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Complex Sentence

মোট প্রশ্ন৪৮৪এই পাতা৮০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Complex Sentence

PrepBank · পাতা / · ৪০১৪৮০ / ৪৮৪

৪০১.
Which of the following sentences is Complex?
  1. She went to the store, and she bought some groceries.
  2. The sun was setting, and the sky turned orange.
  3. The cat slept on the windowsill.
  4. After the storm passed, we went outside.
সঠিক উত্তর:
After the storm passed, we went outside.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
After the storm passed, we went outside.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
- Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

যেমন,
- After the storm passed, we went outside.
- বাক্যটির Subordinate Clause- এর শুরুতে After থাকায় বাক্যটি Complex Sentence.

More Examples of Complex Sentences:
- Though he was warned, he still ventured into the restricted area.
- Since they had studied in advance, the students felt confident during the exam.
- Because the traffic was terrible, they arrived at the party much later than planned.
- Even if it rains, the outdoor wedding will proceed as scheduled.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪০২.
Even though he was worried, he tried to put it out of his mind. - This sentence is -
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Complex sentence
  3. Compound sentence
  4. Complex-Compound sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
Even though he was worried, he tried to put it out of his mind. - This sentence is - Complex sentence.

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

যেমন:
- The house that has a red roof is mine.
- After finishing his homework, Tom played video games with his cousins.
- Even though she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her project.
৪০৩.
She is too tired to stay awake. (make it complex)
  1. She is so tired that she could not stays awake.
  2. She is very tired to she cannot stay awake.
  3. She is very tired so that she cannot stay awake.
  4. She is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Simple to complex:

• Simple sentence এ too + adjective + to + verb থাকলে Complex এ too এর স্থলে So এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।
তাই বাক্যটির complex form হবে - He is so weak that he cannot walk. 
Example:
Simple: She is too tired to stay awake.
complex: She is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
৪০৪.
Transform the simple sentence "In spite of the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions." into a complex sentence.
  1. Although the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
  2. Despite of the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
  3. Although the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict and global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
  4. Although the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict and so global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Although the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Although the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple sentence: In spite of the economic and oil crises worldwide caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.
Complex sentence: Although the economic and oil crises worldwide are caused by the Palestine-Israeli conflict, global leaders are not actively seeking solutions to stabilize the affected regions.

In spite of → Though
• In spite of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
→ In spite এর পরিবর্তে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Example:
Simple: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Simple: In spite of his having many friends, he often feels lonely.
Complex: Although he has many friends, he often feels lonely.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪০৫.
In spite of his poverty, he is honest. (complex)
  1. Because he is poor, he is honest.
  2. Though he is poor, he is honest.
  3. He is poor and he is honest.
  4. He is honest although he is rich.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he is poor, he is honest.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he is poor, he is honest.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - খ) Though he is poor, he is honest.

Simple sentence-এ যদি In spite of ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে Complex sentence করতে হলে Though/Although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
আবার, Complex sentence-এ Though/Although থাকলে, সেটিকে Simple sentence করতে হলে In spite of বসে।

• Example:
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy. 
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy. 

• More examples:
Simple: In spite of the bad weather, we went there. 
Complex: Though the weather was bad, we went there.

Simple: In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
Complex: Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.

Simple: In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex:Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not happy.

Simple: In spite of his cruelty, I love him.
Complex: Though he is cruel, I love him.

Other options
ক) Because he is poor, he is honest.
- Bangla meaning: কারণ সে গরিব, সে সৎ।
- এটি কারণ-ফলাফলের সম্পর্ক বোঝায়, বিপরীত অবস্থা নয়।
- মূল বাক্যের অর্থ “গরিব হওয়া সত্ত্বেও সৎ” → সেটা এখানে নেই।
- তাই বাক্যটি ভুল।

গ) He is poor and he is honest.
- Bangla meaning: সে গরিব এবং সে সৎ।
- এটি একটি compound sentence, complex নয়।
- পাশাপাশি দুটি তথ্য দিয়েছে, কিন্তু বিপরীত ভাব প্রকাশ করে না।
- গঠন ও অর্থ অনুযায়ী ভুল।

 ঘ) He is honest although he is rich.
- Bangla meaning: সে সৎ যদিও সে ধনী।
- এখানে “rich” বলা হয়েছে, অথচ মূল বাক্যে বলা হয়েছে “poverty” বা গরিব।
- অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ পরিবর্তন হয়ে গেছে।
- তথ্য ও অর্থের দিক দিয়ে ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৪০৬.
What is the complex form of "He is too arrogant to apologize"?
  1. He is arrogant and won’t apologize.
  2. He doesn’t apologize due to arrogance.
  3. He is so arrogant that he cannot apologize.
  4. His arrogance prevents him from apologizing.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He is so arrogant that he cannot apologize.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He is so arrogant that he cannot apologize.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct complex sentence is গ) He is so arrogant that he cannot apologize.

• Simple (Too...to) থেকে Complex (So...that) Sentence Transformation Rules:
Simple sentence-এ যদি too + adjective + to + verb থাকে, তাহলে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে too এর স্থলে so এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।

Structure: 
Simple: Subject + too + adjective + to + verb.
Complex: Subject + so + adjective + that + subject + can't/couldn't + verb.

নিয়মের অনুযায়ী:
- too এর বদলে so ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- to এর বদলে that ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- যদি মূল sentence present tense হয়, তাহলে পরবর্তী clause এ can not বা can ব্যবহার হয়।
- যদি past tense হয়, তাহলে পরবর্তী clause এ could not বা could ব্যবহার হয়।

মূল বাক্যটি: He is too arrogant to apologize.
অতএব, complex sentence হবে: He is so arrogant that he cannot apologize.

অন্যান্য অপশনগুলো কেন ভুল:
ক) He is arrogant and won't apologize - এটি একটি compound sentence, complex নয়। "And" দিয়ে দুটি independent clause যুক্ত।
খ) He doesn't apologize due to arrogance - এটি একটি simple sentence।
ঘ) His arrogance prevents him from apologizing - এটিও একটি simple sentence।

Simple: He is too arrogant to apologize.
Complex: He is so arrogant that he cannot apologize.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition—HSC Second Paper by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪০৭.
"I know that he is honest." This is an example of -
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Imperative sentence
  3. Optative sentence
  4. Complex sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী বাক্যটি হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৪০৮.
In spite of his laziness, he passed the exam. (Complex)
  1. Though he was lazy, he passed the exam.
  2. Though he is lazy, he fails the exam.
  3. Although he laziness, he passed the exam.
  4. Despite he was lazy, he passed the exam.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he was lazy, he passed the exam.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he was lazy, he passed the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - ক) Though he was lazy, he passed the exam.

- Simple sentence-এ যদি In spite of ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে Complex sentence করতে হলে Though/Although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- আবার, Complex sentence-এ Though/Although থাকলে, সেটিকে Simple sentence করতে হলে In spite of বসে।

• Example:
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

• More examples:
Simple: In spite of the bad weather, we went there.
Complex: Though the weather was bad, we went there.

Simple: In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
Complex: Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.

Simple: In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex:Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not happy.

Simple: In spite of his cruelty, I love him.
Complex: Though he is cruel, I love him.

