Narration

PrepBank · পাতা ২ / ৫ · ১০১–২০০ / ৪৫০

১০১.

The historian said, "The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD."

ক
The historian said that The Roman Empire had been fell in 476 AD.
খ
The historian said The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
গ
The historian said that The Roman Empire was fell in 476 AD.
ঘ
The historian said that The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

• অর্থাৎ, নিয়মানুযায়ী, The historian said, "The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD." এই বাক্যের সঠিক indirect speech হবে -
- The historian said that The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.

১০২.

The indirect form of: He said to me, "I shall go, but you will stay."

ক
He said to me that he would go, but I will stay.
খ
He told me that he will go, but I should stay.
গ
He told me that he would go, but I should stay.
ঘ
He told me that I would go, but he would stay.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: He said to me, "I shall go, but you will stay."
- Indirect: He told me that he would go, but I should stay.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়। (I→ he).
- Reported speech -এর 2nd person (you) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর object -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়। (you→ I).
- Reporting verb past tense হওয়ায়, person অনুযায়ী shall → would, এবং will → should হবে।
- এবং বাকি অংশ বসবে।

More examples:
- Direct: He said to me, “I shall come, but you will wait.”
- Indirect: He told me that he would come, but I should wait.

Other options:
ক) He said to me that he would go, but I will stay.
- "said to" should be "told"; "will stay" wrong tense.

খ) He told me that he will go, but I should stay.
- "will go" wrong tense.

ঘ) He told me that I would go, but he would stay.
- meaning পরিবর্তন হয়ে যায়।

Source:
1. High School English Grammar and Composition by Wren And Martin.
2. A Text Book of Higher English Grammar by P. K. De Sarkar.

১০৩.

The priest said, "May God forgive your sins." (Change into indirect speech)

ক
The priest prayed to that God may forgive my sins.
খ
The priest prayed to that God might forgive my sins.
গ
The priest prayed that God may forgive my sins.
ঘ
The priest prayed that God might forgive my sins.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The priest said, "May God forgive your sins."
Indirect: The priest prayed that God might forgive my sins.

• Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসবে,
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে,
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে,
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি একটি Optative Sentence.
- Optative Sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে 'said'-এর পরিবর্তে prayed বসবে।
- Prayed-এর পর সাধারণত সরাসরি object বসে না।
- Reporting verb (said) যেহেতু Past Tense-এ আছে, তাই 'May' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে might হবে।
- Pronoun 'your' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে object অনুযায়ী my হবে।
- Correct answer: The priest prayed that God might forgive my sins.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১০৪.

Change into Indirect Speech -
She said to me, “Why are you late today?”

ক
She asked me why I was late that day.
খ
She told me why I was late today.
গ
She asked me why was I late that day.
ঘ
She asked me why I am late today.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) She asked me why I was late that day.

- She said to me, “Why are you late today?”
- এটি একটি প্রশ্নবাক্য, তাই Indirect Speech-এ “asked” ব্যবহার হবে, “told” নয়।
- "Said to" কে প্রশ্নরূপে Indirect করতে গেলে “asked” করা হয়।
- “Why” অপরিবর্তিত থাকে, তবে বাক্যটি প্রশ্নরূপে নয়, বর্ণনার মতো হয় (why + subject + verb).
- Tense পরিবর্তন হয়: “are” → “was” এবং “today” → “that day” (past reporting verb থাকায়)।
- তাই সঠিক Indirect Speech হলো: “She asked me why I was late that day.”

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১০৫.

My teacher said, "He arrives on time and completes his work daily". Choose the correct indirect speech.

ক
My teacher said that he had arrived on time and completed his work daily.
খ
My teacher said that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
গ
My teacher told that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
ঘ
My teacher said that he had arrived on time and had completed his work daily.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: My teacher said that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়।

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb যদি Present বা Future tense-এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported Speech-এর tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে যদি Reporting verb যদি Past tense-এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported Speech-এর Present indefinite tense Past indefinite tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়।
- Subject + Reporting Verb টি বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।

Other options:
ক) My teacher said that he had arrived on time and completed his work daily.
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) My teacher told that he arrived on time and completed his work daily.
- Reporting verb এ 'said to' থাকলে এর পরিবর্তে 'told' ব্যবহৃত হয়। অন্যদিকে 'said' থাকলে Indirect speech এ 'said' ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) My teacher said that he had arrived on time and had completed his work daily.
- Direct speech এ reported speech টি Present indefinite tense থাকলে তা Indirect speech এ Past indefinite tense হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১০৬.

Zamal said, "We must respect the rules of the game." (Make it indirect)

ক
Zamal said that he had to respect the rules of the game.
খ
Zamal said that we must respect the rules of the game.
গ
Zamal said that they had to respect the rules of the game.
ঘ
None of these

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: Zamal said, "We must respect the rules of the game."
Indirect Speech: Zamal said that they had to respect the rules of the game.

• must ↔ had to:
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়,
→ Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
→ Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
→ to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১০৭.

He said to me, "Where were you born?'' (Make indirect)

ক
He asked me where I had been born.
খ
He asked me where I were born.
গ
He asked me whether I had born.
ঘ
He wanted to know where I were born.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: He said to me, "Where were you born?''
- Indirect: He asked me where I had been born.

• Interrogative sentence -এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense ("were born") -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense ("had been born") -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

More examples:
- Direct speech: He said to me, "What were you planning for the weekend?"
- Indirect speech: He asked me what I had been planning for the weekend.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১০৮.

He said, "Alas! The majestic oak tree has fallen in the storm."

ক
He exclaimed with sorrow the majestic oak tree had fallen in the storm.
খ
He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree has fallen in the storm.
গ
He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree will have fallen in the storm.
ঘ
He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree had fallen in the storm.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: He said, "Alas! The majestic oak tree has fallen in the storm."
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that the majestic oak tree had fallen in the storm.

• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, direct speech থেকে indirect speech:
→ Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "exclaimed/exclaimed with joy" আর দুঃখ বুঝালে "exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief" হয়।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
→ reported speech এর Subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
→ very/great বসবে।
→ adjective বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১০৯.

The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie." (make it indirect)

ক
The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.
খ
The teacher told the student not to tell a lie.
গ
The teacher asked the student not to tell a lie.
ঘ
The teacher ordered the student not to tell a lie.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/ command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Imperative sentence টি যদি Negative হয় তবে Reporting verb এরপর not বসে।
- তারপর to বসে।
- reported speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

• Direct speech: The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie."
• Indirect speech: The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১১০.

The indirect form of: Mohan says, "The school will remain closed tomorrow."

ক
Mohan tells that the school would remain closed the next day.
খ
Mohan says that the school would remain closed the next day.
গ
Mohan says that the school will remain closed the next day.
ঘ
Mohan says that the school will be remain closed tomorrow.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: Mohan says, "The school will remain closed tomorrow."
- Indirect: Mohan says that the school will remain closed the next day.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech করা নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb টি present/future tense -এ থাকলে Reported speech -এর tense -এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তারপর Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- নৈকট্যবাচক শব্দ Indirect speech-এ দূরত্ববাচক শব্দে পরিবর্তিত হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১১১.

Change into indirect speech:
The mother said to her son, "May you pass the admission test."

ক
The mother wish her son that he might pass the admission test.
খ
The mother said that he might pass the admission test.
গ
The mother wished her son that he might pass the admission test.
ঘ
The mother wished her son might pass the admission test.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: The mother said to her son, "May you pass the admission test."
• Indirect speech: The mother wished her son that he might pass the admission test.

• Optative Sentence -এর speech পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Direct Narration -এ Optative sentence হলে তা Indirect করার সময় অর্থানুযায়ী Reporting Verb ‘wish/wished’ বা ‘pray/prayed’ হবে।
- Reported speech -এর পূর্বে linker হিসেবে 'that' বসবে।
- Direct Narration -এ Reporting Verb টি Past form -এ থাকলে Reported speech -এর may verb টি might -এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
- Optative sentence টি Assertive sentence -এ রূপান্তরিত হবে।
- অর্থাৎ, sub + মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

• Structure: Subject+ wish/wished + that + reported speech -এর subject + might + Verb + ext.

• Note: Reported Speech -এ শুভকামনা বুঝালে say/say to/said/said to -এর বদলে Indirect speech -এ wish/wished ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect speech টি হলো- The mother wished her son that he might pass the admission test.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১১২.

The teacher said to the students, "May Allah bless you."

ক
The teacher wished that Allah might bless the students.
খ
The teacher wished that Allah might bless you.
গ
The teacher wished that Allah could bless the students.
ঘ
The teacher wished that Allah might be blessed the students.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Optative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে subject বসে।
- Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে wish বা pray বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর subject বসে।
- may / might বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

Direct: The teacher said to the students, "May Allah bless you."
Indirect: The teacher wished that Allah might bless the students.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১১৩.

The poor woman said, "Please give me some money."

ক
The poor woman request I give her some money.
খ
The poor woman requested to give me some money.
গ
The poor woman requested to give her some money.
ঘ
The poor woman told give me some money.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: The poor woman requested to give her some money.

- Direct Speech এ Reported speech যদি Imperative sentence হয়, তাহলে Indirect Narration এ পরিবর্তিত করার সময় লক্ষণীয় বিষয়গুলো হলো:
- Reported speech এর ভাব অনুযায়ী Reporting verb, say/said দ্বারা,
- আদেশ বোঝালে order/command,
- অনুরোধ বোঝালে request, উপদেশ বোঝালে advise,
- বিনীত প্রার্থনা বোঝালে beg,
- নিষেধ বোঝালে forbid এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত tell দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠিয়ে to বসে এবং এরপর Reported speech এর মূল verb বসে।
- তবে Negative sentence এর not টি to এর আগে বসে।

Direct: The poor woman said, "Please give me some money."
Indirect: The poor woman requested to give her some money.

