Pathology

Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia simultaneously occurs in five organs; Thyroid, Breast, Kidney, Uterus Prostate

Toxoplasma is a part of TORCH infection

False-negative reactions may occur in the setting of certain viral infections, sarcoidosis, malnutrition, Hodgkin lymphoma, immunosuppression,

Explanation: Hepatitis D is a defective virus.

[Robbins 9th 123]

Explanation -
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the conducting airways,usually caused by immunological reaction,is marked by episodic bronchoconstriction. 
Menifested by recurrent episodes of wheezing,breathlessness,chest tightness,Cough

Reference: Lange microbiology/14th/P-542

Explanation -
Arsenic - Lung carcinoma,Squamous cell carcinoma,Basal cell carcinoma
Asbestos - lung carcinoma,Esophageal carcinoma,Gastric carcinoma
Benzene - Acute myeloid leukemia
Vinyl chloride - Hepatic angiosarcoma

Explanation: Chronic bronchitis is defined as persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.

Explanation -
Alarming features of IBS -
Age >50 years,Male gender
Wright loss
Nocturnal symptoms 
Family history of colon carcinoma
Anaemia
Rectal bleeding

Explanation :
Most common bronchogenic carcinoma :
Male - Squamous cell carcinoma
Female - Adenocarcinoma

• It most commonly affects the mitral valve and is responsible for 99% of acquired mitral stenosis

Explanation: Malar rash of systemic lupus erythematosus, sparing the nasolabial folds. The rash is notably similar to rosacea

Explanation: Nearly all peptic ulcers are associated with H. pylori infection, NSAIDs or cigarette smoking. Among them H. pylori infection is most common

Fibre optic instrument is best sterilized by γ glutaraldehyde

Free radical activity is checked by catalase

Explanation -
The Mantoux test or Mendel–Mantoux test or PPD test for purified protein derivative, is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis. 
Not specific
Many false positive/ negetive results
Is not diagnostic of tuberculosis
Positive 4-6 weeks after infection of tuberculosis.

coli causes diarrhoea

Explanation :
Diabetic ketoacidosis presents as -
excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath, fruity-scented breath, and confusion.

Explanation :
Toxin production by S.aureus -
Enterotoxin
Toxic shock syndrome toxin
Exfoliatin
Leukocidins

Explanation :
Causes of cirrhosis of liver -
Chronic viral hepatitis ( B or C) (Most common) 
Alcohol
NAFLD
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Harmochromatosis
Wilson disease
Drugs
Idiopathic

Reference: Lange microbiology/14th/P-568

Explanation :
Morphology of apoptotic cell -
Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic body
Phagocytosis 

[Robbins 9th 59]

Pleomorphic adenoma:
Benign tumor composed of stromal (e.g., cartilage) and epithelial tissue; most common tumor of the salivary gland. Usually arises in parotid; presents as a mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at the angle of the jaw

Others are Pathognomonic

Vit A essential for epithelialization, Vit C essential for collagen synthesise , VitD easential for bone formation

Cause of redness in acute inflammation is increase in blood flow

Explanation :
Typical feature of nephrotic syndrome -
Generilized oedema
Pitting oedema
Blood pressure : Normal
Proteinuria : 3+/4+ 

The principal sites of tissue reaction is the lungs

• Asthma is characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction caused by airway hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli.
• Atopic asthma is caused by a TH2 and IgE-mediated immunologic reaction to environmental allergens
• Eosinophils are key inflammatory cells found in almost all subtypes of asthma

Explanation :
DMRD used in rheumatoid arthritis -
Meyhotrexate
Sulfasalazine
Hydtoxychloroquine
Leflunomide

Explanation :
Causes of bloody diarrhoea -

Hemorrhoids
IBD
Anal fissure
Colorectal cancer
Diverticulitis
Colon polyps
Angiodysplasia
Colititis
Gastroenteritis
Infections ( Entamoeba histolytica, E.coli,Shigella, Camphylobacter) 
Dysentery
Medications
Unsafe water 
Esophageal problems

Bacterial zoonotic diseases Plague

The process of coating a particle to target it for ingestion is called opsonization

Explanation :
Contraction of endothelial cells resulting in opening of interendothelial gaps is the most common mechanism of vascular leakage. It is elicited by histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, and other chemical mediators. 

Explanation :
Common cause of haemoptysis -
Tuberculosis
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Lung abscess
Bronchiactasis
Pulmonary embolism
LVF
MS
Bleeding disorder

Liquefactive necrosis occure in Pyogenic bacterial infection, brain hypoxia.

Explanation :
Sites of moist gangrene -
Intestine is the commonest sites
Mouth
Pressure area
Vulva
Scrotum
Anterior abdominal wall
Thigh

Explanation :
Sex chromosomal aneuploidy :
Turners syndrome : 45,XO
Klinfelters syndrome : 47,XXY
Super female : 47,XXX

Von Willebrand factor is synthesised by endothelial cells

Ref. Robbins 9th p323, T-7.10

Explanation :
Hepatitis B related infection :
Partially dsDNA
Hepadna virus
Route of transmission  : Parenteral, sexual contact,Perinatal
Frequency of chronic liver disease : 5-10%

Explanation :
Esophageal causes of hematemesis -
Laceration( Mallory weiss syndrome) 
Esophageal perforation
Varices ( cirrhosis)  most common
Chemical esophagitis
Esophageal ulcer

Man acts as both definitive and intermediate host in T. solium

• Lymphadenitis is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually occurring in the cervical region (“scrofula”).

Membranous segmental glomerulosclerosis is not a primary nephrotic syndrome

Explanation: IgE is associated with B.asthma.

Explanation :
Factors associated with PUD -
H.pylori
OCP
Smoking
Alcohol
Drugs - NSAID
Psychological

Explanation :
IgM is the only immunoglobulin can become monomer or pentamer.

Dominant leukocyte in pus is neutrophil

Explanation :
Causes of mirocytic hypochromic anaemia :
Iron deficiency anaemia 
Thalassemia
Sideroblastic anaemia
Anaemia of chronic disease.

Explanation :
Frequencies -
VSD - 42%
ASD - 10%

Explanation: Pancytopenia is the dominant feature, with granulocytopenia and monocytosis

Arachidonic acid derived mediators are called eicosanoids