• Other options:
খ) Though he is lazy, he fails the exam.
অর্থ পুরোপুরি আলাদা, কারণ ফলাফল ভিন্ন (pass vs fail)।
"he fails the exam" - মূল বাক্যের বিপরীত অর্থ।
তাই সঠিক নয়।

গ) Although he laziness, he passed the exam.
"he laziness" বাক্যে ভুল; "laziness" noun, এর সাথে subject + verb লাগবে।
সঠিক হবে: "Although he was lazy" বা "Although he had laziness"।
এই বাক্য ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল।

ঘ) Despite he was lazy, he passed the exam.
"Despite" এর পর কারেক্ট ফর্ম হলো noun, pronoun বা gerund, আবার পুরো clause এর ক্ষেত্রে হলে "Despite the fact that" বা "Although" ব্যবহার হয়।
"Despite he was lazy" ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৪০৯.
Though he tried heart and soul, he could not cross the boundary. (Make it compound)
  1. ক) He could not cross the boundary but he tried heart and soul. 
  2. খ) He could not cross the boundary and he tried heart and soul. 
  3. গ) He tried heart and soul but could not cross the boundary.
  4. ঘ) He tried heart and soul and could not cross the boundary.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He tried heart and soul but could not cross the boundary.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He tried heart and soul but could not cross the boundary.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence এ though থাকলে Compound Sentence এ Though বাদ যাবে এবং though যুক্ত Clause টি প্রথমে বসে, তারপর but বসে, অতঃপর অন্য Clause বসে।
সে অনুসারে সঠিক compound form হবে - He tried heart and soul but could not cross the boundary.
৪১০.
Despite being sick, Lamisa went to work. (Complex)
  1. Though Lamisa was sick, she went to work.
  2. Though Lamisa was sick that she went to work.
  3. As though Lamisa was sick that she went to work.
  4. Lamisa was sick that she went to work.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though Lamisa was sick, she went to work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though Lamisa was sick, she went to work.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple to complex:

• Simple sentence এ যদি In spite of/ despite থাকে তাহলে complex sentence এ though/although বসে।

- Though/Although 
- subject 
- person ও number অনুসারে verb 
- 2nd clause (অপরিবর্তিত থাকে)।

Simple: Despite being sick, Lamisa went to work.
Complex: Though Lamisa was sick, she went to work.
৪১১.
Though he is poor, he is honest. (Make it simple)
  1. ক) In spite of his been poor, he is honest.
  2. খ) In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
  3. গ) In spite of his to be poor, he is honest.
  4. ঘ) In spite of his being poor, he was honest.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
ব্যাখ্যা
- প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যের 'Simple Sentence' হচ্ছে In spite of his being poor, he is honest.
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• Though/Although যুক্ত Complex sentence কে simple form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Though/Although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause.

Example:
Complex: Though he is poor, he is honest.
Simple: In spite of his being poor, he is honest
Complex: Though he got the news, he was not happy.
Simple: In spite of getting the news he was not happy.

Source: Source: Applied English Grammar and composition, P.C. DAS
৪১২.
He disturbed the school going girls and the police arrested him. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) The police arrested him as he disturbed the school going girls.
  2. খ) While he was disturbing the school going girls, the police arrested him.
  3. গ) The police arrested him for he disturbed the school going girls.
  4. ঘ) The police arrested him why he disturbed the school going girls.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) The police arrested him as he disturbed the school going girls.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) The police arrested him as he disturbed the school going girls.
ব্যাখ্যা
উভয় Clause এর সম্পর্ক কারণ ও ফলাফলের। তাই Complex Sentence এ কারণ অংশের আগে as/ since/ because বসবে।
for – Compound Sentence এর Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
তাই উপরোক্ত বাক্যটির complex form হবে: The police arrested him as he disturbed the school going girls.
৪১৩.
They knew him to be a delinquent. (Make it Complex)
  1. They knew at the time he was a delinquent.
  2. He was a known delinquent.
  3. He was known to be a delinquent.
  4. They knew that he was a delinquent.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They knew that he was a delinquent.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They knew that he was a delinquent.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple: They knew him to be a delinquent.
• Complex: They knew that he was a delinquent.

• Sub + verb + object + to be + ........... যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
- Sub + verb বসে +
- that বসে + 
- object এর subject রূপ বসে + 
- tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb + 
- adjective বসে।

More Examples:
• Simple: They knew him to be a reprobate.
• Complex: They knew that he was a reprobate.
৪১৪.
A talented student won the award. (complex)
  1. A student is talented that won the award.
  2. A student who is talented won the award.
  3. A student who is talent won the award.
  4. A student who is talented that won the award.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A student who is talented won the award.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A student who is talented won the award.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

• Example:
Simple - An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex - A boy who is industrious can shine in life. 

Simple: A talented student won the award.
Complex: A student who is talented won the award.
৪১৫.
By taking physical exercise, you may be healthy. [complex]
  1. If you take physical exercise, you may be healthy.
  2. You take physical exercise, you may be healthy.
  3. If you take physical exercise, so you may be healthy.
  4. You take physical exercise, so you may healthy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you take physical exercise, you may be healthy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you take physical exercise, you may be healthy.
ব্যাখ্যা
• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
-  By/in case of এর পরিবর্তে  If বসে + 
- Subject বসে +
- Verb বসে + 
- Adjective /Noun বসে + 
- Comma বসে + 
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

Simple: By working hard, you will shine in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.

Simple: By taking physical exercise, you may be healthy
Complex: If you take physical exercise, you may be healthy.
৪১৬.
She saw the boy and fell in love immediately. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) Seeing the boy, she fell in love quickly.
  2. খ) Seeing the boy, immediately she fell in love with him.
  3. গ) She fell in love immediately after seeing the boy.
  4. ঘ) As soon as she saw the boy, she fell in love with him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) As soon as she saw the boy, she fell in love with him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) As soon as she saw the boy, she fell in love with him.
ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ দুটি clause থাকে যাদের মধ্যে একটি principal clause এবং অন্যটি subordinate clause.
Compound sentence এ immediately / at that very moment থাকলে complex sentence এ as soon as বসে।
সুতরাং প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির complex হলো - As soon as she saw the boy, she fell in love with him.

৪১৭.
In spite of his illness, he attended the meeting.(Complex)
  1. Though he was ill, he attended the meeting.
  2. Though he is illness, he attended the meeting.
  3. Though he illness, he attended the meeting.
  4. Though his illness, he attended the meeting.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he was ill, he attended the meeting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he was ill, he attended the meeting.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - ক) Though he was ill, he attended the meeting.
এটি একটি complex sentence যাতে একটি মূল clause ("he attended the meeting") এবং একটি subordinate clause ("though he was ill") রয়েছে।
"Though he was ill" সঠিকভাবে "in spite of his illness" এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে, কারণ এটি অসুস্থতার কারণ বোঝায়।

Simple sentence-এ যদি In spite of ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে Complex sentence করতে হলে Though/Although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
আবার, Complex sentence-এ Though/Although থাকলে, সেটিকে Simple sentence করতে হলে In spite of বসে।
• Example:
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

• More examples:
Simple: In spite of the bad weather, we went there.
Complex: Though the weather was bad, we went there.

Simple: In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
Complex: Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.

Simple: In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex:Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not happy.

Simple: In spite of his cruelty, I love him.
Complex: Though he is cruel, I love him.
​​
Other options
খ) Though he is illness, he attended the meeting
এটি ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল। "Illness" একটি noun, কিন্তু "though" এর পরে একটি সম্পূর্ণ clause প্রয়োজন (subject + verb)।
এখানে "he is illness" অর্থহীন কারণ "is" এর পরে adjective ("ill") প্রয়োজন, noun নয়।

গ) Though he illness, he attended the meeting
এটিও ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল।
"He illness" একটি সম্পূর্ণ clause নয়, কারণ এতে কোনো verb নেই।
"Though" এর পরে একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ clause প্রয়োজন।

ঘ) Though his illness, he attended the meeting.
এটি ভুল কারণ "his illness" একটি noun phrase, কিন্তু "though" এর পরে একটি সম্পূর্ণ subordinate clause (subject + verb) প্রয়োজন।
"His illness" কোনো clause নয়।

​Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৪১৮.
Follow the rules, or you will be punished. (Complex)
  1. If you do not follow the rules, you will be punished.
  2. If you follow the rules, you will be punished.
  3. Though you do not follow the rules, you will be punished.
  4. If you do not follow the rules, you will be punish.
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you do not follow the rules, you will be punished.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you do not follow the rules, you will be punished.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound: Follow the rules, or you will be punished.
Complex: If you do not follow the rules, you will be punished.

