৫০১.
Organic substances excreted in urine excludes
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Sulfate
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Sulfate
PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন
Physiology
Physiology
PrepBank · পাতা ৬ / ৯ · ৫০১–৬০০ / ৮৮৮
গ
৫০২.
Which is not involved in basal gaglia?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
(via D1) activation leads to decreased thalamic output
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
(via D1) activation leads to decreased thalamic output
ব্যাখ্যা
1. Cortical activation of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
2. Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
3.Substantia nigra activation (via D1) of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
4. Substantia nigra inhibition (via D2) of the indirect pathway leads to increased thalamic output
It is the combination of these pathways that allows for precise control of motor movement, balancing the excitatory direct pathway with the inhibitory indirect pathway.
2. Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
3.Substantia nigra activation (via D1) of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
4. Substantia nigra inhibition (via D2) of the indirect pathway leads to increased thalamic output
It is the combination of these pathways that allows for precise control of motor movement, balancing the excitatory direct pathway with the inhibitory indirect pathway.
৫০৩.
Not true about type-1 DM
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Plasma glucagon resistant to suppression
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Plasma glucagon resistant to suppression
৫০৪.
Differential cyanosis is found in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
PDA
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
PDA
ব্যাখ্যা
Dr Abdullah Short Case
৫০৫.
Which one is acidic?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Gastric secretion
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Gastric secretion
৫০৬.
Lesion of left optic radiation results in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Right homonymous hemianopia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Right homonymous hemianopia
৫০৭.
DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is responsible for
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
External virilization
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
External virilization
৫০৮.
Lipid layer of cell membrane is impermeable for:
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Electrolyte
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Electrolyte
৫০৯.
The average blood volume of adults is about ... of body weight?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
7%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
7%
ব্যাখ্যা
The average blood volume of adults is about 7% of body weight, or about 5 litres. About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is red blood cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on sex, weight, and other factors.
৫১০.
Mantle cell lymphoma is associated with translocation in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
t(11;14)
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
t(11;14)
৫১১.
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (mmHg)
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) 32
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) 32
৫১২.
Half life of cobalt
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
5.3 years
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
5.3 years
৫১৩.
Which pair is correct regarding working site of buffer
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Protein-Mostly ICF
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Protein-Mostly ICF
ব্যাখ্যা
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P:345
৫১৪.
Sleep patern Changes in elderly
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
↑ sleep latency
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
↑ sleep latency
৫১৫.
Synonym of clotting factor IX
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Antihemophilic B
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Antihemophilic B
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Synonyms for Factor IX are
Plasma thromboplastin component(PTC);
Christmas factor;
Antihemophilic factor B
৫১৬.
Can be measured by spirometry
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vital capacity
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vital capacity
ব্যাখ্যা
Volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities, which include residual volume also cannot be measured. Capacities that include residual volume are functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.
৫১৭.
Receptor organ in otoliths is known as -
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Macula
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Macula
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Receptor organ in semicircular canal is called crista ampullaris and that in otolith organ is called macula. These receptor organs contain the proprioceptors.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 921)
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 921)
৫১৮.
Which hormone directly control cellular function?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Insulin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Insulin
ব্যাখ্যা
Insulin & GH directly control cellular function
৫১৯.
Substance that increase salivary secretion
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Histamine
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Histamine
ব্যাখ্যা
Substances which increase salivary secretion
• Sympathomimetic drugs like adrenaline and ephedrine.
• Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine, pilocarpine, muscarine and physostigmine.
• Histamine.
Substances which decrease salivary secretion
• Sympathetic depressants like ergotamine and dibenamine.
• Parasympathetic depressants like atropine and scopolamine.
• Anesthetics such as chloroform and ether stimulate the secretion of saliva. However, deep anesthesia decreases the secretion due to central inhibition.
৫২০.
Normal RBCs exclude:
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Nucleated
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Nucleated
ব্যাখ্যা
Morphology of RBC
Circular, non- nucleated, biconcave disc
● Diameter 7.8 micrometer
● Thickness 2.5 micrometer at thickest point and 1 micrometer or less in the center
● Surface area 140micrometer2
● Volume 90-95 micrometer3
● Each RBC contains 29 pg of Hb
Circular, non- nucleated, biconcave disc
● Diameter 7.8 micrometer
● Thickness 2.5 micrometer at thickest point and 1 micrometer or less in the center
● Surface area 140micrometer2
● Volume 90-95 micrometer3
● Each RBC contains 29 pg of Hb
৫২১.
Somatostain consists of ----------------- Amino Acids
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
14
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
14
৫২২.
Hypoglycemia mostly affects which system?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Nervous
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Nervous
ব্যাখ্যা
Glucose is the only fuel used by brain.
৫২৩.
Cardiac output is decreased to lowest limit in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Cardiac shock
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Cardiac shock
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
৫২৪.
Biochemical changes occur following prolonged vomiting are-?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Hypokalemia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Hypokalemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation
৫২৫.
Neuroglia is non-excitable cell of CNS. Which of the following neuroglia is originated from Bone marrow?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Microglia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Microglia
ব্যাখ্যা
Microglia usually inactive in normal CNS. It drives from blood monocyte.
৫২৬.
Which volume remains in the lungs after a tidal volume (TV) is expired?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Functional residual capacity (FRC)
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Functional residual capacity (FRC)
ব্যাখ্যা
During normal breathing, the volume inspired and then expired is a tidal volume (TV). The volume remaining in the lungs after expiration of a TV is the functional residual capacity (FRC).
৫২৭.
Raw materials for Hb synthesis excludes:
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Fe+++
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Fe+++
৫২৮.
The Golgi complex-
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins.
ব্যাখ্যা
Golgi complex is a membrane bound organelle which helps in post translational modification of protein.
৫২৯.
Calculate colour Index when Hb 53.3, RBC 80
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
0.67
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
0.67
ব্যাখ্যা
৫৩০.
Which of the following not favour RCT
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Apo B
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Apo B
ব্যাখ্যা
Factor favour RCT
1. HDL receptors on peripheral tissue /hepatocytes
2. Apo A
3. LCAT
4. CETP
5. HL
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 221
1. HDL receptors on peripheral tissue /hepatocytes
2. Apo A
3. LCAT
4. CETP
5. HL
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 221
৫৩১.
Hypertonic Hypervolemia occur in
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Conn's Syndrome
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Conn's Syndrome
ব্যাখ্যা
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P:310
৫৩২.
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than …. grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) 5
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) 5
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than 5 grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood. A person with anemia almost never becomes cyanotic. Conversely, in a person with Polycythaemia vera frequently has cyanosis, even under otherwise normal conditions.
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than 5 grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood. A person with anemia almost never becomes cyanotic. Conversely, in a person with Polycythaemia vera frequently has cyanosis, even under otherwise normal conditions.
৫৩৩.
Stages of shock excludes
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Indefinite
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Indefinite
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
Stages of shock
• A nonprogressive stage (sometimes called the compensated stage)
• A progressive stage
• An irreversible stage
৫৩৪.
Which event occur in skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting exclusively?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Use of fatty acid
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Use of fatty acid
ব্যাখ্যা
Events occurring in skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting
➤ Decreased use of ketone body to spare it for brain.
➤ Use of fatty acid almost exclusively.
➤ Decreased protein catabolism with decreased urinary nitrogen loss.
Events occurring in brain
➤ Uptake and utilization of ketone bodies
➤ Decreased use of ketone body to spare it for brain.
➤ Use of fatty acid almost exclusively.
➤ Decreased protein catabolism with decreased urinary nitrogen loss.
Events occurring in brain
➤ Uptake and utilization of ketone bodies
৫৩৫.
The second-order auditory pathway neurons are made up
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Ventral Cochlear Nucleus
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Ventral Cochlear Nucleus
ব্যাখ্যা
The sequential steps are as follows:
1.The bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion, which are located in the cochlea’s modiolus, are the first-order neurons of the auditory pathway.
2. The second-order auditory pathway neurons are made up of neurons from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
3. Both the superior olivary nuclei and the lateral lemniscus nucleus comprise the third-order neurons.
4.The subcortical auditory centre is formed by the medial geniculate body, where the fibres of third-order neurons terminate.
5.The nerve fibres from the medial geniculate body travel as auditory radiation via the internal capsule to the temporal cortex.
6.In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus of the tectum receives some fibres from the medial geniculate body.
7.The reflex movements in response to auditory stimuli are mediated by the auditory radiation fibres.
8.The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex houses the cortical auditory centres. The perception of auditory impulses, analysis of sound pitch and intensity, and identification of sound source are all concerns of the cortical auditory centres.
