Miscellaneous Pathology

Explanation :
Exfoliative cytology have diagnostic role in -
Lung carcinoma
Bladder carcinoma
Prostate carcinoma
Gastric carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma
Bronchial carcinoma
Endometrial carcinoma

Explanation: Orthotolidine test is used to detect blood in urine

Explanation :
WHO criteria for metabolic syndrome -
Diabetes malitus
Blood pressure >140 /90
Dyslipidemia
Central obesity
Microalbuminuria

Explanation :
Osteoarthritis is a most common chronic joint condition.

[Robbins 9th 278]

MS is a demyelinating disease

Explanation -
LP is essential or extremely useful in the diagnosis of bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral central nervous system (CNS) infections and, in certain settings, to aid in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), demyelinating diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome and other inflammatory disorders,cerebral abscess,Neurosyphilis, Brain tumor,Acute poliomyelitis. 

Explanation: ‘Oligoclonal Band’ in CSF is a typical feature of Multiple sclerosis

Explanation :
Signs of cord compression -
Above C5 : Spastic quadriplagia
C5-T1 : LMN signs in in upper arm,UMN sign in lower leg
Thoracic cord : Spastic paraplegia 
Cauda equina : Flaccid paraplegia. 

Explanation: Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor in coronary artery disease

Explanation :
Causes of hyperurecemia :
Age : 20-30 years
Genetic predisposition  
Heavy alcohol consumption 
Obesity
Thiazide diuretics
Lead toxicity

Explanation -
Causes of flaccid paraplegia :
Guillain Barre Syndrome ( GBS) 
Peripheral neuropathy 
Hypokalemic or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Myopathy
Poliomyelitis 
Rediculopathy
Tabes dorsalis
Cauda equina syndrome 
Myesthenia gravis & Lambert -eaton syndrome 

• Torpor (noun) [uncountable noun, countable noun]
English Meaning: The state of not being active and having no energy or enthusiasm.
Bangla Meaning: অসাড় অবস্থা।
   
Synonyms: Apathy (উদাসীনতা; অনীহা), Idleness (আলস্য; আলসেমি), Lethargy (আলস্য; তন্দ্রা), Numbness (অসাড়তা), Spiritlessness (নির্জীবতা)।
Antonyms: Vigour (তেজ; বলবত্তা), Energy (কর্মশক্তি), Animation (সজীবতা; প্রাণচঞ্চলতা), Live (প্রাণবন্ত), Heartiness (আন্তরিকতা)।

• অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - 
• Tacit (adjective)
English Meaning: Understood without being expressed directly.
Bangla Meaning: অনুক্ত; নীরব; মৌন; মানস: tacit consent, মানসানুজ্ঞা: tacit agreement, নীরব/মৌনসম্মতি।

• Tortuous (adjective)
English Meaning: Full of twists and turns; not straight or direct.
Bangla Meaning: আঁকাবাঁকা: a tortuous path; (লাক্ষণিক) জটিল, প্যাঁচানো: a tortuous man.

• Toady (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who is too kind or shows too much respect towards somebody more important in order to gain their favour or help.
Bangla Meaning: হীন মোসাহেব; চাটুকার।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

Explanation: Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation

• Malingerer (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who pretends to be ill in order to avoid having to work.
Bangla Meaning: যে ব্যক্তি কর্তব্য এড়াতে অসুস্থতার ভান করে।

• অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - 
• Zealot (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who has very strong opinions about something, and tries to make other people have them too.
Bangla Meaning: কোনো বিশেষ আদর্শ দল, গোষ্ঠী বা ধর্মমত বিষয়ে প্রবল ও আপসহীন আগ্রহ-উদ্দীপনা প্রকাশ করে এমন ব্যক্তি; অন্ধ সমর্থক; গোঁড়া মৌলবাদী।

• Guileless (adjective)
English Meaning: Honest and direct.
Bangla Meaning: প্রতারণাহীন।

• Gullible (adjective)
English Meaning: Easily deceived or tricked, and too willing to believe everything that other people say.
Bangla Meaning: সহজে প্রতারণাযোগ্য।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

Glucose level is decreased in acute Pyogenic meningitis

Explanation :
Causes of fine tremor :
Hyperthyroidism
Heavy metal poisoning
Drugs ( Beta agonist,Theophylline,Caffine,Sodium valproate,TCA,Amphetamine) 

Resting tremor :
Parkinson's syndrome

RBC increases in CSF in SAH

Explanation -
Common metabolic causes of coma :
Hypoglycemia 
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyponatremia
Uremic coma
Hepatic encephalopathy 

Explanation: Tophi in various sites are the pathognomonic hallmark of gout

Explanation :
Crystal deposited in primary gout -
Monosodium  urate crystal

Explanation :
Fixative in tissue biopsy is used for fixation of tissue
It prevents autolysis
Most frequently, the routine fixative will be neutral buffered formalin.

Explanation :
Radiation sensitive tissue -
Tissue with high rate of cell division like gonad,Bone marrow,Lymphoid tissue, mucosa of the GIT.

Explanation -
Tophaceous gout occurs when uric acid crystals form masses of white growths that develop around the joints and tissues that gout has affected. These masses, called tophi, are often visible under the skin and tend to look like swollen nodules. The material may be in a liquid, pasty, or chalky state.

Explanation -
Primary headache -
Tension headache
Migraine
Cluster headache
Trigeminal neuralgia
Benign paroxysmal headache

Explanation -
Urine R/M (Urine Routine & Microscopy) test involves gross, chemical, and microscopic evaluation of the urine sample.
Include physical appearence, urine protein, sugar, ketone body level,osmolarity,pH.

Explanation :
Pathogenesis of osteoporosis -
Postmenopausal due to low peak bone mass
Genetic cause
Hypogonadism
Inflammatory bowel disease
Hyperparathyroidism
Cushing syndrome 
Corticosteroid 
GnRH agonist therapy
Alcohol excess
Heparin therapy

Explanation -
 A mnemonic to remember some of the cerebellar signs is DANISH.
Dysdiadokinesia / dysmetria.
Ataxia.
Nystagmus.
Intention tremor.
Speech - slurred or scanning.
Hypotonia.

• Hyperuricemia (plasma urate level above 6.8 mg/dL) is necessary, but not sufficient, for the development of gout.

Explanation: Gout is marked by transient attacks of acute arthritis initiated by crystallization of monosodium urate within and around joints.

Explanation -
Arsenic - Lung carcinoma,Squamous cell carcinoma,Basal cell carcinoma
Asbestos - lung carcinoma,Esophageal carcinoma,Gastric carcinoma
Benzene - Acute myeloid leukemia
Vinyl chloride - Hepatic angiosarcoma

Explanation :
Diabetic ketoacidosis presents as -
excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath, fruity-scented breath, and confusion.