• Or যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে If বসে
- subject + do not বসে
- প্রদত্ত প্রথম clause টি বসে
- comma (,) + দ্বিতীয় clause টি বসে।

Example: 
Compound: Move or you will die.
Complex: If you do not move, you will die.

Compound: Work hard or you cannot prosper in life.
Complex: If you do not work hard, you cannot prosper in life.
৪১৯.
She is too young to drive a car. (Make it complex)
  1. She is so young that she cannot drive a car.
  2. She is so young that she can drive a car.
  3. She is so young that she could drive a car.
  4. She is so young that she cannot drove a car.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so young that she cannot drive a car.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so young that she cannot drive a car.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple Sentence: She is too young to drive a car.
• Complex Sentence: She is so young that she cannot drive a car.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪২০.
Choose the correct complex form of the following sentence:
 A diligent student always succeeds.
  1. A diligent student never fails.
  2. A student always succeeds who is diligent.
  3. A student who is diligent always succeeds.
  4. Always succeeds the student who is diligent.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A student who is diligent always succeeds.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A student who is diligent always succeeds.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: A diligent student always succeeds.
- Complex: A student who is diligent always succeeds. 

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে প্রদত্ত article বসে।
- Adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে।
- Relative pronoun who/which/that বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- Adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

• More Examples:
- Simple: An honest man earns the trust of all.
- Complex: A man who is honest earns the trust of all.

- Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
- Complex: A boy who is industrious can shine in life.

৪২১.
Make it complex: She is too shy to speak in public.
  1. She is very shy so that she cannot speak in public.
  2. She is so shy that she cannot speak in public.
  3. She is so shy therefore that she cannot speak in public.
  4. She is so shy so that she cannot speak in public.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so shy that she cannot speak in public.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so shy that she cannot speak in public.
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: She is too shy to speak in public.
Complex: She is so shy that she cannot speak in public.

• too + adjective + to + verb যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- প্রথম subject প্রথমে বসে,
-  too এর স্থলে So এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।
- এরপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

More examples:
Simple: Abida is too lazy to cook her breakfast. 
complex: Abida is so lazy that she cannot cook her breakfast.

৪২২.
A dishonest boy suffers in life. (change into a complex sentence)
  1. A boy who is so dishonest that he suffers in life.
  2. A boy being dishonest suffers in life.
  3. A boy is dishonest and suffers in life.
  4. A boy who is dishonest suffers in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A boy who is dishonest suffers in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A boy who is dishonest suffers in life.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: A boy who is dishonest suffers in life.

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে article বসে,
- তারপর adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে,
- তারপর relative pronoun who/which / that বসে,
- tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb বসে,
- adjective টি বসে,
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পরের শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Other options:
ক) A boy who is so dishonest that he suffers in life.
- ভুল কারণ, Adjective + noun যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex করার ক্ষেত্রে article + adjective এর পরের noun + relative pronoun বসাতে হয়।

খ) A boy being dishonest suffers in life.
- ভুল কারণ Adjective + noun যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex করার ক্ষেত্রে article + adjective এর পরের noun + relative pronoun বসাতে হয়।

গ) A boy is dishonest and suffers in life.
- Clause marker হিসেবে "and" যুক্ত হওয়ায় এটি Compound sentence. Complex sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে "and" ব্যবহার করা হয় না। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪২৩.
Simple to Complex Sentence:
Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
  1. The thief ran away as he saw the police.
  2. The thief saw the police and he ran away.
  3. The thief ran away to see the police.
  4. The police ran away when they saw the thief.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The thief ran away as he saw the police.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The thief ran away as he saw the police.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct Answer: ক) The thief ran away as he saw the police.

Main Sentence: Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
- একটি simple sentence যেখানে participle phrase ("Seeing the police") ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
- এটিকে complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করতে একটি subordinating conjunction (যেমন: as, because, since, when) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- ক-তে "as" সঠিকভাবে ব্যবহার করে মূল অর্থ অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখে জটিল বাক্য তৈরি করা হয়েছে।
Correct Answer: The thief ran away as he saw the police.

Other options:
খ) "and" ব্যবহার করে একে compound sentence বানিয়েছে, জটিল বাক্য নয়।
গ) অর্থ বিকৃত করেছে ("to see the police" বলতে চোরের উদ্দেশ্য বোঝায়, যা বাক্যটির অর্থের সাথে মেলে না)।
ঘ) সম্পূর্ণ ভুল অর্থ দেয় (এখানে পুলিশ নয়, চোর পালিয়েছে)।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪২৪.
The enemies entered the territory and at that very moment the border guards attacked them. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) When the enemies entered the territory, the border guards attacked them.
  2. খ) No sooner had the enemies entered the territory, the border guards attacked them.
  3. গ) As soon as the enemies entered the territory than the border guards attacked them.
  4. ঘ) As soon as the enemies entered the territory, the border guards attacked them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) As soon as the enemies entered the territory, the border guards attacked them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) As soon as the enemies entered the territory, the border guards attacked them.
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যের অর্থ : শত্রুরা রাজ্যের ভূখণ্ডে প্রবেশ করল এবং ঠিক ঐ মুহূর্তেই বর্ডার গার্ডরা তাদের আক্রমণ করলো।
Compound Sentence এ ‘and at that very moment = ঠিক ঐ মুহূর্তে’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ As soon as (করতে না করতেই/ হতে না হতেই) বসে।
As soon as দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।
৪২৫.
The girls who sat next to me is an architect. It is a ___ sentence.
  1. ক) Co-ordinate
  2. খ) Simple
  3. গ) Compound
  4. ঘ) Complex
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Complex
ব্যাখ্যা
কোন Sentence এ দুটি finite verb (sat, is) থাকলে এবং if, that ,who ,which etc subordinate marker দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকলে সেটি Complex sentence হয়।
৪২৬.
Search his pockets and you will find the watch.
  1. ক) If search his pockets, you will find the watch.
  2. খ) If you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
  3. গ) If he searches his pockets, you will find the watch.
  4. ঘ) Unless you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) If you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) If you search his pockets, you will find the watch.
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রথম clause Imperative Sentence হলে Complex Sentence এ if বসে।
৪২৭.
"A closed mouth catches no flies." (Complex Sentence)
  1. Since a mouth is closing, it catches no flies.
  2. Though a mouth closes, it catches no flies.
  3. A mouth what closed catches no flies.
  4. A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।

- Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, that, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

A closed mouth catches no flies. একটি simple sentence.
- A closed mouth কে complex- এ লেখা যায় A mouth that (relative pronoun হিসেবে that বসবে) is closed.
-  Simple Sentence টি Present Indefinite Tense- এ আছে তাই A mouth that- এর পর 'is closed' বসেছে।
- তাহলে, প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির Complex Sentence হচ্ছে - A mouth that is closed, catches no flies.

More Example:
Simple Sentence: A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Complex Sentence: A stone that rolls, gathers no moss.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৪২৮.
Did you know his residence? (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) Did you know where does he live?
  2. খ) Did you know where he live?
  3. গ) Did you know where he lived?
  4. ঘ) Did you know where did he live?
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Did you know where he lived?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Did you know where he lived?
ব্যাখ্যা
Where he (live) হচ্ছে Subordinate Clause. Subordinate Clause সর্বদা Assertive Form এ গঠিত হয়। তাই এর মধ্যে do/does/did এর প্রয়োজন নেই।
আর Principal Clause - Past Tense হওয়ায় এটাও Past Tense হবে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।
৪২৯.
The circumstances were too complex for them to cope with. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) The circumstances were very complex that they could not cope with.
  2. খ) The circumstances were too complex that they cannot cope with.
  3. গ) The circumstances were so complex that they could not cope with.
  4. ঘ) The circumstances were so complex that they cannot cope with.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) The circumstances were so complex that they could not cope with.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) The circumstances were so complex that they could not cope with.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence এ Past Tense এ too … to থাকলে, Complex Sentence এ so …. that + sub + could +V0 বসে।
সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর - “The circumstances were so complex that they could not cope with”.

