume also cannot be measured. Capacities that include residual volume are functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.
১৮৯.
Which of the following is a property of C fibers?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Have the smallest diameter of any nerve fiber type
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Have the smallest diameter of any nerve fiber type
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : C fibers (slow pain) are the smallest nerve fibers and therefore have the slowest conduction velocity.
Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition (Table-2.5)
Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition (Table-2.5)
১৯০.
Thrombomodulin is not produced from following blood vessel?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Cerebral
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Cerebral
১৯১.
Amino Acid sequence of oxytocin
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2
ব্যাখ্যা
Vasopressin:
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg- GlyNH2
Oxytocin:
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2
Cys-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Arg- GlyNH2
Oxytocin:
Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2
১৯২.
Receptors for Taste sensation (Taste bud) is -
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Chemoreceptor
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Chemoreceptor
ব্যাখ্যা
Receptors for Taste sensation (Taste bud) is chemoreceptors.
১৯৩.
X-linked recessive disorder is:
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Hemophilia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Hemophilia
ব্যাখ্যা
Erythroblastosis fetalis-Hemolytic disease of newborn
Rickets, Fragile-X syndrome—X-linked dominant
Rickets, Fragile-X syndrome—X-linked dominant
১৯৪.
Substances synthesized and used in the lungs
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Surfactant
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Surfactant
ব্যাখ্যা
[Ganong 24th p-638]
১৯৫.
Which goes against 4th Heart Sound?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
High pitched sound.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
High pitched sound.
ব্যাখ্যা
• It is produced during atrial systole and considered as physiologic heart sound.
Characteristics:
• It is short and low pitched sound.
• Duration of the sound is 0.02 -0.04 seconds.
Causes:
• It occurs due to vibrations which set up in atrial musculature during atrial systole.
Fourth heart sound and ECG:
• It coincides with interval between end of 'P' wave and onset of 'Q' wave in ECG.
Characteristics:
• It is short and low pitched sound.
• Duration of the sound is 0.02 -0.04 seconds.
Causes:
• It occurs due to vibrations which set up in atrial musculature during atrial systole.
Fourth heart sound and ECG:
• It coincides with interval between end of 'P' wave and onset of 'Q' wave in ECG.
১৯৬.
Which is not a part of Stress management (fight & flight response to face sudden emergency) by Glucocorticoids
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Maintenance of ICF volume
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Maintenance of ICF volume
ব্যাখ্যা
Stress management (fight & flight response to face sudden emergency) by:
Ø Gluconeogenesis that provides glucose to be used as fuel in neurons.
Ø Proteolysis that provides amino acid to support gluconeogenesis and acute phase protein synthesis in liver.
Ø Lipolysis that provides fatty acid to be used as fuel in peripheral tissues.
Ø Maintenance of ECF volume and blood pressure.
* For these functions in relation to stress, cortisol is called emergency hormone
Ø Gluconeogenesis that provides glucose to be used as fuel in neurons.
Ø Proteolysis that provides amino acid to support gluconeogenesis and acute phase protein synthesis in liver.
Ø Lipolysis that provides fatty acid to be used as fuel in peripheral tissues.
Ø Maintenance of ECF volume and blood pressure.
* For these functions in relation to stress, cortisol is called emergency hormone
১৯৭.
Intrinsic pathway take place when injury to-
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Blood
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Blood
১৯৮.
Ejection systolic murmur is present in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Pulmonary stenosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Pulmonary stenosis
১৯৯.
Which is called master gland?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Anterior pituitary
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Anterior pituitary
ব্যাখ্যা
Anterior pituitary is also known as the master gland because it regulates many other endocrine glands through its hormones.
২০০.
You see a 56-year-old man in your clinic with suspected alcoholic liver disease. Liver function tests reveal a bilirubin of 36iu/L, AST of 150 iu/L, ALT 75iu/L and ALP 100iu/L.. Which of the following blood test parameters would support a diagnosis of alcoholic-related liver disease?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Raised MCV
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Raised MCV
ব্যাখ্যা
Macrocytosis, i.e. an elevated MCV (>96fL) of which the causes can be seen in:
megaloblastic anaemia secondary to vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency;
chronic alcoholism and/or alcoholic liver disease (most common causes of all causes of macrocytosis), pregnancy, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis, aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and can also be caused by drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis (e.g. azathioprine);
an elevated MCV would suggest, along with the deranged LFTs, and support a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease.
megaloblastic anaemia secondary to vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency;
chronic alcoholism and/or alcoholic liver disease (most common causes of all causes of macrocytosis), pregnancy, hypothyroidism, reticulocytosis, aplastic anaemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and can also be caused by drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis (e.g. azathioprine);
an elevated MCV would suggest, along with the deranged LFTs, and support a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease.