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Complex Sentence

মোট প্রশ্ন৪৮৪এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Complex Sentence

PrepBank · পাতা ৪ / ৫ · ৩০১–৪০০ / ৪৮৪

৩০১.
He is too nervous to perform well.(change into complex sentence)
  1. ক
    He is very nervous and can't perform well.
  2. খ
    He is nervous, so he can't perform well.
  3. গ
    He is so nervous that he cannot perform well.
  4. ঘ
    He is nervous, and he cannot perform well.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
He is so nervous that he cannot perform well.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
He is so nervous that he cannot perform well.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: He is so nervous that he cannot perform well.
- "too...to" যুক্ত simple sentence কে Complex করতে হলে এর পরিবর্তে "so...that" ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

- Simple to Complex এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Complex Sentence-এ একটি main clause এবং একটি subordinate clause থাকে।
- মূল বাক্য "He is too nervous to perform well."-কে complex করতে:
- too...to"-এর পরিবর্তে "so...that" ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- Structure: so + adjective + that + clause

Other options:
ক) He is very nervous and can't perform well.
- "too...to" যুক্ত simple sentence কে Complex করতে হলে এর পরিবর্তে "so...that" ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

খ) He is nervous, so he can't perform well.
- "too...to" যুক্ত simple sentence কে Complex করতে হলে এর পরিবর্তে "so...that" ব্যবহার করতে হয়। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) He is nervous, and he cannot perform well.
- এটি compound, তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩০২.
It is man who is the maker of his own fortune. (Simple)
  1. ক
    ক) Man is the maker of his own fortune.
  2. খ
    খ) Man makes his own fortune.
  3. গ
    গ) Men are the makers of his own fortune.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Men make his own fortune.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Man is the maker of his own fortune.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Man is the maker of his own fortune.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
It is man who is the maker of his own fortune- এটি একটি Complex Sentence. 
Relative pronoun যুক্ত Complex sentence-কে Simple Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
- Realative pronoun এর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত বসে + Relative pronoun টি উঠে যায় + Relative pronoun এর পরবর্তী অংশ। 
তাই সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে - Man is the maker of his own fortune.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hosaain.
৩০৩.
'When i grow up, I will be your bride' is an example of -
  1. ক
    ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ
    খ) Compound sentence
  3. গ
    গ) Complex sentence
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Imperative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex sentence
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'When i grow up, I will be your bride' is an example of - Complex sentence.
• Complex sentence- এ সাধারণত একটি প্রধান বাক্য (principal clause) এবং একাধিক নির্ভরশীল বাক্য (subordinate clause) থাকে।
- অর্থাৎ কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকে।
- এছাড়াও Complex Sentence- এ That, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, As, because, since, for, as if, If, Though, Although, after, before, Where, When, While, How, that, So that, In order that, Till, Until, Lest, Unless, in case, Than ইত্যাদি দ্বারা একাধিক clause যুক্ত থাকে।
- তাই এটি একটি Complex sentence এর উদাহরণ।
৩০৪.
If I had tried again -
  1. ক
    ক) I could solve the problem.
  2. খ
    খ) I could have solved the problem.
  3. গ
    গ) I could solved the problem.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) I could have solve the problem. 
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) I could have solved the problem.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) I could have solved the problem.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Conditional sentence এ if যুক্ত Clause-টি Past Perfect হলে Main Clause-টি Perfect Conditional হয়।
অর্থাৎ Subject এর সাথে would have/could have/might have এবং Verb এর Past Participle Form হয়।
Passive এর বেলায় would have/could have/might have + been বসে।

এখানে যেহেতু বাক্যটি Active voice এ রয়েছে তাই পরের অংশে "I could have solved the problem." বসবে।
৩০৫.
In 2018, he started his own business. (Complex)
  1. ক
    When it was 2018, he start his own business.
  2. খ
    At the the time of 2018, he started his own business.
  3. গ
    When it was 2018, he started his own business.
  4. ঘ
    It was in 2018, then he started his own business.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
When it was 2018, he started his own business.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
When it was 2018, he started his own business.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence এ ‘In/At the the time of/on/at/ at the very moment’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ When বসে।
- When দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।

Simple: In 2020, they moved to a new city.
Complex: When it was 2020, they moved to a new city.

Simple: In 2018, he started his own business.
Complex: When it was 2018, he started his own business.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৩০৬.
"Though Taher studied hard for the exam, he didn't perform well." This is a -
  1. ক
    Compound Sentence
  2. খ
    Complex Sentence
  3. গ
    Simple Sentence
  4. ঘ
    Optative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex Sentence
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence:
- যে sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।
- Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত:
if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while ইত্যাদি থাকে।

যেমন,
- Though Taher studied hard for the exam, he didn't perform well.
- বাক্যটির Subordinate Clause- এর শুরুতে Though থাকায় বাক্যটি Complex Sentence.

More Examples of Complex Sentences:
- Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk in the park.
- Because she had missed the bus, she had to call a cab to get to work.
- After the movie ended, we went to a nearby cafe for some coffee.
- Since they lived far away, they only visited their grandparents during the holidays.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩০৭.
I saw some birds flying in the sky. (Complex)
  1. ক
    ক) I saw some birds who were flying in the sky.
  2. খ
    খ) I saw some birds what were flying in the sky.
  3. গ
    গ) I saw some birds which were flying in the sky.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) I saw some birds and they were flying in the sky.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) I saw some birds which were flying in the sky.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) I saw some birds which were flying in the sky.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
verb+ing Adjective হিসেবে থাকলে এর পরিবর্তে ব্যক্তি হলে who/that+ tense অনুযায়ী verb আর বস্তু হলে which/ that +Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে।
৩০৮.
Having received the letter, she replied immediately. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    After she receives the letter, she replied immediately.
  2. খ
    After she had received the letter, she replied immediately.
  3. গ
    As she received the letter, she replied immediately.
  4. ঘ
    When she received the letter, she had replied immediately.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
After she had received the letter, she replied immediately.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
After she had received the letter, she replied immediately.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: Having received the letter, she replied immediately.
- Complex: After she had received the letter, she replied immediately.

• Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে সময় নির্দেশ করলে When/after এবং কারণ বুঝালে Since/As বসে।
- তারপর Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form বসে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিতভাবে বসে।

• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When/after বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

• More examples:
- Simple: Having eaten lunch, he resumed work.
- Complex: When he had eaten lunch, he resumed work.

- Simple: Having lost the match, the team felt disappointed.
- Complex: As the team had lost the match, they felt disappointed.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩০৯.
An honest man earns the trust of all. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    An honest man earns the trust of all who are people.
  2. খ
    A man who is honest earns the trust of all.
  3. গ
    A man earns the trust of all who honest is.
  4. ঘ
    A man who honest earns the trust of all.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
A man who is honest earns the trust of all.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
A man who is honest earns the trust of all.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে প্রদত্ত article বসে।
- Adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে।
- Relative pronoun who/which/that বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- Adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: An honest man earns the trust of all.
• Complex sentence: A man who is honest earns the trust of all.

৩১০.
After the meeting ended, the team discussed the next steps. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    Since the meeting ended, the team had discussed the next steps.
  2. খ
    When the meeting was ended, the team had discussed the next steps.
  3. গ
    After the meeting had ended, the team discussed the next steps.
  4. ঘ
    As the meeting had ended, the team discussed the next steps.
  5. ঙ
    As soon as the meeting had ended, the team discussed the next steps.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
After the meeting had ended, the team discussed the next steps.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
After the meeting had ended, the team discussed the next steps.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Before/after/ ইত্যাদি যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করতে দুইটি নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা যায়।

• Complex sentence এ -
- After যুক্ত clause টি past perfect tense এ হয়, তবে পরের cluse টি past indefinite এ হবে। অর্থাৎ, 
- প্রথমে After বসবে।
- এরপর subject + verb এর past perfect form বসে
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় subject + verb এর past form বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হবে - After the meeting had ended, the team discussed the next steps.

• আবার, 
- After এর পরিবর্তে when বসে, 
- verb এর past indefinite form বসে
- দ্বিতীয় subject + বাকি অংশ।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে - When the meeting ended, the team discussed the next steps.
৩১১.
Rabin is so sick that he cannot come.
  1. ক
    ক) Rabin is to weak to come.
  2. খ
    খ) Rabin is to weak too come.
  3. গ
    গ) Rabin is too weak to come.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Rabin is too weak of come.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Rabin is too weak to come.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Rabin is too weak to come.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
- উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নের Correct Simple Sentence হচ্ছে Rabin is too weak to come.

• So……that যুক্ত complex sentence কে simple sentence করার নিয়ম:
- So এর পরিবর্তে too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।
Example: ‍
Complex: ‍Rabin is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: Rabin is too weak to come.
৩১২.
Determine the sentence type: ''If it rains, the match will be postponed.''
  1. ক
    Simple
  2. খ
    Complex
  3. গ
    Compound
  4. ঘ
    Compound-complex
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• ''If it rains, the match will be postponed.'' - Complex sentence. 
--------------------------- 
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - ''If it rains, the match will be postponed.'' - এই বাক্যটি হচ্ছে - Complex sentence. 

Source: Live MCQ English Wizard, Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar and Composition, Oxford Practice grammar and A passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain. 
৩১৩.
‘I will go if you come'-
  1. ক
    ক) Compound Sentence
  2. খ
    খ) Simple Sentence
  3. গ
    গ) Complex Sentence
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Independent Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex Sentence
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - ‘I will go if you come'- হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৩১৪.
Which sentence is the correct transformation of: "It is time to start the journey." into a complex sentence?
  1. ক
    It is time when we start the journey.
  2. খ
    It is time that we should start the journey.
  3. গ
    It is time for starting the journey.
  4. ঘ
    We start the journey in time.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
It is time that we should start the journey.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
It is time that we should start the journey.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) It is time that we should start the journey.