উল্লেখ্য, V0 = Verb এর base form.
৪৩০.
Being ill, she missed the meeting. (Make it Complex)
  1. She missed the meeting because of her illness.
  2. As she was ill, she did missed the meeting.
  3. Since she was ill, she missed the meeting.
  4. Her illness caused her to miss the meeting.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since she was ill, she missed the meeting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since she was ill, she missed the meeting.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple Sentence: Being ill, she missed the meeting.
- Complex Sentence: Since she was ill, she missed the meeting.

• Being যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence -এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- Sentence এর প্রথমে Since/As/When বসে + being যুক্ত clause এর পরবর্তী clause যে tense এ থাকে সে tense অনুযায়ী being যুক্ত clause এর tense পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- কারণ বুঝালে as/since বসে এবং সময় বুঝালে when বসে। 
- প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি কারণ বুঝাচ্ছে, তাই, Complex করার জন্য Since/As দ্বারা শুরু করতে হবে। 

More Examples: 
- Simple: Being tired, she went to bed early. 
- Complex: Since she was tired, she went to bed early.

৪৩১.
Maria wants to go to America. (Make it Complex)
  1. As Maria wants, she will go to America.
  2. Maria wants so therefore she will go to America.
  3. Maria wants that she will go to America.
  4. Maria wants and so she will earn money.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Maria wants that she will go to America.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Maria wants that she will go to America.
ব্যাখ্যা
• To + Verb - Object বা Object সদৃশ হলে Complex Sentence এ that + Clause বসে।
এখানে To + Verb টি money- Noun এর অনন্তর্নিহিত Verb এর Object সদৃশ হয়েছে।

- মূল Clause এর Verb (wants) present Tense হওয়ায়, এ Clause টাও present Tense এ হবে।
- তবে to + verb সাধারণত Future Indicate করে, তাই এখানে Future (will) হবে। 
- তবে মনে রাখতে হবে, to + verb  যদি উদ্দেশ্য বুঝানোর জন্য আসে, তখন সাধারণত so that বা in order that যুক্ত Clause বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর - Maria wants that she will go to America.
৪৩২.
The boy who is begging from door to door is an orphan. (Make it Simple)
  1. The boy was begging from door to door was an orphan.
  2. The boy was an orphan.
  3. The boy begging from door to door and is an orphan.
  4. The boy begging from door to door is an orphan. 
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy begging from door to door is an orphan. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy begging from door to door is an orphan. 
ব্যাখ্যা
• Subject + relative pronoun + principal verb যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence করার নিয়ম:
- Complex: The boy who is begging from door to door is an orphan. 
- Simple: The boy begging from door to door is an orphan. 
- প্রথমে প্রদত্ত sentence টির Subject বসেছে।
- relative pronoun (who/ which/ that) উঠে যায়। 
- মূল verb এর present tense - beg এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়েছে।
- এরপর বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরন - 
- Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
- Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammer & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৩৩.
Which of the following is a complex sentence?
  1. ক) He was punished as he violated the law.
  2. খ) He is very weak, so he cannot walk.
  3. গ) By working hard, you can prosper in life.
  4. ঘ) He is poor but honest.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He was punished as he violated the law.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He was punished as he violated the law.
ব্যাখ্যা
(ক) তে প্রথম অংশটি Independent Clause এবং পরের অংশটি Dependent Clause। এই দুটি Clause as দ্বারা যুক্ত হওয়ায়, এটি একটি complex sentence. এর অর্থ দাঁড়ায় “যেহেতু সে আইন ভঙ্গ করেছিল, তাই সে শাস্তি পেয়েছিল।”
(খ) ও (ঘ) compound sentence এবং (গ) simple sentence।
৪৩৪.
Correct transformation (From Simple to Complex Sentence):
"In spite of his wealth, he is unhappy."
  1. He is unhappy, yet wealthy.
  2. He is wealthy and unhappy.
  3. Because he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
  4. Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ঘ) Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.

- মূল বাক্য In spite of his wealth, he is unhappy একটি simple sentence যেখানে prepositional phrase "In spite of his wealth" দ্বারা contrast বোঝানো হয়েছে।
- Complex sentence করতে হলে main clause ও subordinate clause যুক্ত করতে হবে।
- ঘ বাক্যে Though he is wealthy হলো subordinate clause এবং he is unhappy হলো main clause.
- "Though" ব্যবহার করে মূল বাক্যের বিপরীতার্থক সম্পর্ক বজায় রাখা হয়েছে, যা অর্থ ঠিক রাখে।
- তাই অর্থ ও গঠন উভয় দিক থেকে ঘ সঠিক complex transformation.

Other options:
ক) He is unhappy, yet wealthy. 
- এটি একটি compound sentence, যেখানে দুটি independent clause "yet" দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়েছে। Complex নয়।

খ) He is wealthy and unhappy. 
- এখানে "and" দ্বারা সমান স্তরের দুটি ধারণা যোগ হয়েছে; contrast হারিয়ে গেছে এবং অর্থও কিছুটা বদলে গেছে।

গ) Because he is wealthy, he is unhappy. 
- এখানে wealth-কে unhappiness-এর কারণ হিসেবে দেখানো হয়েছে, যা মূল বাক্যের বিপরীত সম্পর্কের সঙ্গে মেলে না।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৪৩৫.
"I want to lose weight, yet I eat chocolate thinly'. This sentence is a/an -
  1. ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ) Complex sentence
  3. গ) Compound sentence
  4. ঘ) Optative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Compound sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Compound sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
I want to lose weight, yet i eat chocolate thinly - This sentence is a compound sentence.
• Compound sentence- একের অধিক principal clause থাকে যাদেরকে co-ordinate clause বলা হয়।
- অর্থাৎ Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি co-ordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
৪৩৬.
Because of her being unprepared, she struggled during the presentation. (Make it complex)
  1. She was unprepared so that she struggled during the presentation.
  2. Since she was unprepared, she struggled during the presentation.
  3. As she was unprepared and therefore, she struggled during the presentation.
  4. She was unprepared and therefore, she struggled during the presentation.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since she was unprepared, she struggled during the presentation.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since she was unprepared, she struggled during the presentation.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এ because of এর স্থলে As/since ব্যবহৃত হয়
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
 
• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর
- Since she was unprepared, she struggled during the presentation.
- As she was unprepared, she struggled in the exam.
৪৩৭.
Change the sentence.
Finishing the lunch, the clerk went back to office. (Complex)
  1. After Finishing the lunch, the clerk went back to office.
  2. The lunch was finished so the clerk went back to office.
  3. When the clerk finished the lunch, he went back to office.
  4. The clerk finished the lunch so that he went back to office.
সঠিক উত্তর:
When the clerk finished the lunch, he went back to office.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
When the clerk finished the lunch, he went back to office.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Present participle যুক্ত Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
• Structure:
Present participle এর পর বাকী অংশটি যে tense  এ থাকে,  Present participle এর অংশকেও একই tense এ গঠন করতে হয় একই subject দিয়ে।
- দু বাক্যের মাঝে comma বসে।
- প্রথম sentence এর প্রথমে since/ as/ when বসে।
- কারণ বুঝালে since/ as বসে।
- সময় বোঝালে when বসে।
- Simple: Finishing the lunch, the clerk went back to office.
- complex: When the clerk finished the lunch, he went back to office.
- এ বাক্যে Present participle এর পর বাকী অংশটি past indifinite tense এ রয়েছে।
- তাই বাক্যের প্রথমে When বসবে ।
- এরপর Present participle এর অংশ সহ পুরো বাক্য past indifinite tense এ গঠিত হবে।

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammer & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৩৮.
Javed is a boy who is good. (Simple)
  1. ক) Javed is being a good boy
  2. খ) Javed is not an ugly boy
  3. গ) Javed has been a good boy
  4. ঘ) Javed is a good boy
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Javed is a good boy
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Javed is a good boy
ব্যাখ্যা
• Javed is a boy who is good- এই sentence টি একটি Complex Sentence. 
• Subject + Relative Pronoun + Adjective যুক্ত Complex sentence কে Simple sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে Subject বসে +
-relative pronoun (who/which/that) উঠে যায় +
- tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- বাকি অংশ বসে। 
 
• তাই সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে: Javed is a good boy. 
 
Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪৩৯.
Which one is a complex sentence?
  1. Imported car from Japan is running well.
  2. The car was imported from Japan and is running well.
  3. The car imported from japan is running well.
  4. The car which has been imported from Japan is running well.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The car which has been imported from Japan is running well.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The car which has been imported from Japan is running well.
ব্যাখ্যা
ব্যাখ্যা: যে Sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
৪৪০.
Which one is not a complex sentence? 
  1. ক) The man I met yesterday was a doctor.
  2. খ) The sun having set, we returned home.
  3. গ) He speaks as if he were king.
  4. ঘ) Green mangoes are sour if tasted.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) The sun having set, we returned home.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) The sun having set, we returned home.
ব্যাখ্যা
A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (subordinate clause).

ক) I met yesterday এটা the man – Noun কে Modify করার কারণে Adjective Clause হয়েছে। তাই এখানে একটি Principal Clause (The man was a doctor.) এবং একটি Subordinate Clause (I met yesterday) আছে। তাই বাক্যটি Complex.

খ) এখানে having set – Finite Verb নয়, তাই বাক্যটিতে একটাই Clause (we returned home) আছে। তাই এটা Complex Sentence নয়। 

গ) এখানে as if he were king – ‍speaks -verb কে Modify করছে, বিধায় এটি Adverbial Clause হয়েছে। তাই এখানে একটি Principal Clause (He speaks) এবং একটি Subordinate Clause (as if he were king) আছে। তাই বাক্যটি Complex.

ঘ) এখানে If tasted একটি Adverbial Clause যার Subject ও Auxiliary Verb কে উহ্য রাখা হয়েছে। মূলত এটা ছিল If they are tasted. Clause টা ‍are – Verb কে Modify করছে। তাই এখানে একটি Principal Clause (Green mangoes are sour) এবং একটি Subordinate Clause (if tasted) আছে। তাই বাক্যটি Complex.
৪৪১.
Change the given sentence into a Complex Sentence:
In spite of being rich, he is unhappy.
  1. Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
  2. He is rich and unhappy.
  3. He is unhappy because he is rich.
  4. Even he is rich, he is unhappy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is:  Though he is rich, he is unhappy.

Original Sentence Structure: "In spite of being rich, he is unhappy."
- এটি একটি simple sentence যেখানে 'in spite of' ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে,

- Complex Sentence রূপান্তর নিয়ম:
- 'In spite of'/'Despite' কে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে 'though'/'although'/'even though' ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- একটি dependent clause (অধীন বাক্য) এবং একটি independent clause (স্বাধীন বাক্য) তৈরি করতে হবে।
- 'though'/'although'/'even though' যুক্ত অংশ Dependent clause হয়।

- "In spite of being rich"→ "Though he is rich" (Dependent clause).
- "he is unhappy"→ "he is unhappy" (Independent clause).

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪৪২.
Change it into a complex sentence: On my reaching the station, the train left.
  1. I reached the station then the train left.
  2. I reached the station at the very moment the train left.
  3. I reached the station that the train left.
  4. As soon as I reached the station, the train left.
সঠিক উত্তর:
As soon as I reached the station, the train left.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
As soon as I reached the station, the train left.
ব্যাখ্যা
• On/ At the very moment of = সাথে সাথেই
- On যখন কোন verb + ing এর আগে বসে তখন এর দ্বারা 'সাথে সাথেই' বোঝায়।

• Simple এ On/ At the very moment of থাকলে একে complex করার সময় 

- On/ At the very moment of উঠে যাবে
- As soon as বসবে
- Subject বসবে
- verb এর ing form past tense এ পরিবর্তিত হবে
- প্রথম clause এর বাকি অংশ বসবে
- কমা বসবে
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় clause বসবে।

Simple: On my reaching the station, the train left.
Complex: As soon as I reached the station, the train left.
৪৪৩.
I cannot foretell the time of his departure.
  1. ক) I cannot foretell when he will depart.
  2. খ) I cannot foretell when he departs.
  3. গ) I cannot foretell since he will depart.
  4. ঘ) I cannot foretell while he will depart.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) I cannot foretell when he will depart.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) I cannot foretell when he will depart.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence এ time সম্পর্কে বলা হলে Complex Sentence এ when বসে।
foretell মানে ভবিষ্যদ্বাণী করা। এ হিসেবে পরের অংশ Future tense হবে।
৪৪৪.
'Although it was raining heavily, they decided to go for a walk in the park.' This sentence is a/an -
  1. ক) Complex sentence
  2. খ) Compound sentence
  3. গ) Simple- complex sentence
  4. ঘ) Simple sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

-  সুতরাং, বোঝা যাচ্ছে যে, 'Although it was raining heavily, they decided to go for a walk in the park.'- এই বাক্যটি Complex sentence এর উদাহরণ।
৪৪৫.
A sleeping lion is not better than a waking dog. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) A lion which is sleeping better than a waking dog.
  2. খ) A sleeping lion is not better than a dog which was waking.
  3. গ) A lion that is sleeping is not better than a waking dog.
  4. ঘ) A lion who slept is not better than a dog who is waking.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) A lion that is sleeping is not better than a waking dog.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) A lion that is sleeping is not better than a waking dog.
ব্যাখ্যা
এখানে Sleeping এবং Waking দুইটিই Adjective হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। Simple এ Adjective + Noun থাকলে Complex এ Noun + who/ which/ that + be + Adjective বসে। অতএব, ‍sleeping lion বা waking dog যে কোনটিকে এ নিয়মে পরিবর্তন করলেই তা Complex এ পরিণত হবে। গ-তে সঠিকভাবে এ নিয়ম অনুসৃত হয়েছে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর গ।
ক-তে ‍A lion এর Verb নেই। 
খ-তে was ব্যবহার করার কারণে সেটা ভুল। 
ঘ-তে ‍slept – Past Form এ ব্যবহার করার কারণে সেটা ভুল। 
৪৪৬.
She is too tall to enter the room. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) As she is tall, she cannot enter the room.
  2. খ) She is tall and cannot enter the room.
  3. গ) She is so tall that she cannot enter the room.
  4. ঘ) Because she is tall, she cannot enter the room.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) She is so tall that she cannot enter the room.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) She is so tall that she cannot enter the room.
ব্যাখ্যা
She is too tall to enter the room এটি একটি Simple Sentence. 
• Noun phrase + be + too + Adjective + to + verb- এ ধরণের Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
(i) প্রথমে noun phrase বসবে, 
(ii) so + adjective + that বসবে, 
(iii) noun, 
(iv) cannot বসবে, 
(v) verb + বাকী অংশ বসবে। 
• তাই উত্তরটি হবে: She is so tall that she cannot enter the room. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain. 
৪৪৭.
Choose the complex form of the sentence:
He was too tired to walk.
  1. He was very tired and he walked.
  2. He was so tired that he could not walk.
  3. He is too tired, so he did not walk.
  4. He walked though he was tired.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was so tired that he could not walk.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was so tired that he could not walk.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct Answer: খ) He was so tired that he could not walk.

মূল বাক্য: "He was too tired to walk."
- "too...to" কাঠামোকে Complex Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে "so...that + could not" ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- এখানে "too tired to walk" = "so tired that he could not walk".
- এটি মূল বাক্যের অর্থ অক্ষুণ্ণ রেখে সঠিক Complex Sentence গঠন করেছে।

Other options:
ক) "He was very tired and he walked."
- "and" ব্যবহারে এটি Compound Sentence হয়েছে।

গ) "He is too tired, so he did not walk."
- "so" ব্যবহারে এটি Compound Sentence হয়েছে, Complex নয়।

ঘ) "He walked though he was tired."
- অর্থ বিপরীত হয়ে গেছে: "সে ক্লান্ত থাকা সত্ত্বেও হেঁটেছে" (মূল বাক্যে হাঁটতে পারেনি বলা হয়েছে)।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪৪৮.
He confessed his crime. (Make it Complex).
  1. ক) He confessed, he was guilty
  2. খ) He was guilty that he confessed
  3. গ) He who confessed his crime
  4. ঘ) He confessed that he was guilty
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) He confessed that he was guilty
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) He confessed that he was guilty
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex Sentence তৈরি করতে হলে Conjunction-বিহীন একটি Principal Clause এবং  মানানসই একটি Conjunction যোগে একটি Subordinate Clause তৈরি করতে হবে।
- Principal Clause -Past Tense হলে Sub-ordinate Clause ও মানানসই Past Tense হবে।
- এসব দিক বিবেচনায় সঠিক উত্তর হবে - He confessed that he was guilty.
৪৪৯.
Because of their unity, they succeeded. (Complex)
  1. Although they were united, they succeeded.
  2. Since they were united, they succeeded.
  3. Since they are united, they succeeded.
  4. They were united, and so they succeeded.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since they were united, they succeeded.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since they were united, they succeeded.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:

• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of their playing well, they won the game.
Complex: Since they played well, they won the game.

Simple: Because of their unity, they succeeded.
Complex: Since they were united, they succeeded.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৪৫০.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas. (Make it complex)
  1. It was in the year 1492 since Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
  2. When it was 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
  3. It was in the year 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
  4. Since it was in the year 1492 since Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
সঠিক উত্তর:
When it was 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
When it was 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence এ ‘In/At the the time of/on/at/ at the very moment’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ When বসে।
- When দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর - When it was 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৪৫১.
Which is the correct complex form of the sentence?
A brave soldier fought the enemy.
  1. A soldier is brave who fought the enemy.
  2. A soldier who is brave always fight the enemy.
  3. A soldier who is brave fought the enemy.
  4. A brave soldier always fought the enemy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A soldier who is brave fought the enemy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A soldier who is brave fought the enemy.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: A brave soldier fought the enemy.
- Complex: A soldier who is brave fought the enemy.

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে প্রদত্ত article বসে।
- Adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে।
- Relative pronoun who/which/that বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- Adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

More Examples:
- Simple: An honest man earns the trust of all.
- Complex: A man who is honest earns the trust of all.

৪৫২.
Make it Compound.
Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
  1. The class was lengthy and the class was enjoyable.
  2. As the class was length but the class was enjoyable.
  3. The class was lengthy with enjoyable.
  4. The class was lengthy but it was enjoyable.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The class was lengthy but it was enjoyable.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The class was lengthy but it was enjoyable.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Though/ Although যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Compound Sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
• Structure:
Though/ Although উঠে যায় + ১ম clause টি বসে + but/ yet বসে + ২য় clause টি বসে।

- Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
- Compound: The class was lengthy but it was enjoyable.
- গঠন অনুসারে এ বাক্যে Though/ Although উঠে গিয়ে 
- তারপর  ১ম clause টি বসেছে
- এরপর but বসে + ২য় clause টি বসেছে
- বাকী সব অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ হচ্ছে -
- Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
- Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain
৪৫৩.
Because of his poor time management, he missed the important meeting. (Make it complex)
  1. His time management was poor so that he missed the important meeting.
  2. His time management was poor so therefore he missed the important meeting.
  3. As his time management was poor, he missed the important meeting.
  4. His time management was poor so he missed the important meeting.
সঠিক উত্তর:
As his time management was poor, he missed the important meeting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
As his time management was poor, he missed the important meeting.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এ because of এর স্থলে As/since ব্যবহৃত হয়
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - As his time management was poor, he missed the important meeting.
৪৫৪.
The old man killed the albatross and was punished. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) Since the old man killed the albatross, he was punished.
  2. খ) The old man killed the albatross, so punished.
  3. গ) The old man was punished by killing the albatross.
  4. ঘ) As soon as the old man killed the albatross, he was punished.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Since the old man killed the albatross, he was punished.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Since the old man killed the albatross, he was punished.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound থেকে complex এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি clause এর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক কী সেটা আগে নির্ণয় করতে হবে।
যেমন: কারণ-ফলাফল, কাজ-উদ্দেশ্য, ঘটনা-ঘটনার সময়, শর্ত-ফলাফল, ব্যক্তি-যে, বস্তু-যা ইত্যাদি।

Compound থেকে Complex করতে হলে:
1. Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে;
2. Complex এর Conjunction যোগ করতে হবে;
3. 2টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।
The old man killed the albatross and was punished. - এই sentence এর clause গুলোর মধ্যে কারণ-ফলাফল সম্পর্ক বিদ্যমান। তাই complex sentence এর conjunction হিসেবে as/since বসাতে হবে।

সুতরাং, বাক্যটির সঠিক Complex form হবে - Since the old man killed the albatross, he was punished.
৪৫৫.
Samia behaved like she was angry with me. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) Samia behaves as if she is angry with me.
  2. খ) Samia behaved as if she was angry with me.
  3. গ) Samia had behaved as if she had been angry with me.
  4. ঘ) Samia behaved as if she had been angry with me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Samia behaved as if she had been angry with me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Samia behaved as if she had been angry with me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Sentence Transformation এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Simple: Subject + verb + like+ phrase doing sth.
Complex:  Subject + verb + as if/ as though + clause.

আবার, 
• As if / as though এর পূর্বে present indefinite tense থাকলে as if / as though এর পরে past indefinite হয়।
এবং be verb থাকলে সবসময় were হয়।
• As if / as though এর পূর্বে Past indefinite tense থাকলে as if / as though এর পরে past perfect হয়।

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Samia behaved as if she had been angry with me.
৪৫৬.
She is too lazy to wash her clothes daily. (Make it complex)
  1. She is so lazy so that she cannot wash her clothes daily.
  2. She is very lazy so that she cannot wash her clothes daily.
  3. She is so lazy that she cannot wash her clothes daily.
  4. She is so lazy that is why she cannot wash her clothes daily.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so lazy that she cannot wash her clothes daily.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so lazy that she cannot wash her clothes daily.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple sentence এ too + adjective + to + verb থাকলে Complex এ too এর স্থলে So এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।
Example:
Simple: She is too lazy to cook her breakfast. 
complex: She is so lazy that she cannot cook her breakfast.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে - She is so lazy that she cannot wash her clothes daily.
৪৫৭.
Though he is poor, -
  1. ক) he is honest
  2. খ) but he is honest
  3. গ) and he is honest
  4. ঘ) but he was honest
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) he is honest
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) he is honest
ব্যাখ্যা
- Though অর্থ হচ্ছে যদিও। complex sentence এ বৈপরীত্য বোঝাতে though ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- অর্থাৎ though যুক্ত বাক্যে সাধারণত দুটি বিপরীতমুখী Expressions থাকে এবং principal clause এর শুরুতে and , but কোনো কিছু যুক্ত হয় না।
- Though যুক্ত Clause- টি যে Tense- এ থাকে পরের Clause- টিও একই Tense- এ হয়।

সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর - he is honest.
সম্পূর্ণ বাক্যটি - Though he is poor, he is honest..
৪৫৮.
After the lecture ended, everyone left the auditorium. (Make it complex)
  1. After the lecture had ended, everyone left the auditorium.
  2. Since the lecture had ended, everyone left the auditorium.
  3. When the lecture had ended, everyone left the auditorium.
  4. As the lecture ended, everyone left the auditorium.
সঠিক উত্তর:
After the lecture had ended, everyone left the auditorium.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
After the lecture had ended, everyone left the auditorium.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Before/after/ ইত্যাদি যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করতে দুইটি নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা যায়।

• Complex sentence এ -
- After যুক্ত clause টি past perfect tense এ হয়, তবে পরের clause টি past indefinite এ হবে। অর্থাৎ, 
- প্রথমে After বসবে + এরপর subject + verb এর past perfect form বসে,
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় subject + verb এর past form বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে - After the lecture had ended, everyone left the auditorium.