- অনুরোধ বুঝিয়েছে তাই said এর পরিবর্তে requested to বসেছে।
- Please উঠে গিয়েছে।
- me পরিবর্তিত হয়ে her হয়েছে।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

১১৪.

He said, "Let the children play outside." (Make it indirect)

ক
He proposed that the children could play outside.
খ
He told that the children can play outside.
গ
He suggested that the children may play outside.
ঘ
He said that the children might play outside.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: He said, "Let the children play outside."
Indirect Speech: He said that the children might play outside.

• Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Reported Speech-টি যদি Let's/ Let us দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে তা কোন প্রস্তাব বুঝায়।
- Let এর পর me, him, them থাকলে প্রস্তাব বুঝাবে না

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে + Reported Verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত হয়।

• Structure:
- Subject + প্রদত্ত Reporting verb + object যদি থাকে + that + Reported speech এর subject + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Example:
Direct Speech: She said, "Let me explain the situation."
Indirect Speech: She said that I might explain the situation.

Direct Speech: We said, "Let them know about the change."
Indirect Speech: We said that we might know about the change.

১১৫.

Choose the right indirect speech:
He said, "I cannot help you at present because I am myself in difficulty."

ক
He said that I cannot help you at present because I myself in difficulty.
খ
He said that he could not help me at present because he was himself in difficulty.
গ
He told that he could not help you at present because he was himself in difficulty.
ঘ
He asked that he could not help you at present because he was himself in difficulty.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায় সাধারণত Reporting verb যদি past indefinite tense এ থাকে, তবে reporting speech টি present indefinite tense এ থাকলে indirect speech এ তা past indefinite হবে।

Direct: He said, "I cannot help you at present because I am myself in difficulty."
Indirect: He said that he could not help me at present because he was himself in difficulty.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury & Hussain.

১১৬.

She said, "Oh no! The prices of vegetables are increasing sharply due to the recent floods."
Select the correct indirect narration.

ক
She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods.
খ
She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables are increasing sharply due to the recent floods.
গ
She exclaimed with sorrow the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods.
ঘ
She exclaimed that the prices of vegetables had been increasing sharply due to the recent floods.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods.

- Direct Narration: She said, "Oh no! The prices of vegetables are increasing sharply due to the recent floods."

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Direct narration টি Exclamatory sentence এর হলে,
- Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Direct speech এর Tense- Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

- Indirect Narration: She exclaimed with sorrow that the prices of vegetables were increasing sharply due to the recent floods.

১১৭.

He said, "I must leave now." (Change the speech)

ক
He said that he had to leave now.
খ
He said that he must leave now.
গ
He said that he has to leave now.
ঘ
He said that he had to leave then.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: He said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: He said that he had to leave then.
-------------
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'this' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'that' বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must complete this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to finish that project.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১১৮.

The Al Jazeera says, 'We have found it'. (Make it indirect)

ক
The Al Jazeera said that had found it.
খ
The Al Jazeera exclaimed that they have found it.
গ
The Al Jazeera said that they have found it.
ঘ
The Al Jazeera says that it has found it.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: The Al Jazeera says, 'We have found it'.
Indirect: The Al Jazeera says that it has found it.

Source: English Wizard Lecture.

১১৯.

Mary said to him, "Are you coming tomorrow?"

ক
Mary asked him if he is coming tomorrow.
খ
Mary asked him whether he was coming the next day.
গ
Mary asked him if he was coming tomorrow.
ঘ
Mary asked him whether he is coming the next day.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Interrogative Sentence এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
i) Reporting verb টি 'ask'/ 'enquire of'/ 'want to know' ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
ii) Reported Speech যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয়, তবে Reported speech এর পূর্বে that না বসে if/whether বসাতে হয়।
iii) Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।

Structure: Subject + ask/enquire of + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether + Reported speech এর subject + verb (Tense অনুসারে) + বাকী অংশ।

Direct: Mary said to him, "Are you coming tomorrow?"
Indirect: Mary asked him whether he was coming the next day.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১২০.

He bade his relatives good bye. (make it direct)

ক
He said, "Good-bye my relatives."
খ
He asked, "Good-bye my relatives."
গ
He said, "Good-bye his relatives."
ঘ
"Good-bye my relatives."
ঙ
None

ব্যাখ্যা

• Good-bye / Farewell যুক্ত sentence- এ Indirect speech কে Direct speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর Subject বসে।
- bade এর পরিবর্তে said বসে।
- কমা (,) ব্যবহার হবে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শুরু।
- Good-bye বসে।
- object বসবে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শেষ।

Indirect: He bade his relatives good bye.
Direct: He said, "Good-bye my relatives.”

১২১.

He said, "What a beautiful sunset!" (Make it indirect)

ক
He said that what a beautiful sunset it was.
খ
He fie with joy that what a beautiful sunset it was.
গ
He wondered with joy that it is a beautiful sunset.
ঘ
He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: He said, "What a beautiful sunset!"
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech টি How বা What দ্বারা শুরু হলে অর্থাৎ, বাক্যের শুরুতে আতিশয্য বুঝালে Indirect Narration করার সময় - - - How বা What এর পরিবর্তে very, much, great ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- said এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- এরপর কমার (,) বদলে that বসবে।
- Exclamatory Sentence টি Assertive Sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
- বাক্যে subject না থাকায় It কে subject হিসাবে ধরে নিতে হবে।
- reporting verb past tense থাকলে reported speech এর verb হবে past tense এ।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক, Indirect speech টি হবে - He exclaimed that it was a very beautiful sunset.

১২২.

The passive form of: The coach made the team practice longer.

ক
The team has been made to practice longer by the coach.
খ
The team is made to practice longer by the coach.
গ
The team was made to practice longer by the coach.
ঘ
The team was made practice longer by the coach.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Active: The coach made the team practice longer.
- Passive: The team was made to practice longer by the coach.

• Need, bid, dare, let, make, know, hear, feel, behold, watch ইত্যাদি verb গুলোর পর Active voice এর ‘to’ উহ্য থাকে।
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পর 'to' বসে।
• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Object -কে Subject করতে হবে।
- Tense ও subject অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb (was) বসে।
- তারপর মূল Verb -এর Past Participle বসবে।
- তারপর Active voice -এ উহ্য থাকা to বসবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- শেষে by + Active voice -এর Subject টি Object হবে।

More examples:
- Active: The officer made the suspects wait outside.
- Passive: The suspects were made to wait outside by the officer.

- Active: Our parents made us study hard.
- Passive: We were made to study hard by our parents.

১২৩.

Mina said, "I must visit my grandmother." [indirect]

ক
Mina said she have to visit her grandmother.
খ
Mina said that she had to visited her grandmother.
গ
Mina said that she must to visit her grandmother.
ঘ
Mina said that she had to visit her grandmother.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: Mina said, “I must visit my grandmother.”
Indirect: Mina said that she had to visit her grandmother.

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

- Reported speech-এ must থাকলে এবং reporting verb past tense-এর হলেও indirect speech-এ must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- আবার চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা না বোঝালে must-এর বদলে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

• Example:
Dir: Kalim said, "I must go there."
Ind: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Dir: Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired."
Ind: Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১২৪.

The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has defeated the champions." (Make it indirect)

ক
The students exclaimed with grief that their team had defeated the champions.
খ
The students bade that their team had defeated the champions.
গ
The students exclaimed with joy that their team had defeated the champions.
ঘ
The students said that their team defeated the champions.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে Exclaim/ Exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/ great
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct: The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has defeated the champions."
Indirect: The students exclaimed with joy that their team had defeated the champions.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১২৫.

He said, ''The train reached at nine.'' What is the correct indirect form of the sentence?

ক
He said that the train has reached at nine.
খ
He said that the train reaches at nine.
গ
He said that the train had reached at nine.
ঘ
He said that train has reached at nine.

ব্যাখ্যা

• The correct indirect form of the sentence is: He said that the train had reached at nine.
-------------------------
∗ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct Speech এর Simple Past Tense, Indirect Speech এ Past Perfect Tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

তাই, সঠিক উত্তর - He said that the train had reached at nine.

১২৬.

Change into indirect speech:
"Have you finished your homework, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me.

ক
A soft voice from my behind asked me if I have finished my homework.
খ
Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked whether you finished your homework.
গ
A soft voice told me as his son and asked me if I had finished my homework.
ঘ
Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I had finished my homework.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: "Have you finished your homework, my son?" asked a soft voice close behind me.
- Indirect: Addressing me as his son a soft voice asked if I had finished my homework.

• Interrogative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নিচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- প্রথমে Addressing বসবে।
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as বসবে।
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে,
- Reporting verb (asked) বসবে,
- if/whether বসবে (Yes/No question এর জন্য),
- Reported speech টি (present perfect tense → past perfect tense) Assertive form -এ বসবে।

• More Example:
- Direct: "Are you feeling better, my child?" said the doctor.
- Indirect: Addressing me as his child, the doctor asked if I was feeling better.

১২৭.

The landowner said to the guard, "Did you lock the gate?"
Change into indirect speech:

ক
The landowner asked the guard if he had locked the gate.
খ
The landowner asked the guard if he locked the gate.
গ
The landowner asked the guard if he been locked the gate.
ঘ
The landowner asked the guard if he had been locking the gate.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The landowner said to the guard, "Did you lock the gate?"
- Indirect: The landowner asked the guard if he had locked the gate.

Narration -এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, Interrogative sentence- এর narration পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb এর subject বসে এবং
- Reporting verb "said” এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech এর subject বসবে।
- Reported speech এর 'subject' 2nd person (You) সবসময় Reporting verb এর object এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।

- তারপর Direct narration - এ Reported speech-এর verb যদি past indefinite tense থাকে তাহলে Indirect
narration - এ তা past perfect tense হবে।
তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (if/whether) + Reported speech - এর
subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১২৮.

Father said to his son, "Have you finished your homework?"(make it indirect)

ক
Father told his son if he have finished his homework.
খ
Father asked his son if he had finished his homework.
গ
Father told his son if he had finished his homework.
ঘ
Father asked his son if he have finished his homework.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: Father said to his son, "Have you finished your homework?"
Indirect speech: Father asked his son if he had finished his homework.

• Interrogative এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে পরিবর্তিত হয়ে tense অনুযায়ী ask/asked বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই "Wh" question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Direct speech এর Tense- Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১২৯.

Direct Speech: The captain said to the players, "Work hard. Do not lose your focus."
Select the correct indirect speech form:

ক
The captain told the players that they should work hard and they should not lose their focus.
খ
The captain advised the players to work hard and not to lose their focus.
গ
The captain ordered the players that they must work hard and must not lose their focus.
ঘ
The captain asked the players if they were working hard and not losing their focus.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) The captain advised the players to work hard and not to lose their focus.

• Imperative Sentence কে Indirect Narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর অর্থানুসারে Reporting Verb -এর পরিবর্তন হবে:
- এক্ষেত্রে "said to" পরিবর্তিত হবে "advised" হবে, কারণ captain তার players দের উপদেশ দিচ্ছেন।
- Affirmative বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Imperative -এর verb -এর পূর্বে to বসে এবং negative বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Imperative -এর verb -এর পূর্বে not to বসে।
- দুইটি sentence থাকলে and দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।

দুইটি imperative clause থাকলে → and দিয়ে যুক্ত হয়।

Direct Speech: The captain said to the players, "Work hard. Do not lose your focus."
Indirect Speech: The captain advised the players to work hard and not to lose their focus.

১৩০.

He said, "Can you sing?" And I said, "No".

ক
He asked me that could I sing and I refused.
খ
He asked me if I could sing and I said that I couldn't.
গ
I denied, when he asked me if l could sing.
ঘ
He asked me if I could sing and I said no.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech এর বাক্যটি ছিল - He said, "Can you sing?" And I said, "No".
Indirect Speech এ এই বাক্যটি রূপান্তর করার সময় বাক্যের মূল ভাব ধরে রাখা আবশ্যক।
এখানে, প্রথম ব্যক্তি একটি প্রশ্ন করেছেন এবং দ্বিতীয় ব্যক্তি তা নাকচ করেছেন।

Option গুলো বিশ্লেষণ করলে -

ক) He asked me that could I sing and I refused.
- এটি সঠিক নয় কারণ এখানে 'that' শব্দের প্রয়োগ এবং grammatical structure ভুল। 'Asked' শব্দটি সঠিক কিন্তু প্রশ্ন রূপান্তরে 'if' বা 'whether' ব্যবহার করা উচিত।

খ) He asked me if I could sing and I said that I couldn't.
- এটি সঠিক এবং সুসংগত কারণ এটি সরাসরি প্রশ্নকে 'if' দিয়ে indirect এ transform করেছে এবং উত্তরদাতার না বলার ঘটনাকে সঠিকভাবে "I said that I couldn't" ব্যবহার করে প্রকাশ করেছে।

গ) I denied, when he asked me if l could sing.
- এখানে 'denied' শব্দের ব্যবহার বাক্যের 'No' বলার ভঙ্গিকে সঠিকভাবে প্রকাশ করতে পারে না।

ঘ) He asked me if I could sing and I said no.
- এখানে পরোক্ষ বক্তব্যে 'I said no' এর পরিবর্তে 'I said that I couldn't' ব্যবহার করা উচিত ছিল।

বিশ্লেষণের ভিত্তিতে, খ) অপশনই সবচেয়ে সঠিক এবং complete transformation প্রদান করে, কারণ এটি প্রশ্ন এবং উত্তর দুটোকেই সঠিক indirect speech আকারে প্রকাশ করে।

১৩১.

Rizvi says he did not understand the instructions. (Make it direct)

ক
Rizvi says, 'he did not understand the instructions.'
খ
Rizvi says, 'I did not understand the instructions.'
গ
Rizvi said 'he did not understand the instructions.'
ঘ
Rizvi said, 'I did not understand the instructions.'

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect কে Direct Speechকরার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reporting verb অপরিবর্তিত থাকে এবং that উঠে যায়।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• উল্লিখিত বাক্যের repoting verb says -present tense এ আছে তাই Direct এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে,
- Person/subject পরিবর্তন হয় 'I' হবে।
- বাকি সব ঠিক থাকবে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর -
Indirect: Rizvi says he did not understand the instructions.
Direct: Rizvi says, 'I did not understand the instructions.'

১৩২.

The correct indirect form of: "The boy said, 'What shall I be in 1998?'" is –

ক
The boy asked what he should be in 1998.
খ
The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.
গ
The boy said what he would be in 1998.
ঘ
The boy asked what he would be in 1998.

ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - খ) The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.

- Shall/will + I/we দিয়ে reported speech-এর বাক্য শুরু হলে এবং তা মূলত কোন প্রশ্ন না বুঝিয়ে কোন ভবিষ্যত অনুমান বুঝালে indirect speech এ ask ইত্যাদির স্থলে wonder (অনুমান করা, অবাক হওয়া) ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের জন্য প্রযোজ্য অন্যান্য নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হয়।
• Examples:
- Dir. : The boy said, "What shall I be in 1998?"
- Ind. : The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.

- Dir. : She said, "Where shall we be after 1,000 years?"
- Ind. She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.

- Dir. The man said, "Shall I live if there breaks out a great war in the country?"
- Ind. : The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the country.

Source: A Passage To The English Language. S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৩৩.

The commander said to the soldiers, "Stand still." (Make it Indirect)

ক
The commander said the soldiers to stand still.
খ
The commander told the soldiers stand still.
গ
The commander commanded the soldiers to stand still.
ঘ
The commander command the soldiers to stand still.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The commander said to the soldiers, "Stand still"
Indirect: The commander commanded the soldiers to stand still.

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৩৪.

Rahul said, "She must go to school." (Make it Indirect)

ক
Rahul said that he had to go to school.
খ
Rahul said that she had to go to school.
গ
Rahul said that she have to go to school.
ঘ
Rahul said that she will have to go to school.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: Rahul said, "She must go to school."
Indirect Speech: Rahul said that she had to go to school.

• must ↔ had to:
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়,
→ Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
→ Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
→ to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৩৫.

The teacher said to the student, “Sit properly.” (Make it Indirect)

ক
The teacher advised the student to sit properly.
খ
The teacher ordered the student to sit properly.
গ
The teacher requested the student to sit properly.
ঘ
The teacher told the student to sit properly.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর: The teacher ordered the student to sit properly.

Imperative Sentence কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়মাবলী:
• Reporting Verb এর পরিবর্তন:
এক্ষেত্রে "said to" পরিবর্তিত হবে "ordered"
• বাক্য গঠনের পরিবর্তন:
Imperative mood → Infinitive mood

শিক্ষক-ছাত্র সম্পর্কের ক্ষেত্রে এধরনের নির্দেশ সাধারণত আদেশমূলক হয় তাই "ordered" সবচেয়ে উপযুক্ত reporting verb।
"Said to" পরিবর্তন হয়ে "ordered" হবে, কারণ শিক্ষক শিক্ষার্থীকে আদেশ দিচ্ছেন।
"to + মূল verb" যুক্ত হবে → "to sit properly"।

এখানে, Direct Sentence: The teacher said to the student, “Sit properly.”
অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে Correct Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered the student to sit properly.

অন্য অপশনগুলি উপযুক্ত নয় কেন:
ক) "advised" - পরামর্শের সুর আছে, কিন্তু এটি আদেশ।
গ) "requested" - অনুরোধের সুর আছে, যা এই প্রেক্ষাপটে উপযুক্ত নয়।
ঘ) "told" - সাধারণ বলার সুর আছে, যা আদেশের তীব্রতা প্রকাশ করে না।

১৩৬.

Convert to indirect speech:
"Please close the window," he said to me.

ক
He requested me to close the window.
খ
He told me to please close the window.
গ
He asked me if I would close the window.
ঘ
He said to close the window.

ব্যাখ্যা

• সঠিক উত্তর: ক) He requested me to close the window.

- Direct Speech: "Please close the window," he said to me.
- এটি একটি Imperative sentence (আদেশ, অনুরোধ, নিষেধ ইত্যাদি)।
- এখানে "please" আছে — তাই এটি অনুরোধ বোঝায়।

- Imperative Sentence → Indirect Speech:
• Structure: Subject + requested/ordered/told + object + to + base verb + rest.
- অনুরোধ বোঝালে: requested.
- আদেশ বোঝালে: ordered/told.
• Indirect Speech: He requested me to close the window.

• Other options:
খ) "to please close the window" : "please" শব্দটি indirect speech-এ ব্যবহার হয় না।

গ) "asked me if..." : এটি WH/Yes-No প্রশ্নে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

ঘ) "said to close..." : "said" এর পর object থাকলে told/requested/ordered হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৩৭.

Helena said, "I took the laptop home with me". [indirect]

ক
Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
খ
Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.
গ
Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
ঘ
Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: Helena said, "I took the laptop home with me".
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- যেমন: (I → she), (me → her).
- Direct speech টি- past indefinite tense (took) -এ থাকলে Indirect speech - এ, তা past perfect tense (had taken) -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর পরিবর্তন হয়নি ("took" should become "had taken").

গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর ভুল পরিবর্তন হয়েছে ("has taken" না হয়ে "had taken" হবে).

ঘ) Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত object নেয়, এছাড়া "had the laptop taken" হলো wrong structure.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৩৮.

Let's explore new opportunities together, ______________?

ক
shouldn't we
খ
shall we
গ
isn't let
ঘ
can't we

ব্যাখ্যা

Complete Sentence: Let's explore new opportunities together, shall we?

• Let’s বা Let us থাকলে Tag - এ shall we বসাতে হয়।
→ যেমন: Let’s play football, shall we?
→ যেহেতু, প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত বাক্যে -Let's আছে তাই শূন্যস্থানে shall we বসবে।

• সাধারণত Tag question ব্যবহৃত হয় পূর্বে উল্লেখিত কোন উক্তি সত্য না মিথ্যা তা নিশ্চিত হওয়ার জন্য।
→ Statement positive হলে tag question টা negative হবে। আবার statement negative হলে tag question positive হবে।

More Example:
- Let’s help the poor, shall we?
- Let us go for a walk, shall we?

আবার,
→ Imperative Sentence হলে Tag- এ will you বসে।
→ যেমন: Open the door, will you?

১৩৯.

The Straits Times says, "We have found it." (make it indirect)

ক
The Straits Times said that had found it.
খ
The Straits Times said that they have found it.
গ
The Straits Times says that has found it.
ঘ
The Straits Times says that it has found it.
ঙ
The Straits Times exclaimed that they have found it.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: The Straits Times says, "We have found it."
Indirect: The Straits Times says that it has found it.

আবার,
• We দ্বারা মানব জাতিকে নির্দেশ করলে we=we ই থাকবে।
যেমন -
- Direct - He said 'We are the best of all the creations'.
- Indirect - He said that we are the best of all the creations.

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

১৪০.

He told her that she would win the game. [change the narration]

ক
He said to her, "You will win the game."
খ
He said to her, "I hope you will win the game."
গ
He said to her, "You might win the game."
ঘ
He said to her, "You win the game."

ব্যাখ্যা

• Indirect: He told her that she would win the game.
• Direct speech: He said to her, "You will win the game."

• Narration/Speech - change করার ক্ষেত্রে, Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration - এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb - say/said বসে।
- Reporting verb -এর পরে object থাকলে Indirect narration - এ Reporting verb হিসেবে tell/told বসে।
- তারপর assertive sentence - এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর person, Reporting verb - এর subject, object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুযায়ী বসে।
- Direct narration -এ Reporting verb টি যদি Past tense -এ থাকে এবং Reported speech - এর মূল verb -এর পূর্বে shall, will, can, may ইত্যাদি থাকে, তাহলে Indirect narration - এ এগুলো পরিবর্তিত হয়ে যথাক্রমে should, would, could, might ইত্যাদিতে রূপান্তরিত হহয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Person পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর first person সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Reported speech -এর second person সবসময় Reporting verb -এর object -এর person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Reported speech -এর third person -এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।

• Note: Indirect narration থেকে Direct narration -এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে, যেভাবে Indirect narration -এ নেয়া হয়েছে একইভাবে Direct narration -এ নিতে হবে।

Source:
1. A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

১৪১.

Choose the correct narration- "Don't waste time", the teacher said to the students.

ক
The teacher advised the students not to waste time.
খ
The teacher advised the students to not waste time.
গ
The teacher forbade the students not to waste time.
ঘ
The teacher ordered the students don't waste time.

ব্যাখ্যা

Imperative sentence-কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রদত্ত Direct speech এ অনুরোধ বুঝালে request বসবে, আদেশ বুঝালে command/order বসবে, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise বসবে।
- অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- সেই সাথে comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসবে।

Direct narration: "Don't waste time", the teacher said to the students.
Indirect narration: The teacher advised the students not to waste time.

১৪২.

Which of the following is the indirect form of: “The teacher said to me, ‘You are doing well in class.’”?

ক
The teacher said that I was doing well in class.
খ
The teacher told me that I am doing well in class.
গ
The teacher told me that I was doing well in class.
ঘ
The teacher said to me that I was doing well in class.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর: The teacher told me that I was doing well in class.

Indirect Narration
- Indirect Narration-এ বক্তার কথা পরিবর্তন করে বলা হয়।
- Direct Narration কে Indirect Narration-এ রূপান্তর করার সময় নিম্নলিখিত নিয়ম অনুসরণ করতে হয়:
- Reporting Verb (said to) পরিবর্তন: - "said to" কে Indirect Narration-এ "told" এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে যায় এবং that যোগ হয়: - Inverted comma ("...") উঠে গিয়ে তার পরিবর্তে "that" যোগ করা হয়।
- Person পরিবর্তন: - Direct Narration-এ "You" (Second Person) ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। Indirect Narration-এ Reporting Verb-এর Object (me) অনুযায়ী "You" কে "I" তে পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- Tense পরিবর্তন: - Direct Narration-এ Present Continuous Tense ("are doing") ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। Indirect Narration-এ এটি Past Continuous Tense ("was doing") এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।

অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে,
- Direct: The teacher said to me, "You are doing well in class."
- Indirect: The teacher told me that I was doing well in class.

অন্য অপশনগুলোর মাঝে:
- ক) The teacher said that I was doing well in class.
- এখানে "said to" কে শুধু "said" করা হয়েছে, যা সঠিক নয়। "said to" কে "told" এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- খ) The teacher told me that I am doing well in class.
- এখানে Tense পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি। Present Continuous Tense ("am doing") কে Past Continuous Tense ("was doing") এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- ঘ) The teacher said to me that I was doing well in class.
- এখানে "said to" কে "told" এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি, যা সঠিক নয়।

১৪৩.

They said to me, ''We have been walking for an hour.'' (Make it Indirect)

ক
They said to me that they had been walking for an hour.
খ
They told me that they have been walking for an hour.
গ
They said to me that they have been walking for an hour.
ঘ
They told me that they had been walking for an hour.

ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: They told me that they had been walking for an hour.

Direct speech কে Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting Verb (said to) হয় তবে Indirect Narration-এ said to এর পরিবর্তে "told" বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে যায় এবং তার পরিবর্তে "that" যোগ করা হয়।
- Reporting verb এর Subject অনুযায়ী Reporting speech এর subject পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- Reporting verb Present/Future tense হলে Reported Speech এর verb এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। তবে Reporting verb past tense এর হলে তবে Reported speech এর verb পরিবর্তিত হবে।

অর্থ্যাৎ Narration এর নিয়মানুসারে:
Direct: They said to me, ''We have been walking for an hour.''
Indirect: They told me that they had been walking for an hour.

Other Options:
ক) They said to me that they had been walking for an hour- এখানে said to কে Told এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
খ) They told me that they have been walking for an hour-Reporting speech এর verb এর Tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
গ) They said to me that they have been walking for an hour- এখানে said to কে Told এ পরিবর্তন করতে হবে এবং Reporting speech এর verb এর Tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Source : A Passage To The English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৪৪.

She said, "Hurrah! We have won the match. (make it indirect)

ক
She said that they had won the match.
খ
She expresed that they had won the match.
গ
She told with joy they had won the match.
ঘ
She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে।
(দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim / exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর Verb বসবে।
- very/ great
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct: She said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."
Indirect: She exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৪৫.

Alex said to me, "Don't do this." [change the narration]

ক
Alex said me not to do that.
খ
Alex told me not to do that.
গ
Alex tell me not to do that.
ঘ
Alex told me not to do this.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Reported speech এ যদি আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ সূচক বাক্য থাকে, তাহলে indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের সময় sub + requested/ asked/ ordered/said to থাকলে told+ obj + to + verb + ext. এই structure অনুসরণ করা হয়।

• Imperative sentence টি যদি negative হয় তাহলে reporting verb এর পর not বসে এবং তারপর to বসে।

Example:
Direct: The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie."
Indirect: The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.

Direct: Alex said to me, "Don't do this."
Indirect: Alex told me not to do that.

Source: Advanced Learners, XI & XII Classes.

১৪৬.

He said to me, "Are you sleeping now?"(Make it Indirect)

ক
He asked me whether I was sleeping now.
খ
He asked me whether he was sleeping then.
গ
He asked me whether I had been sleeping now.
ঘ
He asked me whether I was sleeping then.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: He said to me, "Are you sleeping now?"
Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I was sleeping then.

• Interrogative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect narration এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
→ reporting verb টি ask, demand of, enquire of, want to know, wonder এ পরিবর্তন হয়।
→ Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।
→ reported speech এর অন্তর্গত interrogative sentence টি WH-question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ, সেই WH-question word টিই বসবে।
→ direct speech এর interrogative sentence টি indirect এ Assertive sentences এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।

১৪৭.

He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay." (make it indirect)

ক
He has told me that he would go out but I shall stay.
খ
He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
গ
He told me that he will go out but I shall stay.
ঘ
He has told me that he would go out but I should stay.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech থাকে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Direct Speech এ Reporting Verb এর Tense যদি Present tense বা Future Tense হয় তখন Indirect Speech এ Tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Inverted Comma এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Person এর পরিবর্তন হয়।

• Direct Speech: He has said to me, "I shall go out but you will stay."
• Indirect Speech: He has told me that he will go out but I shall stay.

Source: A Passage To The English Language S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৪৮.

Karim said to him, "Let us forget the past and move forward." (make it indirect)

ক
Karim requested to him that they should forget the past and move forward.
খ
Karim said to him that they should forget the past and move forward.
গ
Karim proposed to him that they should forget the past and move forward.
ঘ
Karim proposed to him that they have forgotten the past and move forward.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Let যুক্ত sentence এর indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose / suggest হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they/ we + should বসে।
- Reported Speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- Reporting verb এরপর Subject third person হলে that এরপরে they বসে, এবং Reporting verb এর subject first person হলে that এরপরে we বসে।

• Direct speech: Karim said to him, "Let us forget the past and move forward."
• Indirect speech: Karim proposed to him that they should forget the past and move forward.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৪৯.

Salman said to me, "I don't care about what everyone else says."

ক
Salman told me that I didn't care about what everyone else said.
খ
Salman told me that he don't care about what everyone else says.
গ
Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else said.
ঘ
Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else says.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Narration: Salman said to me, "I don't care about what everyone else says."
• Indirect Narration: Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else said.

• Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb (said) -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Assertive sentence -এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে conjuction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর Direct narration -এ Reported speech -এর verb যদি present indefinite tense -এ থাকে তাহলে Indirect narration -এ past indefinite tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Structure: Sub + told + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (that) + Reported speech -এর subject + verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকি অংশ।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect narration টি হবে - Salman told me that he didn't care about what everyone else said.

• Note: Reported speech -এ complex sentence -এর উভয় clause -এ verb থাকলে, উভয়েরই narration পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৫০.

He said, "Let me have a pause to think about this." (Make it indirect)

ক
He desired that he may have a pause to think about that.
খ
He desired that he might have a pause to think about that.
গ
He desired that he may have a pause to think about this.
ঘ
He desired that he might have a pause to think about this.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech: He said, "Let me have a pause to think about this."
• Indirect Speech: He desired that he might have a pause to think about that.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct speech থেকে indirect speech করার নিয়ম:

- Reported speech "Let me/him/her" দিয়ে শুরু হলে indirect করার সময় "said/wished/desired" হবে।
- এবং এর পরে that + sub + might/should + Verb এর (base form) বসবে।

১৫১.

Helena said I took the laptop home with me. [make it indirect]

ক
Helena said that she took the laptop home with her.
খ
Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.
গ
Helena confirmed that she has taken the laptop home with her.
ঘ
Helena told that she had the laptop taken home with her.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: 'Helena said I took the laptop home with me.'
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the laptop home with her.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৫২.

The priest said, "God is everywhere."(make it indirect)

ক
The priest said that God was everywhere.
খ
The priest told that God is everywhere.
গ
The priest said that God is everywhere.
ঘ
The priest told that God was everywhere.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The priest said, "God is everywhere."
Indirect: The priest said that God is everywhere.
- একটি চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth)। Direct speech-এ যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য, বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য, বা অভ্যাসগত কাজ বোঝায়, তবে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময় ভেতরের Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৫৩.

"When I got home, I found I had lost my umbrella," Marzia said. (Make it indirect)

ক
Marzia said that when she had got home she found that she had lost her umbrella.
খ
Marzia said that when she got home, she found she had lost her umbrella.
গ
Marzia said that when she had got home she found she lost her umbrella.
ঘ
Marzia said that when she got home she had found that she had lost her umbrella.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech: "When I got home, I found I had lost my umbrella," Marzia said.
• Indirect Speech: Marzia said that when she got home, she found she had lost her umbrella.

• Reported speech- এ দুয়ের অধিক verb থাকলে indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- direct narration- এর reported speech- এ যদি দুই বা ততোধিক verb থাকে এবং সেগুলো past indefinite tense- এ থাকে।
- তাহলে, indirect speech- এ past indefinite tense এ থাকা verb গুলোর কোনো প্রকার পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির direct speech- এ got, found, had lost- verb গুলো অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

১৫৪.

She said that she had left the premises long before. (Make it direct)

ক
She said to that, "I left the premises long before."
খ
She said, "I had left the premises long before."
গ
She said, "I leave the premises long ago."
ঘ
She said, "I left the premises long ago."

ব্যাখ্যা

• Indirect: She said that she had left the premises long before.
• Direct: She said, "I left the premises long ago."

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before.
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.

১৫৫.

"Alas! I have lost my wallet," he exclaimed.

ক
He exclaimed alas that he had lost his wallet.
খ
He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his wallet.
গ
He exclaimed that he lost his wallet.
ঘ
Exclaimed with grief he said that he had lost his wallet.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, direct speech থেকে indirect speech করার নিয়ম:
- Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "exclaimed/exclaimed with joy" আর দুঃখ বুঝালে "exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief" হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/great বসবে।
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

• Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যে Direct speech এ have আছে তাই indirect এ had হবে।
- যেহেতু সুঃখজনক ঘটনা তাই exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief হবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর:
Direct Speech: "Alas! I have lost my wallet," he exclaimed.
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost his wallet.

১৫৬.

Convert the following to indirect speech:
She said, "I will complete the assignment tomorrow."

ক
She said that she will complete the assignment the next day.
খ
She said that she would complete the assignment tomorrow.
গ
She said that she would complete the assignment the next day.
ঘ
She said that she will complete the assignment the following day.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: She said, "I will complete the assignment tomorrow."
Indirect Speech: She said that she would complete the assignment the next day.

Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তন করার Structure:
- Pronoun change → Direct Speech এর 'I' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'she' হবে।
- Subject + said (that) → Direct Speech এ said থাকলে Indirect Speech এ that ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- 'will' → 'would' → ভবিষ্যৎকাল (Future Tense) এর 'will' কে Indirect Speech এ 'would' এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- 'tomorrow' → 'the next day' → সময় নির্দেশক পরিবর্তন হবে, কারণ Direct Speech এর tomorrow কে Indirect Speech এ the next day বা the following day হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয়।

তাই, সঠিক উত্তর হবে - 'She said that she would complete the assignment the next day.'

Source: A Passage To The English Language: S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৫৭.

Identify the correct indirect speech. He said, "How delightful the taste of this dish was!"

ক
He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was delightful.
খ
He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was being very delightful.
গ
He exclaimed that the taste of this dish was very delightful.
ঘ
He exclaimed that the taste of this dish had been very delightful.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech: He said, "How delightful the taste of this dish was!"
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that the taste of this dish had been very delightful.

• Exclamatoey Sentence- এ ক্ষেত্রে Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
→ Direct speech এ reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায়, Indirect speech এ reporting verb 'exclaimed' হবে।
→ direct speech এ 'was' থাকায় reported speech- এ 'had been' হবে।
→ exclamatory sentence এ how থাকলে assertive sentence এ very বসে।

১৫৮.

Change the speech: He told me to open the window.

ক
He told to me, "Open the window."
খ
He said me, "Open the window."
গ
He said to me, "Open the window."
ঘ
He said to me, " Do open the window."

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: He said to me, "Open the window."
- Indirect: He told me to open the window.

• Imperative sentence-এর Direct speech করতে হলে told/ requested/ ordered/ commanded এর জায়গায় said to বসে।
- told me থাকলে said to হয়।
- এবং indirect speech এর 'to' উঠে যায়৷
- Inverted comma " " -এর মধ্যে Imperative sentence টি বসে।

- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী, Direct specch টি হবে- He said to me, "Open the window."

More example:
- Indirect: She told me to stand up.
- Direct: She said to me, ''Stand up''

১৫৯.

He said, “ I can do the work”. The indirect narration of the sentence is-

ক
He said that he can do the work
খ
He said that I could do the work
গ
He said that I will do the work
ঘ
He said that he could do the work

ব্যাখ্যা

The correct indirect narration is– He said that he could do the work.

- Reporting Verb Past tense এ হলে Indirect narration করার সময় reported speech এর subject ,reporting verb এর subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে এবং reported speech এর verb এর ও পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- যেহেতু reporting verb এর Subject He এবং verb টি past tense এ আছে তাই reporting speech এর subject হবে He এবং verb টি হবে past form এ পরিবর্তিত হয়ে হবে Could.

সে অনুযায়ী correct answer হলো Option ঘ) He said that he could do the work.

১৬০.

He said to me, "Let us meet for coffee." (change the narration)

ক
He suggested me that we should meet for coffee.
খ
He suggested to me we should meet for coffee.
গ
He suggested to me that we should met for coffee.
ঘ
He suggested to me that we should meet for coffee.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: He said to me, "Let us meet for coffee."
Indirect: He suggested to me that we should meet for coffee.

• Let এর ব্যবহার:
- let যখন proposal কিংবা suggestion অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন reporting verb এ propose’ কিংবা ‘suggest’ বসে।
- বাক্যে finite verb এর আগে Modal auxiliary ‘should’ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- দুইটি বাক্যকে যুক্ত করতে ‘that’ বসে।
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Example:
Direct: He said to me, “Let us go home.”
Indirect: He proposed to me that we should go home.

১৬১.

Choose the correct indirect form:
She said, "Are you happy in your new office?"

ক
She asked whether I had been happy in my new office.
খ
She asked if I were happy in my new office.
গ
She asked whether I was happy in my new office.
ঘ
She asked whether I am happy in my new office.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: She said, "Are you happy in your new office?"
• Indirect speech: She asked whether I was happy in my new office.

• Interrogative Sentence এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- তারপর Direct speech - এ present continuous tense থাকলে Indirect speech - এ তা past continuous tense হবে + বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৬২.

Choose the correct direct speech for: 'He asked me what time the train had left.'

ক
He said to me, "What time does the train been leave?"
খ
He asked me, "What time the train left?"
গ
He said to me, "What time had the train left?"
ঘ
He asked me, "What time did the train leave?"

ব্যাখ্যা

Indirect Speech: 'He asked me what time the train had left.'
Direct Speech: He asked me, "What time did the train leave?"

• Indirect Speech-এ "had left" অতীতকাল (Past Perfect Tense) নির্দেশ করে, যা Direct Speech-এ "did leave" (Past Simple Tense) এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
Structure Change: Subject + had + past participle (Indirect Speech) → Did + subject + base verb (Direct Speech).

উদাহরণ:
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I had finished my work.
Direct Speech: He asked me, "Did you finish your work?"

Indirect Speech: She asked where they had gone.
Direct Speech: She asked, "Where did they go?"

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৬৩.

Find the indirect speech: She said, "Are you going to the school?"

ক
She asked if she was going to the school.
খ
She asked if I was going to the school.
গ
She asked if she is going to the school.
ঘ
She asked if I had to going to the school.

ব্যাখ্যা

• সঠিক উত্তর option B - She asked if I was going to the school.

• প্রদত্ত sentence টি direct speech - এ interrogative sentence আছে,
- Interrogative sentence - এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে -

- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- তারপর Direct speech - এ present continuous tense থাকলে Indirect speech - এ তা past continuous tense হবে + বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

Direct speech: She said, "Are you going to the school?"
Indirect speech: She asked if I was going to the school.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৬৪.

Rajib said to Imran, "Will you join me for dinner? (Change the speech)

ক
Rajib asked Imran that will he join him for dinner.
খ
Rajib asked Imran whether he joined him for dinner.
গ
Rajib asked Imran if he would join him for dinner.
ঘ
Rajib asked Imran if he joined him for dinner.

ব্যাখ্যা

• সঠিক উত্তর option C - Rajib asked Imran if he would join him for dinner.

• প্রদত্ত sentence টি direct speech - এ interrogative sentence আছে,

• Interrogative sentence - এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে -
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- তারপর Tense অনুযায়ী verb + বাকি অংশ বসবে।

- Tense অনুযায়ী Verb -এর পরিবর্তন: will বা shall কে would বা should-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
- Pronoun পরিবর্তন: বাক্যের মধ্যে ব্যবহৃত pronoun-গুলি উপযুক্ত রূপে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
• যেমন:
- "me" কে "him"-এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

• Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object (যদি থাকে) + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

• More Example:
- Direct: Promi said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
- Indirect: Promi asked her friend if she would go home

- Direct speech: She said, "Are you going to the school?"
- Indirect speech: She asked if I was going to the school.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৬৫.

Rahi said, "Alas! I am undone." (Indirect)

ক
Rahi exclaimed she was undone.
খ
Rahi exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone.
গ
Rahi said with grief that she is undone.
ঘ
Rahi exclaimed with sorrow that she were undone.
ঙ
Rahi said with sorrow that she has undone.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Exclamatory sentence কে Indirect speech এ রুপান্তর এর সময়:

- Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaimed with joy আর দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaimed with sorrow or grief ইত্যাদি হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসে।
- very/great বসে।
- adjective বসে।
- বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে) বসে।

• Structure: Subject + exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow + that + Reported speech এর Subject + Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb + very/great + adjective + বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Direct speech: Rahi said, "Alas! I am undone."
Indirect speech: Rahi exclaimed with sorrow that she was undone.

১৬৬.

Choose the correct indirect form of:
Salman said to her, "I don't care about what everyone else says."

ক
Salman told her that he didn't care about what everyone else said.
খ
Salman told her that he doesn't care about what everyone else says.
গ
Salman told her that he didn't care about what everyone else says.
ঘ
Salman told her that I didn't care about what everyone else said.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Narration: Salman said to her, "I don't care about what everyone else says."
• Indirect Narration: Salman told her that he didn't care about what everyone else said.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct narration -এ Reported speech -এর verb যদি present indefinite tense -এ থাকে তাহলে Indirect narration -এ past indefinite tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Structure: Sub + told + object (যদি থাকে) + that + Reported speech -এর subject + verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকি অংশ।

• Note: Reported speech -এ complex sentence -এর উভয় clause -এ verb থাকলে, উভয়েরই speech পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৬৭.

The old man said to me, "May ALLAH help you in your life." (make it indirect)

ক
The old man hoped that ALLAH may help me in my life.
খ
The old man wished that ALLAH might help me in my life.
গ
The old man prayed that ALLAH help me in my life.
ঘ
The old man said that might ALLAH help me in my life.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Optative Sentence এর Direct speech থাকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- reporting clause এর subject বসে।
- reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে (wish/wished)/ (pray/prayed) বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- may/ might (past form) বসে।
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Direct speech: The old man said to me, "May ALLAH help you in your life."
• Indirect speech: The old man wished that ALLAH might help me in my life.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain

১৬৮.

He said to me, "You ate rice". What will be the indirect form of this sentence?

ক
He told me that I had eaten rice.
খ
He told me that ate rice.
গ
He told me that I have eaten rice.
ঘ
He told me that I would have eaten rice.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: He to said me, "you ate rice".
• Indirect speech: He told me that I had eaten rice.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Said to থাকলে indirect speech এ told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense কে অনুসরণ করে indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

Rules for changing to indirect speech:

said to → told,
you → I (because the reporting person is “me”),
ate → had eaten (simple past → past perfect).

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৬৯.

June said to Waker, "Will you help me with this project?"

ক
June asked Waker will she would help her with that project.
খ
June asked Waker if she would helped her with that project.
গ
June asked Waker if she would help her with that project.
ঘ
June asked Waker if she helped her with that project.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: June asked Waker if she would help her with that project.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Interrogative sentence এ যদি W/H question word না থেকে যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তখন সেই বাক্যটিকে পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of বসে।
- Object বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- if/ whether বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reported speech এর verb বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

Direct: Promi said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Promi asked her friend if she would go home.

Direct: June said to Waker, "Will you help me with this project?"
Indirect: June asked Waker if she would help her with that project.

১৭০.

Change into indirect speech:
He said, “Don’t make noise.”

ক
He told that don’t make noise.
খ
He requested me not to make noise.
গ
He said me not to make noise.
ঘ
He told me to not make noise.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) He requested me not to make noise.

• He said, “Don’t make noise.”
- মূল বাক্যটি একটি imperative sentence (আদেশ/অনুরোধমূলক বাক্য)।
- Imperative sentence কে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তরের সময় reporting verb হিসাবে সাধারণত "told," "asked," বা "requested" ব্যবহৃত হয়, বাক্যের ভাব অনুযায়ী।
- "Don’t make noise" একটি নির্বৃত্তিমূলক বা নম্র অনুরোধমূলক নির্দেশ, তাই এখানে "requested" উপযুক্ত।
- Imperative sentence-এ "not to + base verb" রূপে নির্দেশ পরিবর্তন হয়।
- তাই indirect form হবে: He requested me not to make noise.

Other options:
ক) He told that don’t make noise.
- ভুল, কারণ "told" ব্যবহারের পর object (me) থাকা উচিত এবং "that" ব্যবহারের নিয়ম এখানে প্রযোজ্য নয়।

গ) He said me not to make noise.
- ভুল, কারণ "said" এর পরে object (me) আসা grammatically ভুল; "said to me" হলে চলত।

ঘ) He told me to not make noise.
- grammatical ভুল নয়, কিন্তু "to not" এর চেয়ে "not to" অধিক প্রমিত ও গ্রহণযোগ্য।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৭১.

Minu said, "I must go there." (Indirect)

ক
Minu said that he must had to go there.
খ
Minu said that he must go there.
গ
Minu said that I must go there.
ঘ
Minu said that he had to go there.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: Minu said, "I must go there."
• Indirect: Minu said that he had to go there.

- Reported speech-এ must থাকলে এবং reporting verb past tense-এর হলেও indirect speech-এ must এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- আবার চিরকালীন বাধ্যতা না বোঝালে must-এর বদলে had to ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।

• Example:
Dir: Kalim said, "I must go there."
Ind: Kalim said that he had to go there.

Dir: Rima said, "Kamal must have his car repaired."
Ind: Rima said that Kamal had to have his car repaired.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৭২.

The correct indirect form of: He said to me, "Please stop talking loudly."

ক
He requested me that to stop talking loudly.
খ
He told me stop talking loudly.
গ
He requested me to stop talking loudly.
ঘ
He said to me to stop talking loudly.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: He said to me, "Please stop talking loudly."
• Indirect: He requested me to stop talking loudly.

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/order/advice/beg/forbid + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ।
- Affirmative sentence -এর ক্ষেত্রে imperative -এর পূর্বে to এবং negative sentence -এর ক্ষেত্রে imperative -এর পূর্বে not to বসে।
- Reported verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়।

• More Examples:
- Proma said to me, "Please give me a mug of coffee."
- Proma requested me to give her a mug of coffee.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

১৭৩.

The teacher said, "Is the answer correct?" (Change the narration)

ক
The teacher said that whether the answer was correct.
খ
The teacher asked if the answer is correct.
গ
The teacher asked whether the answer was correct.
ঘ
The teacher told whether the answer was correct.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The teacher said, "Is the answer correct?"
- Indirect: The teacher asked whether the answer was correct.

• Interrogative Sentence এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টি conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- তারপর Direct speech - এ present continuous tense থাকলে Indirect speech - এ তা past continuous tense হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৭৪.

Change the narration: I said, "Do it."

ক
I said to do it.
খ
I said that let it be done.
গ
I ordered someone to do it.
ঘ
I said that it should be done.

ব্যাখ্যা

→ The correct answer is: "I ordered someone to do it."

• Imperative sentences এর indirect narration করার নিয়ম:
- Imperative sentences এর ক্ষেত্রে reporting verb হিসেবে ordered, told, বা instructed ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- Say/said বা tell/told এর পরিবর্তে ordered ব্যবহার করতে হবে, কারণ এটি একটি আদেশ।
- Inverted commas তুলে দিয়ে, Affirmative sentence -এর ক্ষেত্রে imperative verb -এর পূর্বে to বসে।
- Subject পরিবর্তন হতে পারে, এবং object যদি থাকে, তবে তা someone বা নির্দিষ্ট কিছু ব্যক্তি হতে পারে।

• “Do it” একটি Imperative Sentence এবং তা আদেশ করা (order) অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।
- তাই indirect narration এ said to এর পরিবর্তে ordered ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- সঠিক উত্তর - I ordered someone to do it.

১৭৫.

Change the following sentence into an indirect sentence:
Rupali said to me, "Why were you singing so passionately?"

ক
Rupali asked me why I was singing so passionately.
খ
Rupali asked me why I were singing so passionately.
গ
Rupali asked me why I had been singing so passionately.
ঘ
Rupali asked me why I have been singing so passionately.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর গ) Rupali asked me why I had been singing so passionately.

- Direct Speech: Rupali said to me, "Why were you singing so passionately?"
- Indirect speech: Rupali asked me why I had been singing so passionately.
এখানে,
- Reporting Verb: "said to" কে "asked" এ পরিবর্তন করা লাগবে Interrogative sentence হওয়ায়।.
- Tense Change: Past Continuous ("were singing") থেকে Indirect speech এ Past Perfect Continuous ("had been singing")পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Pronoun Change: "you" কে "I" তে পরিবর্তন। (as the reporter is the original listener).

Structure: Rupali (Subject) + asked + me + why + I + had been + singing + so passionately.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৭৬.

They asked, “Can we leave early today?” (Make it indirect)

ক
They asked could they leave early that day.
খ
They asked if they could leave early that day.
গ
They asked that if they could leave early that day.
ঘ
They asked that they could leave early that day.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:
- Subject + ask + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present indefinite tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past indefinite tense হবে।

• আবার,
- direct speech এ today থাকলে তা পরিবর্তির হয়ে Indirect speech এ that day হয়।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: They asked, “Can we leave early today?”
Indirect: They asked if they could leave early that day.

১৭৭.

The scientist said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Change the narration:

ক
The scientist said that the earth moves around the sun.
খ
The scientist said that the sun is moved around by the earth.
গ
The scientist said that the sun might be moving around by the earth.
ঘ
The scientist said that the earth moves around.
ঙ
None

ব্যাখ্যা

• অর্থাৎ, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct Narration: The scientist said, “The earth moves around the sun.”
Indirect Narration: The scientist said that the earth moves around the sun.

১৭৮.

The Captain said to his men, "Remain at ease." (Make it indirect)

ক
The Captain demanded his men to remain at ease.
খ
The Captain commanded his men to remain at ease.
গ
The Captain inquired his men to remain at ease.
ঘ
The Captain urged his men to remain at ease.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/order/advice/beg/forbid + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ।
- Reported verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়।

Direct: The Captain said to his men, "Remain at ease."
Indirect: The Captain commanded his men to remain at ease.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury & Hussain.

১৭৯.

Kaim said, "I shall go to school." (make it indirect)

ক
Kaim said that he would go to school.
খ
Kaim said that he will go to school.
গ
Kaim requested that he would go to school.
ঘ
Kaim said that he would be going to school.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech এ Reported Verb টি Past Tense হলে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting Speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting Verb say/ said, tell/ told বসবে। (যদি থাকে)
- Inverted Comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Subject/ Person অনুসারে পরিবর্তন হবে।
- Future Tense এর Will/ Shall এর পরিবর্তে Would ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Direct speech: Kaim said, "I shall go to home."
• Indirect speech: Kaim said that he would go to home.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮০.

"Is it raining outside?" I asked him. (Change the narration)

ক
I asked him if it is raining outside.
খ
I asked him it was raining outside.
গ
I asked him if it was raining outside.
ঘ
I asked him was it raining outside.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:

Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

• এই বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense হয়।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct: "Are you crying?" Rahim asked her.
Indirect: Rahim asked her if she was crying.

Direct: "Is it raining outside?" I asked him.
Indirect: I asked him if it was raining outside.

১৮১.

Change the narration: Palash said to me, "I came yesterday."

ক
Palash said to me that he had came the previous day.
খ
Palash told to me that he had come the previous day.
গ
Palash told me that he had come the previous day.
ঘ
Palash said that he had come the previous day.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: Palash said to me, "I came yesterday."
• Indirect speech: Palash told me that he had come the previous day.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হব

• Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।

১৮২.

The indirect form of:
The head teacher said to the students, "Have you understood the lesson?"

ক
The head teacher told the students whether they had understood the lesson.
খ
The head teacher asked the students if they had understand the lesson.
গ
The head teacher asked the students if they have understood the lesson.
ঘ
The head teacher asked the students if they had understood the lesson.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The head teacher said to the students, "Have you understood the lesson?"
- Indirect: The head teacher asked the students if they had understood the lesson.

• Interrogative sentence -এর Narration change করার ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject বসবে।
- তারপর Direct speech - এ present perfect tense থাকলে Indirect speech - এ তা past perfect tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Structure:
- Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

More example:
Direct: Niha said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Niha asked her friend if she would go home.

১৮৩.

He said to me, "Where have you gone?" (Change the narration)

ক
He wanted to know where I was gone.
খ
He asked me where I had gone.
গ
He asked me where did I gone.
ঘ
He asked me where have I gone.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: He said to me, "Where have you gone?"
• Indirect: He asked me where I had gone.

• Interrogative sentence -এর narration পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে reporting verb "said to" -এর পরিবর্তে asked হয়।
- reported speech টি WH question দ্বারা শুরু হলে Indirect narration -এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে, অর্থাৎ WH question টিই বসবে।
- reporting verb -এর subject অনুসারে reported speech -এর subject পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- reporting speech -এ past perfect tense থাকলে reported speech -এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- অর্থাৎ, reported speech -এও past perfect tense হবে।
- Direct narration -এর Interrogative sentence টি Indirect -এ Assertive sentence -এ পরিণত হবে।

• More example:
- Direct: He said to me, "Where were you born?"
- Indirect: He asked me where I had been born.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar and Composition (Class 9-10).

১৮৪.

Rahim said to Karim, "Let us go home." is –

ক
Rahim said to Karim that they go home.
খ
Rahim proposed to Karim that they should go home.
গ
Rahim suggested to Karim to go home.
ঘ
Rahim told Karim that they should go home.

ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - খ) Rahim proposed to Karim that they should go home.

• Indirect Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- তারপর যদি বাক্যটি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reported speech-টি যদি let us দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে তা কোন 'প্রস্তাব' বুঝায়। যেমন let us go চল আমরা যাই-হল একটি প্রস্তাব।
- এরূপ ক্ষেত্রে indirect speech-এ say এর বদলে propose/suggest that এবং say to-এর বদলে propose/suggest to বসে।
- তখন indirect speech এ verb-এর আগে to বসে না, reported speech এর subject এর আগে that এবং তার পরে (অর্থাৎ verb এর আগে) we/they/you should বসে।

• Example
- Dir. : Rahim said to Karim, "let us go home."
- Ind. : Rahim proposed to Karim that they should go home.

এখানে said to এর পরিবর্তে proposed to (প্রস্তাব করল) বসেছে এবং reported speech-এর verb 'go,-এর আগে subject (they অর্থাৎ Rahim এবং Karim) এবং তারও আগে that বসেছে। আবার subject এর পরে এবং verb এর আগে বসেছে should.
- Dir.: Rubel said, "Let us study now."
- Ind.: Rubel proposed (or, suggested) that we they should study then.

Source: A Passage To The English Language. S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৮৫.

The teacher said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius." (Make it indirect)

ক
The teacher said that water would boil at 100 degrees Celsius.
খ
The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
গ
The teacher said that water will boil at 100 degrees Celsius.
ঘ
The teacher said it is water that boil at 100 degrees Celsius.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The teacher said, "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
Indirect: The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

• More Example:
Direct: The teacher said, "Knowledge is power."
Indirect: The teacher said that knowledge is power.

Direct: The professor said, "Humans need oxygen to survive."
Indirect: The professor said that humans need oxygen to survive.

Direct: The guide said, "Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world."
Indirect: The guide said that Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

১৮৬.

The indirect form of the sentence. He said, 'we cannot be quite happy in this life' should be

ক
He said that we could not be quite happy in this life.
খ
He said that we cannot be quite happy in this life.
গ
He said that they cannot be quite happy in this life.
ঘ
He said that they could not be quite happy in this life.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: He said, 'we cannot be quite happy in this life'
• Indirect: He said that we cannot be quite happy in this life.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

১৮৭.

Change the narration: Leona said to Rony, "Will you help me with this project?"

ক
Leona asked Rony if he would help her with that project.
খ
Leona asked Rony will he would help her with that project.
গ
Leona asked Rony if he would helped her with that project.
ঘ
Leona asked Rony if he helped her with that project.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

Direct: Promi said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Promi asked her friend if she would go home.

Direct: Leona said to Rony, "Will you help me with this project?"
Indirect: Leona asked Rony if he would help her with that project.

১৮৮.

The followers said, "Alas! Our leader is dead." (Change into indirect speech)

ক
The followers exclaimed with wonder that their leader was dead.
খ
The followers exclaimed with joy that their leader was dead.
গ
The followers exclaimed with grief that their leader was dead.
ঘ
The followers exclaimed that leader is dead.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The followers said, "Alas! Our leader is dead,"
Indirect: The followers exclaimed with grief that their leader was dead.

• Exclamatory sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে:
- Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে,
- আর দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim / exclaimed with sorrow or grief হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/great বসবে।
- adjective.
- বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে)

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮৯.

(Qs. 89-90): In each of the following questions, a sentence has been given in Direct Narration. Select the best one which expresses the same sentence in Indirect Narration.
The manager said to the employee, "Be punctual. Do not be careless in this manner."

ক
The manager asked the employee if he was punctual and careful in that manner.
খ
The manager said that the employee must be punctual and not be careless in that manner.
গ
The manager ordered the employee to be punctual and not to be careless in that manner.
ঘ
The manager advised the employee that he should be punctual and should not be careless in that manner.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: The manager said to the employee, "Be punctual. Do not be careless in this manner."
• Indirect: The manager ordered the employee to be punctual and not to be careless in that manner.

• Imperative Sentence কে Indirect Narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reported speech -এর অর্থানুসারে Reporting Verb -এর পরিবর্তন হবে:
- এক্ষেত্রে "said to" পরিবর্তিত হবে "ordered" হবে, কারণ manager তার employee দের আদেশ দিচ্ছেন।
- Affirmative বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Imperative -এর verb -এর পূর্বে to বসে এবং negative বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Imperative -এর verb -এর পূর্বে not to বসে।
- দুইটি sentence থাকলে and দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect Narration হলো- গ) The manager ordered the employee to be punctual and not to be careless in that manner.

১৯০.

She said, "I saw the movie yesterday." (Indirect speech)

ক
She said that she saw the movie yesterday.
খ
She said that she has seen the movie yesterday.
গ
She said that she will see the movie the previous day.
ঘ
She said that she had seen the movie the previous day.

ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - ঘ) She said that she had seen the movie the previous day

Direct Speech থেকে Indirect Speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:
Direct Speech-এ যদি বাক্যটি Simple Past Tense-এ হয় এবং yesterday শব্দ থাকে, তাহলে Indirect Speech-এ তা Past Perfect Tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং yesterday এর স্থানে the previous day ব্যবহার করা হয়।
Example:
Direct: She said, "I saw the movie yesterday."
Indirect: She said that she had seen the movie the previous day

More Example:
Direct: He said, "I came yesterday."
Indirect: He said that he had come the previous day.

Other options
ক) She said that she saw the movie yesterday.
এখানে tense পরিবর্তন হয়নি; past tense "saw" আছে, কিন্তু indirect speech-এ past tense পরিবর্তন হয়ে past perfect হবে।

খ) She said that she has seen the movie yesterday.
এখানে has seen ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, কিন্তু direct speech past tense কিন্তু indirect speech-এ past perfect হবে।

গ) She said that she will see the movie the previous day.
এখানে future tense “will see” ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, যা ভুল।

১৯১.

He said, "You should go for a walk." (Change the narration.)

ক
He said that I should go for a walk.
খ
He said to I should go for a walk.
গ
He told I should go for a walk.
ঘ
He said that they should go for a walk.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: He said that I should go for a walk.

• Direct Narration-এ Reported speech-এর মূল verb-এর পূর্বে should বা would, Future in past হিসাব ব্যবহৃত হলে subject-এর Person অনুসারে তাদের পরিবর্তন ঘটে।
- কিন্তু উচিতার্থে Should ব্যবহৃত হলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন:

Direct: He said, "You should go for a walk.
Indirect: He said that I should go for a walk.

- Reporting verb "said" এর পর "to"নেই, তাই "told" ব্যবহার করা হয়নি।
- Modal verb "should" একই রকম থাকে।
- Pronoun "you" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে শ্রোতা অনুসারে "I" তে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Quotation marks উঠে যায় এবং "that" যোগ হয়।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

১৯২.

Helena said, "I took the mobile home with me." Its indirect form is-

ক
Helena said that she took the mobile home with her.
খ
Helena said that she had taken the mobile home with her.
গ
Helena confirmed that she has taken the mobile home with her.
ঘ
Helena told that she had the mobile taken home with her.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: Helena said, "I took the mobile home with me."
- Indirect Narration: Helena said that she had taken the mobile home with her.

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Helena said that she took the mobile home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর পরিবর্তন হয়নি ("took" should become "had taken").

গ) Helena confirmed that she has taken the mobile home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ tense -এর ভুল পরিবর্তন হয়েছে ("has taken" না হয়ে "had taken" হবে).

ঘ) Helena told that she had the mobile taken home with her.
→ এটি ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত object নেয়, এছাড়া "had the mobile taken" হলো wrong structure.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৯৩.

He said, "Alas! How worthless I am."(Make it indirect speech)

ক
He said that he was very worthless.
খ
He exclaimed with joy that he was very worthless.
গ
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was very worthless.
ঘ
He exclaimed with sorrow that he is very worthless.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech: He said, "Alas! How worthless I am."
• Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was very worthless.
- যখন direct speech-এ 'Alas!' ব্যবহার করে দুঃখ বা কষ্ট প্রকাশ করা হয়, তখন তাকে indirect speech-এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় reporting verb-এ অবশ্যই 'exclaimed with sorrow', 'exclaimed with grief' বসে।

• Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ আনন্দ/ দুঃখ বুঝালে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject + Reporting Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে (আনন্দ বুঝালে) exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে এবং (দুঃখ বুঝালে) exclaim/ exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Other options:
ক) He said that he was very worthless.
- ভুল কারণ, Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ দুঃখ বুঝালে Reporting verb said এর পরিবর্তে অবশ্যই 'exclaimed with sorrow' বসবে।

খ) He exclaimed with joy that he was very worthless.
- ভুল কারণ, Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ দুঃখ বুঝালে Reporting verb said এর পরিবর্তে অবশ্যই 'exclaimed with sorrow' বসবে।

ঘ) He exclaimed with sorrow that he is very worthless.
- ভুল কারণ, এখানে Tense পরিবর্তন সঠিক হয়নি। Direct Speech টি Present Indefinite tense এ রয়েছে তাই Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়মানসারে এটি Past Indefinite tense হবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৯৪.

She will say, "The train arrived late. (Change into indirect speech)

ক
She will tell that the train arrived late.
খ
She will say that the train had arrived late.
গ
She will say that the train arrived late.
ঘ
She will tell that the train had arrived late.

ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: She will say, "The train arrived late."
Indirect speech: She will say that the train arrived late.
- উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে Reporting verb "will say" এখানে future tense এ আছে। তাই reported speech-এ verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হবে না। Reporting verb-এর পরে যেহেতু এখানে object নেই, তাই told ব্যবহার না করে say ব্যবহারই সঠিক।

• Direct speech এর reporting verb যদি Present tense বা Future tense থাকে,
- তবে reported speech এর verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- কেবল person পরিবর্তিত হয়,
- অর্থাৎ, 1st person (I, we) থাকলে Reporting Verb এর Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- 2nd person (you) থাকলে Reporting Verb এর Object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reported speech এর 3rd person এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৯৫.

Rajib said to me, "Let us go to the wedding together." (Change the speech)

ক
Rajib proposed to me to come to the wedding together.
খ
Rajib proposed to me that we should go to the wedding together.
গ
Rajib wanted to me that we should go to the wedding together.
ঘ
Rajib urged to me to go to the wedding together.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct: Rajib said to me, "Let us go to the wedding together."
• Indirect: Rajib proposed to me that we should go to the wedding together.

• Let দ্বারা শুরু imperative sentence -এর narration পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Let us দিয়ে শুরু হয়ে যখন কোনো proposal/suggestion (প্রস্তাব) বোঝায় তখন reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/suggest হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- পুনরায় subject হিসেবে they/we বসে।
- বাক্যে finite verb -এর আগে Modal auxiliary 'should' ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর reported speech -এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Note: প্রস্তাবের ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb -এর subject বা object টি first person হলে we এবং অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে they বসে।
- তবে suggest -এর ক্ষেত্রে suggest +gerund ও ব্যবহার করা যায়।

• More Examples:
- Direct: Sarah said to Mitu, "Let us visit the museum."
- Indirect: Sarah proposed to Mitu that they should visit the museum.

Source:
1. A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

১৯৬.

John said, "I must leave early for the meeting." (change the narration)

ক
John said that he had to leave for the meeting.
খ
John said that he have to leave early for the meeting.
গ
John said that he had to leave early for the meeting.
ঘ
John said that he must to leave early for the meeting.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Direct: Karim said, "I must go home."
Indirect: Karim said that he had to go home.

Direct: John said, "I must leave early for the meeting."
Indirect: John said that he had to leave early for the meeting.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৯৭.

Choose the correct indirect speech:
Rina said, "I am going to school."

ক
Rina said that she is going to school.
খ
Rina said that she was going to school.
গ
Rina said that she will go to school.
ঘ
Rina says that she was going to school.

ব্যাখ্যা

• সঠিক উত্তর: খ) Rina said that she was going to school.

• Direct speech: Rina said, "I am going to school."
- এখানে Reporting verb = said (past tense).
- Reported speech = I am going (Present Continuous).

- Indirect-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Present Continuous (am/is/are + verb-ing) → Past Continuous (was/were + verb-ing).
- I → she (Rina এর জন্য)

- Rina said, "I am going to school."
→ Rina said that she was going to school.

• Other options:

ক) "she is going" → Tense পরিবর্তন হয়নি।

গ) "she will go" → Future tense হয়েছে, অর্থ বদলে গেছে।

ঘ) "Rina says" → Reporting verb present, কিন্তু বাকিরা past tense → মিলছে ।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৯৮.

Make the direct speech into indirect speech.
They said, "We will visit the museum tomorrow."

ক
They said that they would visit the museum the next day.
খ
They said that they will visit the museum tomorrow.
গ
They said that they are visiting the museum tomorrow.
ঘ
They said that they would visit the museum yesterday.

ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর:ক) They said that they would visit the museum the next day.

Assertive sentence -এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময়:
- প্রথমে subject বসে,
- এর পরে reporting verb বসে,
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে,

তারপর নিম্নলিখিত পরিবর্তনগুলি করা হয়:
- Person পরিবর্তন: "We" কে "they".
- Tense পরিবর্তন: Future Tense ("will visit") কে "would visit",
- সময় নির্দেশক শব্দ পরিবর্তন: "tomorrow" কে "the next day".

Direct Speech: They said, "We will visit the museum tomorrow."
Indirect Speech: They said that they would visit the museum the next day.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৯৯.

Amin said, "I shall go to school." Change the sentence to indirect speech.

ক
Amin said that he would go to school.
খ
Amin said that I shall go to school.
গ
Amin said that I would go to school.
ঘ
Amin said that he will go to school.

ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: Amin said, "I shall go to school."
- Indirect Narration: Amin said that he would go to school.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct narration -এ Reporting verb যদি past tense -এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported speech -এর verb 'shall' Indirect narration -এ would -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Structure: Sub + said + that + Reported speech -এর subject + verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

২০০.

Change the speech:
He said to me, "Why did you leave early?"

ক
He said to me that I had left early.
খ
He enquired of me whether I had left early.
গ
He enquired of me why I had left early.
ঘ
He asked me why I left early.

ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: He said to me, "Why did you leave early?"
• Indirect Speech: He enquired of me why I had left early.

• WH-Question যুক্ত Direct speech -কে Indirect Speech -এ রূপান্তর নিয়ম:
- Reporting Verb হিসেবে tense অনুযায়ী ask/asked, enquire of/enquired of, want/wanted to know ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- WH-word টি (যেমন: Why, how, what, where) অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- Direct speech -এর Past Indefinite tense, Past Perfect tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive sentence -এ পরিণত হবে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect speech হলো- He enquired of me why I had left early.