- মূল বাক্য It is time to start the journey এর অর্থ হলো যাত্রা শুরু করার সঠিক সময় এসেছে।
- Complex sentence এ অন্তত দুটি clause থাকে- একটি main clause এবং একটি subordinate clause.
- খ বাক্যে It is time হলো main clause এবং that we should start the journey হলো subordinate clause.
- এখানে that subordinate clause যুক্ত করছে, যা complex sentence-এর গঠন নিশ্চিত করছে।
- তাই অর্থ ঠিক রেখে complex structure তৈরি হওয়ায় খ সঠিক উত্তর।

Other options:
ক) It is time when we start the journey. 
- when ব্যবহার করায় বাক্যটি বোঝায় যে এটি এমন সময়, যখন আমরা সাধারণত যাত্রা শুরু করি (habitual action)।
- এটি মূল বাক্যের "এখন শুরু করা উচিত" অর্থকে সঠিকভাবে প্রকাশ করছে না।

গ) It is time for starting the journey. 
- এটি একটি simple sentence, কারণ এখানে কোনো subordinate clause নেই।
মূল বাক্যের structure বদলে গেছে, complex হয়নি।

ঘ) We start the journey in time. 
- এটি বোঝায় আমরা সময়ের আগে বা সঠিক সময়ে যাত্রা শুরু করি।
- মূল বাক্যের "এখন শুরু করা উচিত" অর্থ হারিয়ে গেছে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩১৫.
The moon rose up and all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    ক) Since the moon rose up, all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree.
  2. খ
    খ) As the moon rose up, all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree.
  3. গ
    গ) The moon rose up so that all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) After the moon rose up, all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) As the moon rose up, all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) As the moon rose up, all the villagers gathered under the banyan tree.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রথম Clause দিয়ে ২য় Clause এর সময় বুঝাচ্ছে। তাই Complex Sentence এ When/As (যখন) ব্যবহৃত হবে। এ হিসেবে সঠিক উত্তর (খ)।
After দিয়ে সময় বুঝালেও After এর পরে নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Past Perfect Tense হওয়ার কথা।
কিন্তু এখানে Past Indefinite Tense আছে, তাই এটা সঠিক উত্তর হবে না।
৩১৬.
He saw the danger and paused.
  1. ক
    ক) When he saw the danger, he paused.
  2. খ
    খ) When he paused, he saw the danger.
  3. গ
    গ) If he saw the danger, he paused.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Though he saw the danger, he paused.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) When he saw the danger, he paused.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) When he saw the danger, he paused.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
সময় বুঝানোর কারণে Complex Sentence এ when যোগ হবে।
৩১৭.
Make the following sentence complex:
In spite of his wealth, he is unhappy.
  1. ক
    Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
  2. খ
    He is wealthy and unhappy.
  3. গ
    Being wealthy, he is unhappy.
  4. ঘ
    He is unhappy to be wealthy.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.

- In spite of his wealth, he is unhappy.
- মূল বাক্যটি একটি complex sentence যার মধ্যে “In spite of his wealth” একটি prepositional phrase.
- Complex sentence-এ সাধারণত একটি dependent (subordinate) clause থাকে।
- “Though he is wealthy” একটি subordinate clause, যা “he is unhappy” মূল clause-কে সম্পূরক।
- বাক্য দুটি যোগ হয়েছে একটি conjunction (“Though”) দ্বারা, যা বাক্যটিকে স্পষ্টভাবে complex করে।
- অন্য বিকল্পগুলো compound sentence বা phrase ব্যবহার করেছে, তাই সঠিক complex sentence হলো “Though he is wealthy, he is unhappy.”

Other options:
খ) He is wealthy and unhappy.
- এটি একটি compound sentence নয়, বরং একটি simple sentence.
- এখানে কোনো subordinate clause নেই, এবং এটি দুটি adjective একসাথে যোগ করেছে ("wealthy and unhappy").

গ) Being wealthy, he is unhappy.
- এটি একটি simple sentence, কারণ "Being wealthy" একটি participial phrase.
- এখানে একটি মাত্র finite verb (“is”) আছে, তাই এটি grammatically simple.
- যদিও অর্থ প্রায় একই থাকে, এটি complex structure নয়।

ঘ) He is unhappy to be wealthy.
- এটি একটি misleading structure এবং অর্থগতভাবে ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩১৮.
He studied hard in order to pass the exam. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    He studied hard so and he passed the exam.
  2. খ
    He studies hard so that he pass the exam.
  3. গ
    Though he studied hard, he pass the exam.
  4. ঘ
    He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence: He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 
• Complex Sentence: He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.

• Simple Sentence এ 'in order to' থাকলে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
- In order to এর স্থলে In order that অথবা So that বসবে। 
- এরপর noun phrase + can/could বসবে। 
- Present tense এর ক্ষেত্রে may এবং Past tense এর ক্ষেত্রে might বসে। 

Simple: We earn money in order to live a happy life. 
Complex: We earn money so that we may live a happy life. 

Simple: He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 
Complex: He studied hard so that he could pass the exam. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৩১৯.
He is poor but he is honest. (Complex)
  1. ক
    ক) Though he is poor, he is honest
  2. খ
    খ) He is poor and honest
  3. গ
    গ) As he is poor, he is honest
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Since he is poor, he is honest
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Though he is poor, he is honest
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Though he is poor, he is honest
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যটি একটি compound sentence.
- Compound sentence এ but থাকলে Complex sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Though/ Although ব্যবহৃত হয়.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী - 
Compound sentence: He is poor but he is honest
Complex Sentence: Though he is poor, he is honest.
৩২০.
'I know who he is'. This is an example of-
  1. ক
    Complex Sentence
  2. খ
    Simple Sentence
  3. গ
    Compound Sentence
  4. ঘ
    Imperative Sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Complex Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Complex Sentence
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
• যে সব sentence এ একটি principal clause ও একটি subordinate clause থাকে তাকে complex sentence বলে।
- কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকবে।
- যেমনঃ When he was sleeping, mina came.

• Complex sentence এ conjunction বা connector হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় :

- As If, If, Though, Although, after, before.
- Where, when, while, who, how, that, lest.
- Unless, in order that, untill, because.
- Since, so that.
প্রদত্ত বাক্যে connector হিসেবে who ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং একটি principal clause ও একটি subordinate clause আছে।
তাই এটি complex sentence.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S.M.Zakir Hussain.
৩২১.
I will call you when I reach home. This is an example of -
  1. ক
    Simple sentence
  2. খ
    Complex sentence
  3. গ
    Compound sentence
  4. ঘ
    None of these
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex sentence
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর হলো খ) Complex sentence.

“I will call you when I reach home.”
এই বাক্যে দুটি clause আছে—

• Main clause: 'I will call you'.
• Subordinate clause: 'when I reach home'.

যেহেতু একটি main clause এবং একটি subordinate clause আছে, তাই এটি Complex sentence.

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
যেমন:
- The book that I read last night was interesting.
- Even though she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her project.
- If you finish your work, we can go out for dinner.

৩২২.
He was too young to drive. (Complex)
  1. ক
    He was so young that he could not have drive.
  2. খ
    He was so young that he can not drive.
  3. গ
    He was so young that he could not drive.
  4. ঘ
    He was very young that he could not drive.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
He was so young that he could not drive.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
He was so young that he could not drive.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple sentence কে Complex বাক্যে পরিণত করার ক্ষেত্রে:
- too এর আগ পর্যন্ত অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- প্রথমে too উঠে গিয়ে so বসে।
- that বসে।
- প্রথম subject পুনরায় বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী cannot/could not বসে।
- to উঠে যায়।
- sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Structure: too এর আগ পর্যন্ত অপরিবর্তিত + too উঠে গিয়ে so + that + প্রথম subject পুনরায় বসে + tense অনুযায়ী cannot/could not + to উঠে যায় + sentence এর বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple Sentence: He was too young to drive.
Complex Sentence: He was so young that he could not drive.

Source: Advance Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩২৩.
Having finished his homework, he went out to play. (Make it Complex.)
  1. ক
    When he finishes his homework, he went out to play.
  2. খ
    When he finished his homework, he went out to play.
  3. গ
    When he finished his homework, he went to play.
  4. ঘ
    When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.
  5. ঙ
    None
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple to Complex:
Simple Sentence: Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
Complex Sentence: When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.

Structure:
• Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence: (Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত)
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

Simple Sentence: Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
Complex Sentence: When he had finished his homework, he went out to play.

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ - 
- Simple: Having told this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had told he went away.

- Simple: Having done this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had done this he went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩২৪.
After the meeting concluded, they went out for lunch. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    When the meeting concluded, they went out for lunch.
  2. খ
    As soon as the meeting had concluded, they went out for lunch.
  3. গ
    As the meeting had concluded, they went out for lunch.
  4. ঘ
    Since the the meeting had concluded, they went out for lunch.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
When the meeting concluded, they went out for lunch.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
When the meeting concluded, they went out for lunch.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
• Before/after/ ইত্যাদি যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করতে দুইটি নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা যায়।

• প্রথমে After এর পরিবর্তে when বসে,
- এরপর verb এর past indefinite form বসে।
-তারপর দ্বিতীয় subject + বাকি অংশ বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে - When the meeting concluded, they went out for lunch.