• আবার, 
- After এর পরিবর্তে when বসে, 
- verb এর past indefinite form বসে
- দ্বিতীয় subject + বাকি অংশ।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী  - When the lecture ended, everyone left the auditorium.
৪৫৯.
Follow the regulations, or you will be punished. (Complex)
  1. If you do not follow the regulations, you will be punished.
  2. If you do not follow the regulations, you will be punish.
  3. Though you do not follow the regulations, you will be punished.
  4. If you follow the regulations, you will be punished.
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you do not follow the regulations, you will be punished.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you do not follow the regulations, you will be punished.
ব্যাখ্যা

Compound: Follow the regulations, or you will be punished.
Complex: If you do not follow the regulations, you will be punished.

• Or যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে If বসে,
- subject + do not বসে,
- প্রদত্ত প্রথম clause টি বসে,
- comma (,) + দ্বিতীয় clause টি বসে।

Example: 
Compound: Move or you will die.
Complex: If you do not move, you will die.

Compound: Work hard or you cannot prosper in life.
Complex: If you do not work hard, you cannot prosper in life.

৪৬০.
She is too young to understand the concept. (Complex)
  1. She is so young to that she cannot understand that concept.
  2. She is so young that she cannot understand that concept.
  3. She is so young so that she cannot understand the concept.
  4. She is so young that she cannot understand the concept.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so young that she cannot understand the concept.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is so young that she cannot understand the concept.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple: She is too young to understand the concept.
Complex: She is so young that she cannot understand the concept.

• too + adjective + to + verb যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- প্রথম subject প্রথমে বসে,
-  too এর স্থলে So এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।
- এরপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

More examples:
Simple: Abida is too lazy to cook her breakfast. 
complex: Abida is so lazy that she cannot cook her breakfast.
৪৬১.
In 1971, Bangladesh gained independence. (Make it complex)
  1. It was in the year 1971 than Bangladesh gained independence.
  2. When it was 1971, Bangladesh gained independence.
  3. It was in the year 1971 while Bangladesh gained independence.
  4. While it was 1971, Bangladesh gained independence.
সঠিক উত্তর:
When it was 1971, Bangladesh gained independence.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
When it was 1971, Bangladesh gained independence.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence এ ‘In/At the time of/on/at/ at the very moment’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ When বসে।
- When দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর -
Simple: In 1971, Bangladesh gained independence.
Complex: When it was 1971, Bangladesh gained independence.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৪৬২.
'Walk fast lest you should miss the train'. This is a—
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Compound sentence
  3. Complex sentence
  4. Interrogative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রদত্ত 'Walk fast lest you should miss the train'. বাক্যটি মূলত একটি জটিল বাক্য বা Complex sentence. 

• আমরা জানি,
- Complex sentence এ দুটো clause থাকে, একটি independent clause অপরটি dependent clause. 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest,  though,  although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• ’’Walk fast lest you should miss the train’’ প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে,
-  "Walk fast" is an imperative clause, which functions as a command or instruction. It is the main clause of the sentence.
- "lest you should miss the train" is a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction "lest."
- The sentence as a whole conveys a warning or advice to walk quickly in order to avoid missing the train.

Source: Cliff's TOEFL, A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hossain.
৪৬৩.
Without working hard, you cannot shine in life. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) In spite of working hard, you cannot shine in life.
  2. খ) Though you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
  3. গ) Unless you do not work hard, you cannot shine in life.
  4. ঘ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Without + verb + ing  যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে if clause/unless দিয়ে গঠন করতে হয়। 
- সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে গ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
- Unless you do not work hard, you cannot shine in life. হবে না কারণ Unless এরপর আবার no শব্দটি বসেছে যা শুদ্ধ নয়; কারণ Unless নিজেই Negative, তাই এরপর আর কোনো negative শব্দ বসে না।
৪৬৪.
Make it complex: A fraudulent boy suffers in life.
  1. The boy suffers in life who is fraudulent.
  2. The boy who is fraudulent is suffered in life.
  3. The boy who is fraudulent suffers in life.
  4. The boy is fraudulent, suffers in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy who is fraudulent suffers in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy who is fraudulent suffers in life.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Adjective + noun  যুক্ত Simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:

- Article বসে।
- Adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে।
- relative pronoun who/ which/ that বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb বসে।
- Adjective টি বসে।
- প্রদত্ত noun টির শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Simple: A fraudulent boy suffers in life.
Complex: The boy who is fraudulent suffers in life.
৪৬৫.
The road is too narrow to drive a bus. (Make it complex)
  1. The road is narrow that a bus cannot drive.
  2. The road is so narrow and a bus cannot drive.
  3. The road is too narrow that a bus cannot drive.
  4. The road is so narrow that a bus cannot drive.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The road is so narrow that a bus cannot drive.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The road is so narrow that a bus cannot drive.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: The road is too narrow to drive a bus.
• Complex sentence: The road is so narrow that a bus cannot drive.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৬৬.
He was four and he left his village. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) At the age of four, he left his village.
  2. খ) At four, he left his village.
  3. গ) He was four so that he left his village.
  4. ঘ) When he was four, he left his village.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) When he was four, he left his village.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) When he was four, he left his village.
ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence এ দুটি clause থাকে যাদের মধ্যে একটি principal clause এবং আর একটি subordinate clause।
সুতরাং প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির complex form হলো - When he was four, he left his village.
তৃতীয় বাক্যটি গঠনগত দিক থেকে Complex হলেও অর্থগত দিক থেকে ভুল।

৪৬৭.
In spite of his illness, he went to school. (Make it complex)
  1. Though he was ill, so that he went to school.
  2. Although he is ill, he went to school.
  3. As though he was ill, he went to school.
  4. Although he was ill, he went to school.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Although he was ill, he went to school.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Although he was ill, he went to school.
ব্যাখ্যা
• In spite of/ Despite / notwithstanding = সত্ত্বেও.
- Simple sentence এ in spite of/ Despite / notwithstanding থাকলে complex করতে হলে, 
- প্রথমে এদের পরিবর্তে though/ although বসে,
- এর পর subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Example:
Simple Sentence: In spite of his illness, he went to school.
Complex Sentence: Although he was ill, he went to school.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain
৪৬৮.
A rolling stone gathers no moss. The complex form of this sentence is-
  1. When a stone rolls, it gathers no moss.
  2. Since a stone rolling, it gathers no moss.
  3. A stone that rolls gathers no moss.
  4. A stone what rolls gathers no moss.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A stone that rolls gathers no moss.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A stone that rolls gathers no moss.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: A rolling stone gathers no moss.
- Complex: A stone that rolls gathers no moss.

• Participle যুক্ত simple sentence-কে complex করতে হলে participle অংশকে subordinate clause-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয় এবং বাকি অংশ main clause হিসেবে অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে ।
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যে 'rolling' হচ্ছে present participle,
- এর subordinate clause হলো- A stone which/that rolls.

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে- A stone that rolls gathers no moss.

৪৬৯.
Identify the complex sentence
  1. ক) The class was lengthy but it was enjoyable.
  2. খ) The class was lengthy, yet it was enjoyable.
  3. গ) The class was lengthy and enjoyable.
  4. ঘ) Though the class was lengthy, it was enjoyable.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Though the class was lengthy, it was enjoyable.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Though the class was lengthy, it was enjoyable.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - Though the class was lengthy, it was enjoyable হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৪৭০.
Which one is a complex sentence?
  1. ক) The evil done by men lives after them
  2. খ) Give a pen to write with
  3. গ) In spite of his poverty, he is not happy
  4. ঘ) The water we drink must be pure
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) The water we drink must be pure
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) The water we drink must be pure
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex sentence এ সাধারণত একটি প্রধান (principal) clause এবং এক বা একাধিক নির্ভরশীল (subordinate) clause থাকে। অর্থাৎ কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকে। এ ছাড়া Complex Sentence এ Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, As, because, since, for, as if, If, Though, Although, after, before, Where, When, While, How, that, So that, In order that, Till, Until. Lest. Unless, in case, Than ইত্যাদি দ্বারা একাধিক clause যুক্ত থাকে।
৪৭১.
By following these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake. (Make it complex)
  1. At following these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
  2. In case of following these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
  3. If you follow these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
  4. As you follow these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you follow these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
If you follow these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
ব্যাখ্যা
• By + gerund (verb-ing) Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ transform করার নিয়ম:
(i) By এর জায়গায় if বসে।
(ii) Verb এর ing-form মূল verb এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
(iii) Finite verb এর subject থেকে অবশিষ্ট বাক্যাংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর -  If you follow these instructions, you can bake a delicious cake.
৪৭২.
Abida wants to learn guitar. (Make it complex)
  1. As Abida wants, she will learn guitar.
  2. Abida wants so therefore she will learn guitar.
  3. Abida wants that she will learn guitar.
  4. Abida wants so that she will learn guitar.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Abida wants that she will learn guitar.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Abida wants that she will learn guitar.
ব্যাখ্যা
• To + Verb - Object বা Object সদৃশ হলে Complex Sentence এ that + Clause বসে।
এখানে To + Verb টি guitar- Noun এর অনন্তর্নিহিত Verb এর Object সদৃশ হয়েছে।

- মূল Clause এর Verb (wants) present Tense হওয়ায়, এ Clause টাও present Tense এ হবে।
- তবে to + verb সাধারণত Future Indicate করে, তাই এখানে Future (will) হবে। 
- তবে মনে রাখতে হবে, to + verb  যদি উদ্দেশ্য বুঝানোর জন্য আসে, তখন সাধারণত so that বা in order that যুক্ত Clause বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর - Abida wants that she will learn guitar.
৪৭৩.
Because of the heavy rain, the match was canceled. [Complex]
  1. Since it heavy rained, the match was canceled.
  2. Since it rained heavily, the match canceled.
  3. Since it rained heavily, the match was canceled.
  4. Since heavily rained, the match was canceled.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since it rained heavily, the match was canceled.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since it rained heavily, the match was canceled.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:

• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of their playing well, they won the game.
Complex: Since they played well, they won the game.

Simple: Because of the heavy rain, the match was canceled.
Complex: Since it rained heavily, the match was canceled.

অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Since it heavy rained, the match was canceled.
 → “heavy rained” grammatically ভুল; adverb ব্যবহার করতে হবে → heavily.

খ) Since it rained heavily, the match canceled.
 → main verb passive-এ “was canceled” হবে, “canceled” নয়।

ঘ) Since heavily rained, the match was canceled.
 → এখানে subject (it) অনুপস্থিত, তাই বাক্যটি অসম্পূর্ণ।

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৪৭৪.
By reading this book, you will have nice directions to cut a good figure at the job interview. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) By reading this book, you will have nice directions so that you cut a good figure at the job interview.
  2. খ) If you read this book, you will have nice directions to cut a good figure at the job interview.
  3. গ) By reading this book, you will have nice directions in order to cut a good figure at the job interview.
  4. ঘ) Unless you read this book, you will have a nice direction to cut a good figure at the job interview.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) If you read this book, you will have nice directions to cut a good figure at the job interview.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) If you read this book, you will have nice directions to cut a good figure at the job interview.
ব্যাখ্যা
• By + gerund (verb-ing) Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ transform করার নিয়ম:
(i) By এর জায়গায় if বসে।
(ii) Verb এর ing-form মূল verb এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
(iii) Finite verb এর subject থেকে অবশিষ্ট বাক্যাংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - If you read this book, you will have nice directions to cut a good figure at the job interview.
৪৭৫.
As soon as the bell rang signaling the end of the class, the students rushed out of the room. This sentence is an example of -
  1. ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ) Complex sentence
  3. গ) Compound sentence
  4. ঘ) Simple -compound sentence
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while, as soon as, hardly had বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী -As soon as the bell rang signaling the end of the class, the students rushed out of the room. হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৪৭৬.
The soup being very cold, I couldn't drink it. (change into Complex)
  1. ক) The soup was very hot so that I couldn't drink it.
  2. খ) Since the soup was very hot, I couldn't drink it.
  3. গ) Since the soup was very hot so that I couldn't drink it.
  4. ঘ) The soup was very hot so that I can not drink it.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Since the soup was very hot, I couldn't drink it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Since the soup was very hot, I couldn't drink it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Being যুক্ত simple sentence কে  Complex পরিণত করার নিয়ম: 
- Being এর বাকি sentence টি যে Tense এ থাকে, Being এর অংশকে একই Tense এ  গঠন করতে হয়।
- Being যুক্ত sentence এ subject না থাকলে একই subject দুটি sentence এ বসে।
- প্রথম sentence এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে।
- কারণ বুঝালে as/since বসে এবং সময় বুঝালে when বসে।

সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর Since the soup was very hot, I couldn't drink it.
৪৭৭.
Because of her illness, she missed the class.
Choose the correct complex transformation of the given sentence:
  1. Although she was ill, she missed the class.
  2. Since she was ill, she missed the class.
  3. Since she is ill, she missed the class.
  4. Although she had been ill, yet she missed the class.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since she was ill, she missed the class.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since she was ill, she missed the class.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) Since she was ill, she missed the class.

- Simple: Because of her illness, she missed the class.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
Correct Complex form: Since she was ill, she missed the class.

Other Options:
ক) Although she was ill, she missed the class.
Although দিয়ে contrast বুঝায়; কিন্তু বাক্যটি দিয়ে cause-effect বুঝাচ্ছে।

গ) Since she is ill, she missed the class.
- Tense mismatch (present + past) ভুল।

ঘ) Although she had been ill, yet she missed the class.
- দুটি contrasting linker একসাথে (Although + yet) ভুল।

৪৭৮.
Because of his hard work, he passed the exam with flying colors. (complex)
  1. Though he worked hard, he passed the exam with flying colors.
  2. Since he worked hard, he passed the exam with flying colors.
  3. He worked hard so that he passed the exam with flying colors.
  4. Since he work hard, he passed the exam with flying colors.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since he worked hard, he passed the exam with flying colors.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Since he worked hard, he passed the exam with flying colors.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:

• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of his hard work, he passed the exam with flying colors.
Complex: Since he worked hard, he passed the exam with flying colors.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৪৭৯.
Move or you will die. (Complex)
  1. ক) If you do not move, you will die.
  2. খ) If you move, you will die.
  3. গ) you do move before you die.
  4. ঘ) Though you move, you do not die.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) If you do not move, you will die.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) If you do not move, you will die.
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নটির 'Move or you will die' হচ্ছে একটি Compound Sentence.
- এটিকে complex এ রূপান্তর করলে হবে - If you do not move, you will die.

• Or যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে If বসে
- subject + do not বসে
- প্রদত্ত প্রথম clause টি বসে
- comma (,) + দ্বিতীয় clause টি বসে।
Example: 
- Compound: Move or you will die.
- Complex: If you do not move, you will die.

- Compound: Work hard or you cannot prosper in life.
- Complex: If you do not work hard, you cannot prosper in life.
৪৮০.
Unless you watch closely, you will miss something important. (Make it compound)
  1. Watch closely either you will miss something important.
  2. Watch closely yet you will miss something important.
  3. Watch closely or you will miss something important.
  4. Watch closely and you will miss something important.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Watch closely or you will miss something important.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Watch closely or you will miss something important.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Unless you watch closely, you will miss something important - এটি একটি Complex Sentence. 

• Complex sentence এর শুরুতে  “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে, Compound sentence- এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
- Unless ও you উঠে যাবে
- দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” বসে। 
- অন্য কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না। 

• তাই সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে:
Complex: Unless you watch closely, you will miss something important. 
Compound: Work hard or you will not succeed.