• আবার,
- Sequence of tense এর নিয়মানুযায়ী যদি after যুক্ত clause টি past perfect tense এ হয়, তবে পরের cluse টি past indefinite এ হবে।
- অর্থাৎ,
- প্রথমে After বসবে।
- এরপর subject + verb এর past perfect form বসে
- তারপর দ্বিতীয় subject + verb এর past form বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence টি হচ্ছে After the meeting had concluded, they went out for lunch.
৩২৫.
By practicing regularly, you can become fluent in English. (make it complex)
  1. ক
    If you will practice regularly, you can become fluent in English.
  2. খ
    If you practiced regularly, you can become fluent in English.
  3. গ
    If you practice regularly, you can become fluent in English.
  4. ঘ
    If you have practiced regularly, you become fluent in English.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
If you practice regularly, you can become fluent in English.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
If you practice regularly, you can become fluent in English.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

• By/ In case of/ In the event of + gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- By/ In case of/ In the event of এর পরবর্তী gerund (যেমন: studying, reading, working, etc.) বাদ যাবে এবং If দিয়ে Complex Sentence এর শুরু করতে হবে।
- ২য় clause এর subject বসবে।
- Verb + ১ম Clause এর বাকী অংশ বসে।
- ২য় Clause- টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• Simple Sentence: By practicing regularly, you can become fluent in English.
• Complex Sentence: If you practice regularly, you can become fluent in English.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩২৬.
He met his friend at the time of studying. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    He met his friend when he is studying.
  2. খ
    He met his friend when he was studying.
  3. গ
    He met his friend and he was studying.
  4. ঘ
    He met his friend when he was studied.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
He met his friend when he was studying.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
He met his friend when he was studying.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence এ যদি at the time of থাকে তাহলে simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- at the time of এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।
- প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause টি he was studying হয়েছে। 

• Simple Sentence: He met his friend at the time of studying. 
• Complex Sentence: He met his friend when he was studying.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain. 

৩২৭.
Without practicing regularly, you will not excel in sports. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    You will not excel in sports unless you don't practice regularly
  2. খ
    If you don't practice regularly, you will not excel in sports.
  3. গ
    Unless you don't practice regularly, you will not excel in sports.
  4. ঘ
    As you don't practice regularly, you will not excel in sports.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
If you don't practice regularly, you will not excel in sports.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
If you don't practice regularly, you will not excel in sports.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple: Without practicing regularly, you will not excel in sports.
Complex: If you don't practice regularly, you will not excel in sports.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
- Simple sentence-এ without + gerund থাকলে Complex sentence-টি unless/if দিয়ে গঠন করতে হয়।
৩২৮.
Cherry blossoms adorn the trees in the spring. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    As it is spring, Cherry blossoms adorn the trees.
  2. খ
    It is spring, as Cherry blossoms adorn the trees.
  3. গ
    Cherry blossoms adorn the trees in the time of spring.
  4. ঘ
    Cherry blossoms adorn the trees when it is spring.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Cherry blossoms adorn the trees when it is spring.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Cherry blossoms adorn the trees when it is spring.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple to complex:
• Simple sentence-এ in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, at night, in the spring, in winter, in autumn ইত্যাদি থাকে, তাহলে tense অনুযায়ী উপরের phrases গুলোর পূর্বে when it is/was বসে + যে phrase টি দেয়া থাকে সে phrase টি বসে।
যেমন-
Simple: The cuckoo sings in spring.
Complex: The cuckoo sings when it is spring.

• তেমনি ভাবে, 
Simple: Cherry blossoms adorn the trees in the spring.
Complex: Cherry blossoms adorn the trees when it is spring.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩২৯.
The sum is too difficult for me to do. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    The sum is so difficult that I can not do it.
  2. খ
    The sum is difficult that I can not do it.
  3. গ
    The sum is so difficult that I could not do it.
  4. ঘ
    The sum is too difficult that I can not do it.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
The sum is so difficult that I can not do it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
The sum is so difficult that I can not do it.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence: The sum is too difficult for me to do.
Complex sentence: The sum is so difficult that I can not do it.

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩০.
Daffodils bloom in Spring. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    As it is Spring the Daffodils blooms.
  2. খ
    Daffodils bloom when it is spring.
  3. গ
    Daffodils blooms in the time of spring.
  4. ঘ
    Daffodils bloom as it is spring.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Daffodils bloom when it is spring.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Daffodils bloom when it is spring.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple to complex:
• Simple sentence-এ in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, at night, in the spring, in winter, in autumn ইত্যাদি থাকে, তাহলে tense অনুযায়ী উপরের phrases গুলোর পূর্বে when it is/was বসে + যে phrase টি দেয়া থাকে সে phrase টি বসে।
যেমন-
Simple: The cuckoo sings in spring.
Complex: The cuckoo sings when it is spring.

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর -
Simple: Daffodils bloom in Spring.
Complex: Daffodils bloom when it is spring.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৩১.
Air, an important element of the environment, is polluted in various ways. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    Though air, an important element of the environment, It is polluted in various ways.
  2. খ
    Air, though is an important element of the environment, it is polluted in various ways.
  3. গ
    Air, that is an important element of the environment, it is polluted in various ways.
  4. ঘ
    Air, which is an important element of the environment, is polluted in various ways.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Air, which is an important element of the environment, is polluted in various ways.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Air, which is an important element of the environment, is polluted in various ways.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Air, an important element of the environment, is polluted in various ways.
- উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Simple sentence এ আছে।
- Simple sentence এ Noun + Appositive থাকলে,
- Complex এ Noun+ who/ which/ that + be + Appositive বসে।

• প্রথমে Noun word টি + কমা বসে,
- এরপর subject অনুযায়ী who/ which/ that + be verb + Appositive টি বসে ( ব্যাক্তির ক্ষেত্রে who, বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে which/that)
- বাকি অংশ বসে।
- Appositive হচ্ছে, একটি Noun Phrase দিয়ে আরেকটি Noun/ Noun Phrase এর পরিচয় বা অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয়া।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে - Air, which is an important element of the environment, is polluted in various ways.
৩৩২.
With a view to making his plan a success, he created chaos among the three brothers. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    ক) He made his plan a success as he created chaos among the three brothers.
  2. খ
    খ) He created chaos among the three brothers so that he would make his plan a success.
  3. গ
    গ) He created chaos among the three brothers so that he could make his plan a success.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He created chaos among the three brothers so that he can make his plan a success.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) He created chaos among the three brothers so that he could make his plan a success.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) He created chaos among the three brothers so that he could make his plan a success.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
with a view to/ to/ in order to দিয়ে কাজের উদ্দেশ্য বুঝায়। এর পরিবর্তে Complex Sentence এ so that/ in order that বসে।
so that/ in order that এর পরে Subject + can/ may + Verb এর Base form বসে। এক্ষেত্রে আগের Clause – Past Tense হলে could/ might বসে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।
৩৩৩.
I saw Rina at the time of eating. (Complex)
  1. ক
    I saw Rina when she eats.
  2. খ
    I saw Rina when she was eating.
  3. গ
    I saw Rina when she is eating.
  4. ঘ
    I saw Rina when she ate.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
I saw Rina when she was eating.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
I saw Rina when she was eating.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Simple to complex

যদি Simple sentence-এ at the time of থাকে, উক্ত simple sentence-কে complex-এ রূপান্তরের সময় at the time of-এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।

যেমন-
Simple: I saw Rina at the time of eating.
Complex: I saw Rina when she was eating.
৩৩৪.
By doing physical exercise, you may be healthy. (make it complex)
  1. ক
    If you do physical exercise, you may be healthy.
  2. খ
    Though you do physical exercise, you may be healthy.
  3. গ
    Doing physical exercise and you may be healthy.
  4. ঘ
    When you do physical exercise, you may be healthy.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
If you do physical exercise, you may be healthy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
If you do physical exercise, you may be healthy.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
• By / In case of / In the event of + gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- By / In case of / In the event of এর পরবর্তী gerund (যেমন: studying, reading, working, etc.) বাদ যাবে এবং If দিয়ে Complex Sentence এর শুরু করতে হবে।
- ২য় clause এর Subject বসবে।
- Verb + ১ম Clause এর বাকী অংশ বসে।
- ২য় Clause- টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

Simple Sentence: By doing physical exercise, you may be healthy.
Complex Sentence: If you do physical exercise, you may be healthy.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৩৫.
Shamim called me at the time of cycling. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    Shamim called me when I am cycling.
  2. খ
    Shamim called me and I was cycling.
  3. গ
    Shamim called me when I was cycling.
  4. ঘ
    Shamim called me when I was being cycling.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Shamim called me when I was cycling.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Shamim called me when I was cycling.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence এ যদি at the time of থাকে তাহলে simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- at the time of এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।
- প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause টি I was cycling হয়েছে। 

• Simple Sentence: Rafique called me at the time of cycling.
• Complex Sentence: Rafique called me when I was cycling.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩৬.
They left early to catch the train. (complex)
  1. ক
    They left early so that they could catch the train.
  2. খ
    They left early to may catch the train.
  3. গ
    They left early so that they catch the train.
  4. ঘ
    They left early in order catch the train.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
They left early so that they could catch the train.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
They left early so that they could catch the train.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - ক) They left early so that they could catch the train. 

Simple Sentence-এ যদি to + verb দ্বারা কোনো উদ্দেশ্য (purpose) প্রকাশ পায়, তাহলে তাকে Complex Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
Simple Sentence এর to উঠে যাবে, এর জায়গায় in order that + NP + can/may অথবা so that + NP + can/may বসাতে হবে।

Example:
Simple: They left early to catch the train.
Complex: They left early so that they may catch the train. 

• More Example:
Simple: We eat to live. (আমরা বাঁচার জন্য খাই। বাঁচা = to live এখানে 'উদ্দেশ্য' বুঝাচ্ছে।)
Complex: We eat in order that we may live (আমরা খাই এই উদ্দেশ্যে যে যেন আমরা বাঁচতে পারি।)
or, We eat so that we may live.

Simple: We hired a boat to go there.
Complex: We hired a boat in order that we might go there.
or, We hired a boat so that we might go there.

Simple: We live in houses to be comfortable.
Complex: We live in houses so that we may be comfortable.
or, We live in houses in order that we may be comfortable.

Other options
খ) They left early to may catch the train.
"to may catch" — এখানে "may" এর সঠিক ব্যবহার হয়নি, "to" + infinitive verb মিলছে না।

গ) They left early so that they catch the train.
- "they catch" (present tense) না হয়ে উচিত "they could catch" (past/future সম্ভাবনা বোঝাতে)।

ঘ) They left early in order catch the train.
- "in order" এর পর "to" থাকতে হয়: "in order to catch"।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৩৩৭.
“Though he is poor, he is honest” - this is an example of -
  1. ক
    ক) Simple Sentence 
  2. খ
    খ) Compound Sentence 
  3. গ
    গ) Complex Sentence
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Exclamatory sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex Sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex Sentence
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - Though he is poor, he is honest হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৩৩৮.
I know who you are. This is an example of-
  1. ক
    Simple sentence
  2. খ
    Compound sentence
  3. গ
    Complex sentence
  4. ঘ
    Imperative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Complex sentence
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Complex sentence.
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি মূলত একটি জটিল বাক্য বা Complex sentence.
- যেহেতু বাক্যটিতে Independent Clause  এবং একটি Subordinate clause (who you are) রয়েছে এবং তারা একটি সংযোগকারী শব্দ (who) দ্বারা যুক্ত, তাই এটি একটি Complex Sentence।
 
• Complex sentence:
- Complex sentence এ প্রধানত একটি Principal clause (I know) থাকে এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause  থাকে।
- Dependent clause বা subordinate clause টি Principal clause/main clause -এর উপর নির্ভরশীল থাকে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause -এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, whatever, while, ইত্যাদি বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৩৯.
'I will phone you when I get the News' - is an example of -
  1. ক
    ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ
    খ) Compound sentence
  3. গ
    গ) Complex sentence
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Imperative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex sentence
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'I will phone you when I get the News' - is an example of - Complex sentence

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৩৪০.
Choose the correct complex form of the sentence:
An honest man is respected by all. 
  1. ক
    A man respects all who is honest. 
  2. খ
    A man who is honest is respected by all.
  3. গ
    A man is honest who respected by all. 
  4. ঘ
    A man who respects all is honest. 
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
A man who is honest is respected by all.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
A man who is honest is respected by all.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: খ) A man who is honest is respected by all.

Simple sentence: An honest man is respected by all.
- এখানে honest (adjective) দিয়ে man-কে বর্ণনা করা হয়েছে।

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

তাই, সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে - A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
 
• Other Options:
ক) A man respects all who is honest.
- Meaning পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।

গ) A man is honest who respected by all.
- Structure ভুল।

ঘ) A man who respects all is honest.
- Sentence-এর অর্থ পরিবর্তন হয়েছে।

৩৪১.
Change the following sentence into simple sentence: If you do not exercise regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
  1. ক
    Without exercise regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
  2. খ
    Without exercising regularly, you will maintain good physical health.
  3. গ
    Exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
  4. ঘ
    Without exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Without exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Without exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Complex to simple এর সময়,

• If দ্বারা গঠিত শর্তমূলক না বোধক complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়ম : 
- প্রথমে without বসে
- If clause এর মূল verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়
-  ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে
- comma (,) বসে
- অপর clause টি বসে।
Example:
Complex: If you do not exercise regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.
Simple: Without exercising regularly, you will not maintain good physical health.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
৩৪২.
I was too nervous to speak in front of the class. [Complex]
  1. ক
    I was too nervous that I could not speak in front of the class.
  2. খ
    I was so nervous that I could not speak in front of the class.
  3. গ
    I was so nervous that I can not speak in front of the class.
  4. ঘ
    I was so nervous that I speak in front of the class.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
I was so nervous that I could not speak in front of the class.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
I was so nervous that I could not speak in front of the class.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple: I was too nervous to speak in front of the class.
• Complex: I was so nervous that I could not speak in front of the class.

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টি পুনরায় বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- to উঠে যায় ।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• More examples:
- Simple: She was too tired to continue working.
- Complex: She was so tired that she could not continue working.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৪৩.
If I thought I could _____ it, I wouldn't pay my taxes at all.
  1. ক
    ক) get away with
  2. খ
    খ) put up with
  3. গ
    গ) do away with
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) grow out of it
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) get away with
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) get away with
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Get away with অর্থ কোন কিছু হতে পার পেয়ে যাওয়া।
৩৪৪.
Having read the book, he wrote a review. [Complex]
  1. ক
    After he have read the book, he wrote a review.
  2. খ
    When he had read the book, he wrote a review.
  3. গ
    When he have read the book, he wrote a review.
  4. ঘ
    After he reading the book, he wrote a review.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
When he had read the book, he wrote a review.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
When he had read the book, he wrote a review.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple to Complex:
Simple: Having read the book, he wrote a review.
Complex: When he had read the book, he wrote a review.

Structure:
• Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence: (Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত)
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

Simple: Having seen the movie, they discussed it.
Complex: When they had seen the movie, they discussed it.

- এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - he বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form -read বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ - 
- Simple: Having told this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had told he went away.

- Simple: Having done this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had done this he went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৪৫.
She is too tired to finish the work. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    She is tired that she can not finish the work.
  2. খ
    She is so tired and she can not finish the work.
  3. গ
    She is too tired that she can not finish the work.
  4. ঘ
    She is so tired that she can not finish the work.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
She is so tired that she can not finish the work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
She is so tired that she can not finish the work.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: She is too tired to finish the work.
• Complex sentence: She is so tired that she can not finish the work.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৪৬.
The complex form of:
The boy was hungry, but he didn’t ask for food.
  1. ক
    As the boy was hungry, he didn’t ask for food.
  2. খ
    Although the boy was hungry, he didn’t ask for food.
  3. গ
    Since the boy was hungry, he didn’t ask for food.
  4. ঘ
    The boy was hungry, and he didn’t ask for food.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Although the boy was hungry, he didn’t ask for food.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Although the boy was hungry, he didn’t ask for food.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
- Compound Sentence: The boy was hungry, but he didn’t ask for food.
- Complex Sentence: Although the boy was hungry, he didn’t ask for food.

• But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রথমে Though/Although ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর ১ম clause টি বসে।
- but উঠে গিয়ে ২য় clause টি বসে।

• More Examples:
- Compound Sentence: The journey was challenging, but the destination was rewarding.
- Complex Sentence: Though the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.

• Complex Sentence:
→ যে sentence- এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
→ Complex Sentence এর Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
→ but দ্বারা দুইটি clause -এর contraction বোঝায়, তাই though, although (contraction) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
→ Since/as/if দ্বারা contraction বোঝায় না।
৩৪৭.
The sun set and we returned home. [Complex]
  1. ক
    As the sun set so we returned home.
  2. খ
    As the sun set, we returned home.
  3. গ
    As the sun set when we returned home.
  4. ঘ
    As it was the sun set, so that we returned home.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
As the sun set, we returned home.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
As the sun set, we returned home.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound: The sun set and we returned home.
Complex: As the sun set, we returned home.

• Compound to complex:  And যুক্ত Compound কে Complex করার নিয়ম: 
- Sentence এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে,
- প্রথম Sentence বসে,
- and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে,
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে। 
Structure: Since/As/When + প্রথম Sentence + and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Compound: She was tired and could not complete the assignment.
• Complex: As she was tired, she could not complete the assignment.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
৩৪৮.
Having seen the movie, they discussed it. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    When they have seen the movie, they discussed it.
  2. খ
    After seeing the movie, they discussed it.
  3. গ
    After they have seen the movie, they discussed it.
  4. ঘ
    When they had seen the movie, they discussed it.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
When they had seen the movie, they discussed it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
When they had seen the movie, they discussed it.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple to Complex:
Simple: Having seen the movie, they discussed it.
Complex: When they had seen the movie, they discussed it.

Structure:
• Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence: (Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত)
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

Simple: Having seen the movie, they discussed it.
Complex: When they had seen the movie, they discussed it.

- এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - they বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form - seen বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ - 
- Simple: Having told this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had told he went away.

- Simple: Having done this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had done this he went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৪৯.
Without working hard, you cannot shine in life. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    ক) in spite of working hard, you cannot shine in life.
  2. খ
    খ) Though you works hard, you cannot shine in life.
  3. গ
    গ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Unless you do not work hard, you can't shine in life.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Without +verb +ing  যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিণত করতে হলে if clause/ unless দিয়ে গঠন করতে হয়।
সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে - Unless you work hard, you cannot shine in life.
৩৫০.
Choose the correct complex form of - ‘The man was poor and could not taste the food.’
  1. ক
    The man was poor so could not taste the food.
  2. খ
    Since the man poor, he could not taste the food.
  3. গ
    Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.
  4. ঘ
    The man was poor, he could not taste the food.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

And যুক্ত Compound Sentence এর একটি clause যদি অন্যটির কারণ বা সময় নির্দেশ করে তবে তাকে Complex করার নিয়ম: 
- Sentence এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে +
- প্রথম Sentence বসে +
- and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে +
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে। 

Structure: Since/As/When + প্রথম Sentence + and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

Compound: The man was poor and could not taste the food.
Complex: Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain. 

৩৫১.
Which is the correct complex form of the sentence?
A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
  1. ক
    A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
  2. খ
    A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
  3. গ
    A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
  4. ঘ
    A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

[46th BCS Preli]

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

• Example:
Simple - An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex - A boy who is industrious can shine in life. 

তাই, সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে - 
Simple: A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
Complex: A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.

Other options,

ক) A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
- এখানে "cannot respect others" বলা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যে বলা হচ্ছে cannot win the respect of others, মানে অন্যদের শ্রদ্ধা পাওয়া যাবে না। এখানে অর্থ বদলে গেছে।

খ) A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
- এখানে বলা হয়েছে, যে মানুষ অন্যদের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধা দেখায় না, তারা corrupt, অর্থ পুরোটা ভিন্ন। মূল বাক্যের সঙ্গে মিল নেই।

ঘ) A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
- এখানে মূল বাক্যের বিপরীত অর্থ বলা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যের অর্থ হচ্ছে corrupt man cannot win respect, কিন্তু এখানে বলা হচ্ছে যে মানুষ respect পেতে পারে, সে corrupt নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৫২.
Our present home suits us. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    ক) The home which we live suits us at present.
  2. খ
    খ) The home is suitable in where we live now.
  3. গ
    গ) The home in which we live at present suits us.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) The home in which we live is suitable.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) The home in which we live at present suits us.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) The home in which we live at present suits us.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হলে প্রথমে দুটি clause এ পরিণত করতে হয় এবং উপযুক্ত relative clause, pronoun, preposition বা adverb বসাতে হয়।

৩৫৩.
____ glass is, for all practical purposes, a solid, its molecular structure is that of a liquid.
  1. ক
    ক) Though
  2. খ
    খ) Since
  3. গ
    গ) But
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Whatever
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Though
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Though
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
এখানে, Solid এবং Liquid দুটো বিপরীতধর্মী পদার্থ। এখানে বৈপরীত্য বা contrast প্রকাশ করছে।
The conjunctions but and although/though connect ideas that contrast. Whereas is also used but it is not as common.
বাক্যের শুরুতে But এর ব্যবহার ভুল। তাই এখানে appropriate conjunction হবে although/though.

Source: dictionary.cambridge.org
৩৫৪.
"The movie ended, and the audience left the theater." (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    The audience left the theater, and the movie ended.
  2. খ
    As soon as the movie ended, the audience left the theater.
  3. গ
    The movie ended as soon as the audience left the theater.
  4. ঘ
    The audience had left the theater as soon as the movie ended.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
As soon as the movie ended, the audience left the theater.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
As soon as the movie ended, the audience left the theater.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
→ Correct Answer: As soon as the movie ended, the audience left the theater.

→ Coordinating conjunction (and, but, so) → Subordinating conjunction (as soon as, because, although, when) দিয়ে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Compound sentence-এ দুটি independent clause থাকে, যা coordinating conjunction (যেমন: and, but, so, or) দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে।
- Complex sentence-এ একটি main clause এবং একটি subordinate clause থাকে, যা subordinating conjunction (যেমন: as soon as, when, because, although) দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।
- Compound → Complex করার সময় coordinating conjunction বাদ দিয়ে subordinating conjunction যোগ করতে হয়।
- যদি Compound Sentence-এ "and" দিয়ে দুটি clause যুক্ত থাকে, তবে Complex Sentence-এ "As soon as" দিয়ে শুরু হবে এবং "and" উঠে যাবে।

→ Transformation Rule অনুসারে Compound: The movie ended, and the audience left the theater.
Complex: As soon as the movie ended, the audience left the theater.

- উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে,
-"and" সরিয়ে "as soon as" যোগ করা হয়েছে।
- "As soon as the movie ended" = subordinate clause.
- "the audience left the theater" = main clause.
৩৫৫.
It was raining heavily and we stayed at home. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    It was raining so heavily that we stayed at home.
  2. খ
    Since it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.
  3. গ
    When it raining heavily and we stayed at home
  4. ঘ
     Because of it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Since it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Since it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

• And যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- Sentence -এর প্রথমে since/as বসে (কারণ স্পষ্ট হলে),
- প্রথম Sentence বসে,
- And -এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে,
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে।

• Structure: Since/ As + প্রথম Sentence + and -এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

• Compound sentence: It was raining heavily and we stayed at home.
• Complex sentence: Since it was raining heavily, we stayed at home.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৩৫৬.
The box was too heavy to lift. (Complex)
  1. ক
    The box was very heavy that I can not lift it.
  2. খ
    The box was heavy but I could not lift it.
  3. গ
    The box was so heavy that I did not lift it.
  4. ঘ
    The box was so heavy that I could not lift it.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
The box was so heavy that I could not lift it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
The box was so heavy that I could not lift it.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
- Simple: The box was too heavy to lift.
- Complex: The box was so heavy that I could not lift it.

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Subject + verb এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টি বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- to উঠে যায় ।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• More example:
- Simple: Akash is too sick to go outside.
- Complex: Akash is so sick that he can not go outside.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৫৭.
When Ruba was reading Era came. It is a -
  1. ক
    Complex sentence
  2. খ
    Compound sentence
  3. গ
    Simple sentence
  4. ঘ
    Imperative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Complex sentence
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- A complex sentence is one which consists of at least a minimum of one dependent clause and one independent clause, combined by a subordinating conjunction.
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী - 'When Ruba was reading Era came.' হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৩৫৮.
Which one is a complex sentence?
  1. ক
    ক) He is honest and I know it.
  2. খ
    খ) I know that he is honest.
  3. গ
    গ) I know him to be honest.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He is honest and it is known to me.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) I know that he is honest.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) I know that he is honest.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী -I know that he is honest হচ্ছে complex sentence.
৩৫৯.
‘All that glitters is not gold’. This is a –
  1. ক
    Simple sentence
  2. খ
    Complex sentence
  3. গ
    Compound sentence
  4. ঘ
    Imperative sentence
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Complex sentence
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence গঠিত হয় Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Sub-ordinate clause এর সমন্বয়ে।
আলোচ্য বাক্যে ‘that glitters’ হলো Sub-ordinate clause।

৩৬০.
Because of his laziness, he failed the test. [Complex]
  1. ক
    For his to be lazy, he failed the test.
  2. খ
    As he was lazy, he failed the test.
  3. গ
    Since of his laziness, he failed the test.
  4. ঘ
    In oder to his laziness, he failed the test.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
As he was lazy, he failed the test.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
As he was lazy, he failed the test.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple: Because of his laziness, he failed the test.
Complex: As he was lazy, he failed the test.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এর পরিবর্তে Since/ as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর  Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- এরপর Adjective /Noun + Comma বসে,
- সবশেষে অপর clause টি বসে।

More example: 
Simple: Because of my illness, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
৩৬১.
Rafique is too sick to go outside. (make it complex)
  1. ক
    Rafique is so sick and he can not go outside.
  2. খ
    Rafique is so sick that he can not go outside.
  3. গ
    Rafique is too sick that he can not go outside.
  4. ঘ
    Rafique can not go outside because he is sick.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Rafique is so sick that he can not go outside.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Rafique is so sick that he can not go outside.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple: Rafique is too sick to go outside.
Complex: Rafique is so sick that he can not go outside.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৬২.
Sium is too weak to run. (make it Complex)
  1. ক
    Sium is weak that he can not run.
  2. খ
    Sium is so weak and he can not run.
  3. গ
    Sium is so weak that he can not run.
  4. ঘ
    Sium is too weak that he can not run.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Sium is so weak that he can not run.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Sium is so weak that he can not run.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence- কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টি আবারো বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not / could not বসে।
- to উঠে যায় ।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: Sium is too weak to run. 
• Complex sentence: Sium is so weak that he can not run.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৬৩.
He assisted the downtrodden people to become self-reliant. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    ক) He assisted the downtrodden people so that he can become self-reliant.
  2. খ
    খ) He assisted the downtrodden people so that he could become self-reliant.
  3. গ
    গ) He assisted the downtrodden people so that they could become self-reliant.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) He assisted the downtrodden people in order that they can become self-reliant.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) He assisted the downtrodden people so that they could become self-reliant.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) He assisted the downtrodden people so that they could become self-reliant.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যের অর্থটা হচ্ছে, সে নিপীড়িত মানুষদের সাহায্য করেছিল আত্মনির্ভরশীল হতে।
এখানে অর্থটা চিন্তা করলেই বুঝা যায় become এর Subject হবে they.
যারা (খ) উত্তর করেছেন, তারা হয়ত অর্থের দিকে চিন্তা করেন নি।
৩৬৪.
"He has lost the book which I gave him." is a example of -
  1. ক
    ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ
    খ) Compound sentence
  3. গ
    গ) Complex sentence
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) None of them
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex sentence
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Complex sentence
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex sentence এ  একটি principle clause  এবং এক বা একাধিক subordinate Clause থাকে। 
আর sub-ordinate clause সাধারণত which,that,since, when how, while ইত্যাদি দ্বারা সূচিত হয়।
সুতরাং প্রদত্ত sentence টি complex.
৩৬৫.
Which one is a complex sentence?
  1. ক
    He studied hard in order to pass in the first division.
  2. খ
    He studied hard so that he might pass in the first division.
  3. গ
    He studied hard to pass in the first division.
  4. ঘ
    He studied hard and he passed in the first division.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
He studied hard so that he might pass in the first division.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
He studied hard so that he might pass in the first division.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
ব্যাখ্যা:
Simple sentence-পরবর্তী অংশটি in order to দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে। কিন্তু Complex Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে in order that/so that + sub + may/might দ্বারা পরবর্তী অংশ গঠিত হয়।
সুতরাং, He studied hard so that he might pass in the first division হল একটি Complex Sentence।
৩৬৬.
Study hard lest you should fail. (Make it Compound)
  1. ক
    ক) Study hard, you will fail.
  2. খ
    খ) Study hard whatever you will fail.
  3. গ
    গ) Study hard or you will fail.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Study hard so you will fail.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Study hard or you will fail.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Study hard or you will fail.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
- উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নের Correct Compound Sentence হচ্ছে Study hard or you will fail.

• lest যুক্ত Complex sentence এ যদি person এর পরে 'should' থাকে তাহলে compound sentence এ conjunction or/otherwise ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।
Example:
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Study hard or you will fail.
৩৬৭.
Transform the given sentence into complex:
The journey was challenging, but the destination was rewarding.
  1. ক
    The journey was challenging and the destination was rewarding.
  2. খ
    Since the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.
  3. গ
    Though the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.
  4. ঘ
    As the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Though the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Though the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Compound Sentence: The journey was challenging, but the destination was rewarding.
Complex Sentence: Though the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding. 

→ Compound Sentence এ but থাকলে Complex Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Though/Although ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Complex Sentence: 
→ যে sentence- এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
→ Complex Sentence এর Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

More Examples:
Compound sentence: He is poor but he is honest.
Complex Sentence: Though he is poor, he is honest.

Compound Sentence: The weather was gloomy, but the atmosphere was cheerful. 
Complex Sentence: Though the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.
 
৩৬৮.
I explained the reason of my being late. The complex form of the sentence is-
  1. ক
    I explained why I am late.
  2. খ
    I explained why was I late.
  3. গ
    I explained why I was late.
  4. ঘ
    I explained because I am late.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
I explained why I was late.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
I explained why I was late.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

এখানে বাক্যের Tense হবে Past Indefinite Tense আর interrogative sentence এ auxiliary verb অথবা ‘to be’ verb subject এর আগে বসলেও, Assertive sentence এ অথবা interrogative sentence এর subordinate clause এ ‘to be’ verb subject এর পরে বসে।
অতএব সঠিক উত্তরঃ I explained why I was late.

৩৬৯.
The man was poor and could not taste the food. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    Since the man was poor, but he could not taste the food.
  2. খ
    Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.
  3. গ
    The man was poor, since he could not taste the food.
  4. ঘ
    Since the man was poor, and he could not taste the food.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Since the man was poor, he could not taste the food.

• And যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম Sentence -এ since/ as/ when বসে,
- প্রথম Sentence বসে,
- And-এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে,
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে।
- Structure: Since/As + প্রথম Sentence + and -এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

Other options:

ক) Since the man was poor, but he could not taste the food.
- ভুল কারণ, And যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex করার সময় And-এর পরিবর্তে comma বসে।

গ) The man was poor, since he could not taste the food.
-  ভুল কারণ, And যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex করার সময় And-এর পরিবর্তে comma বসে।

ঘ) Since the man was poor, and he could not taste the food.
- ভুল কারণ, And যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex করার সময় And উঠে গিয়ে এর পরিবর্তে -comma বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৭০.
Identify the correct complex sentence for:
She was ill, so she did not come.
  1. ক
    She was ill but did not come.
  2. খ
    She was ill and so she did not come.
  3. গ
    Since she was ill, she did not come.
  4. ঘ
    Because she did not come, she was ill.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Since she was ill, she did not come.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Since she was ill, she did not come.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: গ) Since she was ill, she did not come.

মূল বাক্যটি একটি Compound sentence: She was ill (1st clause), so she did not come (2nd clause)
- এখানে "so" দ্বারা দুটি স্বতন্ত্র clause যুক্ত হয়েছে, যা একটি ফলাফল নির্দেশ করে।

• নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, “so” conjunction থাকলে complex sentence-এর শুরুতে “since” / “as” / “when” বসে এবং মধ্যে থেকে “so” উঠিয়ে দেয়া হয়।
- অর্থাৎ "so" কে subordinating conjunction ("Since"/"As"/"when") দিয়ে প্রতিস্থাপন করতে হবে। 
- কারণটি dependent clause-এ রূপান্তরিত হবে।
- Structure: "Since/As/Because + কারণ, ফলাফল"

রূপান্তর প্রক্রিয়া:
Compound: "She was ill, so she did not come."
Complex: "Since she was ill, she did not come."

ভুল অপশনগুলোর ব্যাখ্যা:
ক) She was ill but did not come. এটি একটি Compound sentence, complex নয়। "but" = বিরোধিতা (contrast) বোঝায়, যা এখানে প্রযোজ্য নয়।
খ) She was ill and so she did not come. এটিও একটি Compound sentence — "and so" দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত হয়েছে।
ঘ) Because she did not come, she was ill. অর্থের বিকৃতি হয়েছে — কারণ ও ফলাফল উল্টো হয়ে গেছে। এখানে বোঝাচ্ছে "সে আসেনি বলে সে অসুস্থ ছিল", যা ভুল।

সঠিক Grammar ও অর্থ অনুসারে সঠিক Complex sentence হলো: Since she was ill, she did not come.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition—HSC Second Paper by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৭১.
As the king had fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him. (make it simple)
  1. ক
    ক) Because of falling from power, even beggars did not honour him.
  2. খ
    খ) The king having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him.
  3. গ
    গ) Because of having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) By having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour the king.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) The king having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) The king having fallen from power, even beggars did not honour him.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
উভয় Clause এর Subject ভিন্ন। Clause দুটি দিয়ে সময়ের পর্যায়ক্রম বুঝাচ্ছে।
এ অবস্থায় Simple Sentence এর Structure হচ্ছে-
Sub + Participle (Verb+ing অথবা having + Past participle of verb) + 2nd Clause.
৩৭২.
Change the following sentence into complex sentence:
'Without your help he can do nothing'
  1. ক
    Without your help what can he do.
  2. খ
    Unless you help him he can do nothing.
  3. গ
    He can do nothing without your help.
  4. ঘ
    He can not do anything unless you help him.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Unless you help him he can do nothing.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Unless you help him he can do nothing.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple: Without your help he can do nothing
• Complex: Unless you help him he can do nothing.

• Simple sentence-এ without + gerund থাকলে Complex sentence-টি unless/if দিয়ে গঠন করতে হয়।
- কখনো Unless not বসে না।
- এখানে, 'he can do nothing' is an independent clause, and 'unless you help him' is a dependent clause.

• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৩৭৩.
Asif was loved by the principle as he had integrity. (Make it simple)
  1. ক
    ক) Asif was loved by the principle because of his integrity.
  2. খ
    খ) Asif was loved by the principle because he had integrity.
  3. গ
    গ) Asif was loved by the principle because of his having integrity.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) As he had integrity, he was loved by the principle.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Asif was loved by the principle because of his having integrity.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Asif was loved by the principle because of his having integrity.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে: Asif was loved by the principle because of his having integrity. 
- প্রদত্ত sentence টি হচ্ছে complex sentence. 
- Since/as  যুক্ত Complex sentence এর subject দুটি এক হলে এবং since/as যুক্ত clause টিতে শুধুমাত্র be verb / have verb থাকলে simple করার নিয়ম: Since/as এর পরিবর্তে Because of বসে + সে clause এর subject এর possessive form + be verb এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা have verb এর পরিবর্তে having + সে sentence এর বাকি অংশ + অপর sentence টি বসে। 

Source : Advancer Learner's HSC Communicative English by Chowdhury & Hussain.
৩৭৪.
A clever student solved the problem. (make it complex)
  1. ক
    A student is clever who solved the problem.
  2. খ
    A student who is clever always solves the problem.
  3. গ
    A student who is clever solved the problem.
  4. ঘ
    A clever student always solved the problem.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
A student who is clever solved the problem.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
A student who is clever solved the problem.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে প্রদত্ত article বসে।
- Adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে।
- Relative pronoun who/which/that বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- Adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

• Simple sentence: A clever student solved the problem.
• Complex sentence: A student who is clever solved the problem.

৩৭৫.
By working hard, you will shine in life. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    Working hard, you will shine in life.
  2. খ
    If you work hard, you will shine in life.
  3. গ
    You work hard so that you will shine in life.
  4. ঘ
    You work hard to shine in life.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
If you work hard, you will shine in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
If you work hard, you will shine in life.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
-  By/in case of এর পরিবর্তে  If বসে + 
- Subject বসে +
- Verb বসে + 
- Adjective /Noun বসে + 
- Comma বসে + 
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

Simple: By working hard, you will shine in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.
৩৭৬.
The greater the demand —- the price.
  1. ক
    ক) The higher
  2. খ
    খ) Higher
  3. গ
    গ) The high
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) High 
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) The higher
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) The higher
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
- সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে The higher.

- উপরের প্রশ্নটিতে সমানুপাতিক হ্রাস বা বৃদ্ধির কথা বলা হয়েছে।
- হ্রাস বা বৃদ্ধির ক্ষেত্রে parallelism ( সমান্তরাল) নীতি মানতে হয়। 
- যেমন: The + comparative degree ….. The + comparative degree.

- প্রশ্নে The greater হল comparative degree.
- এদিকে অপশনে ‘The higher’ comparative degree.
- তাই উত্তর The higher হবে।
৩৭৭.
Read to learn. (Complex)
  1. ক
    ক) Read and learn
  2. খ
    খ) If you read, you will learn
  3. গ
    গ) By reading, you will learn
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) In case of failure to read, you will not learn
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) If you read, you will learn
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) If you read, you will learn
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - If you read, you will learn.
৩৭৮.
They were too poor to buy a car. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    They were poor that they could not buy a car.
  2. খ
    They were so poor and they can not buy a car.
  3. গ
    They were so poor that they could not buy a car.
  4. ঘ
    They were too poor that they can not buy a car.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
They were so poor that they could not buy a car.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
They were so poor that they could not buy a car.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: They were too poor to buy a car.
• Complex sentence: They were so poor that they could not buy a car.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৭৯.
Which sentence is the correct one?
  1. ক
    ক) I wish I will be a great merchant.
  2. খ
    খ) It is high time we have to stop the violence against children.
  3. গ
    গ) The girl tried heart and soul lest she had failed in the exam.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) The little boy was crying loudly so that he could draw the attention of his mother.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) The little boy was crying loudly so that he could draw the attention of his mother.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) The little boy was crying loudly so that he could draw the attention of his mother.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
I wish:
1) I wish + Past Indefinite (বর্তমানের আকাঙ্ক্ষা)
2) I wish + Past Perfect (অতীতের জন্য আক্ষেপ)
যদি Past Indefinite এ ‘be’ verb থাকে, তাহলে were হবে।

It is high time:
It is high time + Past Indefinite Tense হয়।

lest:
Lest এর পর should/might ব্যবহৃত হয়।

So that: 
Affirmative হলে:
 (Sub+ V1) + so that/ in order that/ that + (Sub+ can/may +V0)
(Sub+ V2) + so that/ in order that/ that + (Sub + could/ might +V0)

Negative হলে:
(Sub+ V1) + so that/ in order that/ that + (Sub+ will/may +V0)
(Sub+ V2) + so that/ in order that/ that + (Sub +would/ might +V0) – এ Structure অনুযায়ী বাক্যটা শুদ্ধ আছে। 
৩৮০.
Transform into Complex (1-6)
১) An uninterrupted network connection is desired by all.
  1. ক
    ক) A network connection which is uninterrupted is desired by all.
  2. খ
    খ) A network connection when is uninterrupted is desired by all.
  3. গ
    গ) A network connection which uninterrupts is desired by all.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) A network connection which was uninterrupted is desired by all.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) A network connection which is uninterrupted is desired by all.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) A network connection which is uninterrupted is desired by all.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
সকল প্রশ্নের জন্য প্রয়োজনীয় কিছু কমন জিনিস প্রথমে আলোচনা করে নিচ্ছি।

Technique: Transformation এর জন্য বাক্যগুলোকে আদর (ADR) করতে হবে। ADR = Add, Deduct & Retain

1. Add the key-word of the targetted sentence
2. Deduct the key-word of the given sentence
3. One of the two clauses have to be retained i.e., to be kept unchanged.

Key-words:
Complex: এভাবে মনে রাখুন IT WAS SATIS (If, Though, WH Words, As, Since, So … that, As soon as, That, In order that, So that, এছাড়া এ রকম অর্থবোধক অন্যান্য Conjunction

Compound: and, or, but, yet (তবেুও), for (কারণ)

Simple: by, without, in case of, in spite of, despite, after, on, at, because of, for, to, in order to, too… to, এছাড়া অন্য যে কোন Preposition, অথবা no preposition, no conjunction

Simple এর মধ্যে কেবল একটি Clause থাকবে।
Complex ও Compound এ কমপক্ষে ২টি Clause থাকবে।
------------
Noun এর আগে Adjective থাকলে এবং ঐ Adjective টাই যদি Focused point হয়, তাহলে Complex Sentence এ Noun+ Relative Pronoun (who, which, that etc.) + be verb+ Adjective বসে।
An uninterrupted network connection = A network connection which is uninterrupted.
৩৮১.
'I greeted my aunt as I passed through the kitchen' is an example of __________ sentence.
  1. ক
    ক) Simple
  2. খ
    খ) Complex
  3. গ
    গ) Compound
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Imperative
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Complex
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'I greeted my aunt as I passed through the kitchen' is an example of - - Complex sentence.

• Complex sentence- এ সাধারণত একটি প্রধান বাক্য (principal clause) এবং একাধিক নির্ভরশীল বাক্য (subordinate clause) থাকে।
- অর্থাৎ কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকে।
- এছাড়াও Complex Sentence- এ That, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, As, because, since, for, as if, If, Though, Although, after, before, Where, When, While, How, that, So that, In order that, Till, Until, Lest, Unless, in case, Than ইত্যাদি দ্বারা একাধিক clause যুক্ত থাকে।
- তাই এটি একটি Complex sentence এর উদাহরণ।
৩৮২.
The puzzle is too difficult to solve. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    The puzzle is so that difficult and it can not be solved.
  2. খ
    The puzzle is difficult that it can not be solved.
  3. গ
    The puzzle is too difficult that it can not be solved.
  4. ঘ
    The puzzle is so difficult that it can not be solved.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
The puzzle is so difficult that it can not be solved.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
The puzzle is so difficult that it can not be solved.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
 • Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple: The puzzle is too difficult to solve.
• Complex: The puzzle is so difficult that it can not be solved.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৮৩.
The noise was too loud for us to concentrate on the work. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    The noise was too loud for us that we couldn't concentrate on the work.
  2. খ
    The noise was so loud for us that we couldn't concentrate on the work.
  3. গ
    The noise was very loud for us that we can't concentrate on the work.
  4. ঘ
    The noise was so loud for us we couldn't concentrate on the work.
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
The noise was so loud for us that we couldn't concentrate on the work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
The noise was so loud for us that we couldn't concentrate on the work.
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence: The noise was too loud for us to concentrate on the work.
Complex Sentence: The noise was so loud for us that we couldn't concentrate on the work.

• Simple to complex (too....to → so.....that):

• Simple sentence- এ too + adjective + to + verb থাকলে, Complex sentence- এ too এর স্থলে so এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।

More Example:
Simple Sentence: The task was too complex for us to solve.
Complex Sentence: The task was so complex that we couldn't solve it.
৩৮৪.
Identify the complex sentence from the options below.
  1. ক
    She likes coffee, but he prefers tea.
  2. খ
    I was tired, so I went to bed early.
  3. গ
    Although it was raining, we decided to go hiking.
  4. ঘ
    The movie ended, and the lights came on.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Although it was raining, we decided to go hiking.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Although it was raining, we decided to go hiking.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্য:
-  Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্যেতে সাধারণত দুটি Clause থাকে। এর একটি Independent clause, অপরটি Subordinate clause.
- Subordinate clause বাক্যের Object হিসেবে কাজ করে।
- Subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, til, unless, when, why, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• Example sentences:
1. If you leave now, you'll catch the train.
2. Although he apologized, she didn’t forgive him.

• Correct Sentence: Although it was raining, we decided to go hiking.
- প্রদত্ত sentence এ দুটি clause আছে, যা Although দ্বারা সংযুক্ত করা হয়েছে।
- তাই উক্ত বাক্যটি - Complex Sentence.

• উল্লিখিত বাকি অপশনগুলো হলো:
- She likes coffee, but he prefers tea. - Compound sentence.
- I was tired, so I went to bed early. - Compound sentence.
- The movie ended, and the lights came on. - Compound sentence.

Source: A Passage To The English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৮৫.
By practising speaking, you can improve your fluency. (make it complex)
  1. ক
    If you will practising speaking, you can improve your fluency.
  2. খ
    By practising speaking, your fluency can be improved.
  3. গ
    If you have practised speaking, you can improve your fluency.
  4. ঘ
    If you practise speaking, you can improve your fluency.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
If you practise speaking, you can improve your fluency.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
If you practise speaking, you can improve your fluency.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা

• By/ In case of/ In the event of + gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- By/ In case of/ In the event of এর পরবর্তী gerund (যেমন: studying, reading, working, etc.) বাদ যাবে এবং If দিয়ে Complex Sentence এর শুরু করতে হবে।
- ২য় clause এর subject বসবে।
- Verb + ১ম Clause এর বাকী অংশ বসে।
- ২য় Clause- টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• Simple Sentence: By practising speaking, you can improve your fluency.
• Complex Sentence: If you practise speaking, you can improve your fluency.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৮৬.
Because of my illness, I could not attend the program. (complex)
  1. ক
    Even though I was ill, I could not attend the program.
  2. খ
    Though I was ill, I could not attend the program.
  3. গ
    I was ill, I could not attend the program.
  4. ঘ
    Since I was ill, I could not attend the program.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Since I was ill, I could not attend the program.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Since I was ill, I could not attend the program.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
 • Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এ Since/ as ব্যবহৃত হয়,
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- Adjective /Noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of my illness, I could not attend the program.
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the program.
৩৮৭.
Having lost the match, the team felt disappointed. (Complex)
  1. ক
    As the team lost the match, they had felt disappointed.
  2. খ
    When the team lose the match, they felt disappointed.
  3. গ
    As the team had lost the match, they felt disappointed.
  4. ঘ
    When the team lost the match, they felt disappointed.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
As the team had lost the match, they felt disappointed.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
As the team had lost the match, they felt disappointed.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: Having lost the match, the team felt disappointed.
- Complex: As the team had lost the match, they felt disappointed.

• Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে সময় নির্দেশ করলে When/after এবং কারণ বুঝালে Since/As বসে।
- তারপর Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form বসে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিতভাবে বসে।

• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে Since/as বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

• More examples:
- Simple: Having eaten lunch, he resumed work.
- Complex: When he had eaten lunch, he resumed work.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৮৮.
Resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict otherwise the region may face prolonged instability. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    If you resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict, the region may face prolonged instability.
  2. খ
    If you don't resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict, the region may not face prolonged instability.
  3. গ
    If you don't resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict; otherwise, the region may face prolonged instability.
  4. ঘ
    If you don't resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict, the region may face prolonged instability.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
If you don't resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict, the region may face prolonged instability.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
If you don't resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict, the region may face prolonged instability.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound Sentence: Resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict otherwise the region may face prolonged instability.
Simple Sentence: If you don't resolve the Palestine-Israel conflict, the region may face prolonged instability. 

• Compound to Complex (otherwise → if you don't) 

• Otherwise যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
→ প্রথমে If বসে
→ subject + do not বসে।
→ প্রদত্ত প্রথম clause টি বসে।
→ comma (,) + দ্বিতীয় clause (অপরিবর্তিত) টি বসে।

More Example:
Compound Sentence: Work hard or you cannot shine in life.
Complex Sentence: If you do not work hard, you cannot shine in life.
৩৮৯.
Because of his illness, he could not attend the meeting. (Complex)
  1. ক
    As his illness grow, he could not attend the meeting.
  2. খ
    Since his illness, he could not attend the meeting.
  3. গ
    In case of his ill, he could not attend the meeting.
  4. ঘ
    Since he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Since he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Since he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple: Because of his illness, he could not attend the meeting.
- Complex: Since he was ill, he could not attend the meeting.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে since/As বসে,
- subject বসে,
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

 More example:
- Simple: Because of her hard work, she passed the exam.
- Complex: Since she worked hard, she passed the exam.

৩৯০.
A complex sentence must have-
  1. ক
    Two principal clauses 
  2. খ
    Two subordinate clauses 
  3. গ
    One principal clause
  4. ঘ
    None of these
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
One principal clause
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
One principal clause
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
A complex sentence is one which consists of at least a minimum of one dependent clause and one independent clause, combined by a subordinating conjunction.
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে। 

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৯১.
Change the following sentence.
As I performed very well, I got the first prize. (Simple)
  1. ক
    I got the first prize because of performing very well.
  2. খ
    I perform very well and got the first prize.
  3. গ
    After performing very well, I got the first prize.
  4. ঘ
    Performing very well, I got the first prize.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Performing very well, I got the first prize.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Performing very well, I got the first prize.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence to Simple sentence:
• যখন since/ as/ when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে সেক্ষেত্রে - 
• Structure: 1st clause এর Verb + ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।

- Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
- Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
- এখানে প্রথম clause টি হচ্ছে - As I performed very well
- প্রথম clause এ উপস্থিত Verb হচ্ছে - performed 
- এরপর এই Verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হবে
- গঠন অনুসারে বাকী অংশ বসবে

• এ জাতীয় আরোও কিছু উদাহরণ হচ্ছে -
- Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
- Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.

 Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৯২.
Knocking at the door, she asked for my permission to come in. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    She knocked at the door and asked for my permission to come in
  2. খ
    After knocking at the door, she asked for my permission to come in.
  3. গ
    As she knocked at the door, she asked for my permission to come in. 
  4. ঘ
    She asked for my permission while knocking at the door.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
As she knocked at the door, she asked for my permission to come in. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
As she knocked at the door, she asked for my permission to come in. 
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence-এর প্রথমে যদি verb+ing থাকে তাহলে তাকে complex করতে হলে ঐ অংশকে নিম্নরূপে সাজাতে হয়-
As / when + subject + V (এক্ষেত্রে subjectটি simple sentence এর পরবর্তী অংশ থেকে নিতে হবে) এবং verb এর tense হবে simple sentence-এর অনুরূপ।
৩৯৩.
In case of his failure, you have to compensate for the loss.
  1. ক
    ক) If you fail, you have to compensate for the loss.
  2. খ
    খ) If he fail, you have to compensate for the loss.
  3. গ
    গ) If he fails, you have to compensate for the loss.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) If you failed, you have to compensate for the loss.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) If he fails, you have to compensate for the loss.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) If he fails, you have to compensate for the loss.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence এ in case of থাকলে Complex Sentence এ if বসে।
আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।
৩৯৪.
The Complex form of the sentence "A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others." is -
  1. ক
    A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
  2. খ
    A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
  3. গ
    A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
  4. ঘ
    A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

[46th BCS Preli]

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

তাই, সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে - 
Simple: A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
Complex: A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.

Other options,
ক) A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
- এখানে "cannot respect others" বলা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যে বলা হচ্ছে cannot win the respect of others, মানে অন্যদের শ্রদ্ধা পাওয়া যাবে না। এখানে অর্থ বদলে গেছে।

খ) A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
- এখানে বলা হয়েছে, যে মানুষ অন্যদের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধা দেখায় না, তারা corrupt, অর্থ পুরোটা ভিন্ন। মূল বাক্যের সঙ্গে মিল নেই।

ঘ) A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
- এখানে মূল বাক্যের বিপরীত অর্থ বলা হয়েছে। মূল বাক্যের অর্থ হচ্ছে corrupt man cannot win respect, কিন্তু এখানে বলা হচ্ছে যে মানুষ respect পেতে পারে, সে corrupt নয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.

৩৯৫.
Although Mr. Brooks searched everywhere, he did not find the keys.
What kind of sentence is the above one?
  1. ক
    ক) simple
  2. খ
    খ) complex
  3. গ
    গ) compound
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) none
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) complex
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
উপরের বাক্যটি একটি complex sentence. 

• Complex sentence:
- যে Sentence এ একটি মাত্র principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক  subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এ Subordinate clause টি সাধারণত subordinating conjunctions (though, although, till, until, before, which, what, when, who, whom, after, unless, since, if, as, because, that) ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু হয়।

অন্যদিকে --
• Simple sentence:
যে Sentence এ একটি মাত্র Subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb (সমাপিকা ক্রিয়া ) থাকে, তাকে Simple sentence বলে। এ ছাড়া Simple sentence, Inspite of, Because of, Being ইত্যাদির সাহায্যে গঠিত হয়।

• Compound sentence:
যে sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক Principal clause থাকে এবং clause গুলো coordinating conjunctions (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে, তাকে Compound sentence বলে। 

SOURCE: ‍High School English Grammar and Composition by Wren and Martin
৩৯৬.
If you read, you will learn. The sentence is a-
  1. ক
    compound
  2. খ
    negative
  3. গ
    simple
  4. ঘ
    complex
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
complex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
complex
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
• If you read, you will learn. The sentence is a - complex sentence.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
- Complex Sentence-এ একটি Independent Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Dependent Clause থাকে।

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে If you read হলো Independent Clause এবং you will learn হলো Dependent clause.
- অর্থাৎ, প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি হলো Complex Sentence.
৩৯৭.
Make it complex: In case of working hard, you will achieve success.
  1. ক
    You work hard that you will achieve success.
  2. খ
    You work hard so that you will achieve success.
  3. গ
    If you work hard, you will achieve success.
  4. ঘ
    Working hard, you will achieve success.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
If you work hard, you will achieve success.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
If you work hard, you will achieve success.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Simple to complex:

• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
-  in case of এর পরিবর্তে  if বসে
- Subject বসে 
- Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

Simple: In case of working hard, you will achieve success.
Complex: If you work hard, you will achieve success.
৩৯৮.
The complex form of:
The food was cold and I did not eat it.
  1. ক
    The food was so cold that I did not ate it.
  2. খ
    Since the food was so cold, I could not eat it.
  3. গ
    When the food been cold and I did not eat it.
  4. ঘ
    As the food was cold, I did not eat it.
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
As the food was cold, I did not eat it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
As the food was cold, I did not eat it.
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
- Compound: The food was cold and I did not eat it.
- Complex: As the food was cold, I did not eat it.

• And যুক্ত Compound sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- Sentence -এর প্রথমে since/as বসে (কারণ স্পষ্ট হলে),
- প্রথম Sentence বসে,
- And -এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে,
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে।

• Structure: Since/As + প্রথম Sentence + and -এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

• More examples:
- Compound: I was ill and could not attend the class.
- Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the class.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৩৯৯.
Camellias bloom in spring. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক
    At the moment of spring, camellias bloom.
  2. খ
    Camellias bloom as it is spring.
  3. গ
    Camellias bloom when it is spring.
  4. ঘ
    Camellias bloom in the time of spring.
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Camellias bloom when it is spring.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Camellias bloom when it is spring.
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple to complex:
• Simple sentence-এ in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, at night, in the spring, in winter, in autumn ইত্যাদি থাকে, তাহলে tense অনুযায়ী উপরের phrases গুলোর পূর্বে when it is/was বসে + যে phrase টি দেয়া থাকে সে phrase টি বসে।
যেমন-
Simple: The cuckoo sings in spring.
Complex: The cuckoo sings when it is spring.

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Camellias bloom when it is spring.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
৪০০.
By exercising regularly, he keeps himself fit. (Make it complex)
  1. ক
    If he exercises regularly, he keeps himself fit.
  2. খ
    If he will exercise regularly, he keeps himself fit.
  3. গ
    By exercising regularly, fitness is maintained.
  4. ঘ
    If he has exercised regularly, he keeps himself fit.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
If he exercises regularly, he keeps himself fit.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
If he exercises regularly, he keeps himself fit.
ক
ব্যাখ্যা

• By/ In case of/ In the event of + gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- By/ In case of/ In the event of এর পরবর্তী gerund (যেমন: studying, reading, working, etc.) বাদ যাবে এবং If দিয়ে Complex Sentence এর শুরু করতে হবে।
- ২য় clause এর subject বসবে।
- Verb + ১ম Clause এর বাকী অংশ বসে।
- ২য় Clause- টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• Simple Sentence: By exercising regularly, he keeps himself fit.
• Complex Sentence: If he exercises regularly, he keeps himself fit.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.