1.The bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion, which are located in the cochlea’s modiolus, are the first-order neurons of the auditory pathway.
2. The second-order auditory pathway neurons are made up of neurons from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
3. Both the superior olivary nuclei and the lateral lemniscus nucleus comprise the third-order neurons.
4.The subcortical auditory centre is formed by the medial geniculate body, where the fibres of third-order neurons terminate.
5.The nerve fibres from the medial geniculate body travel as auditory radiation via the internal capsule to the temporal cortex.
6.In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus of the tectum receives some fibres from the medial geniculate body.
7.The reflex movements in response to auditory stimuli are mediated by the auditory radiation fibres.
8.The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex houses the cortical auditory centres. The perception of auditory impulses, analysis of sound pitch and intensity, and identification of sound source are all concerns of the cortical auditory centres.
৫৩৬.
Amount of plasma in blood
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
55%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
55%
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed elements (45%)
Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed elements (45%)
৫৩৭.
INR in a healthy person -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 0.9 - 1.3
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 0.9 - 1.3
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The normal range for INR in a healthy person is 0.9 to 1.3. A high INR level (e.g., 4 or 5) indicates a high risk of bleeding, whereas a low INR (e.g., 0.5) suggests that there is a chance of having a clot. Patients undergoing warfarin therapy usually have an INR of 2.0 to 3.0.
The normal range for INR in a healthy person is 0.9 to 1.3. A high INR level (e.g., 4 or 5) indicates a high risk of bleeding, whereas a low INR (e.g., 0.5) suggests that there is a chance of having a clot. Patients undergoing warfarin therapy usually have an INR of 2.0 to 3.0.
৫৩৮.
Leptin gene located on Cromosome no
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
7
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
7
ব্যাখ্যা
Leptin:
Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning "thin") is derived from the lep gene, located on chromosome 7, which transcribes a 167 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 16 kilodalton (kD).
Leptin, the protein hormone, was first discovered in 1994. It is produced by fat cells-adipocytes, and it signals the brain to tell you when to stop eating.
When leptin is released, it is secreted into the blood, whereby it travels to a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. There then begins a cascade of events that is meant to reduce food intake.
Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning "thin") is derived from the lep gene, located on chromosome 7, which transcribes a 167 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 16 kilodalton (kD).
Leptin, the protein hormone, was first discovered in 1994. It is produced by fat cells-adipocytes, and it signals the brain to tell you when to stop eating.
When leptin is released, it is secreted into the blood, whereby it travels to a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. There then begins a cascade of events that is meant to reduce food intake.
৫৩৯.
Tall peaked P wave indicates hypertrophy of
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Right atrium
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Right atrium
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
'P' wave may become tall peaked or broad and bifid (notched)
Tall, peaked: right atrial hypertrophy
Bifid broad: left atrial hypertrophy
৫৪০.
During strenous exercise which of the following increases ordinarily
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Pulmonary Ventilation
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Pulmonary Ventilation
ব্যাখ্যা
During strenuous exercise, O2 consumption and CO2 formation can increase as much as 20-fold.
Yet, in the healthy athlete, alveolar ventilation ordinarily increases almost exactly in step with the increased level of oxygen metabolism.
The arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH remain almost exactly normal. In trying to analyze what causes the increased ven-
Yet, in the healthy athlete, alveolar ventilation ordinarily increases almost exactly in step with the increased level of oxygen metabolism.
The arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH remain almost exactly normal. In trying to analyze what causes the increased ven-
৫৪১.
In Lead poisoining which enzyme is afffected
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ALA dehydratase
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ALA dehydratase
৫৪২.
A-a gradient normal in
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
High Altitude
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
High Altitude
৫৪৩.
ICF contains large amount of all of the following except
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Chloride
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Chloride
৫৪৪.
Which of the following factor inhibits GH secretion?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Somatomedins
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Somatomedins
৫৪৫.
Cell membrane is semipermeable because of having
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Protein
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Protein
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The cell and the intracellular organelles are surrounded by semipermeable membranes. Biological membranes have a lipid bilayer core that is populated by structural and functional proteins. These proteins contribute greatly to the semipermeable properties of biological membrane.
The cell and the intracellular organelles are surrounded by semipermeable membranes. Biological membranes have a lipid bilayer core that is populated by structural and functional proteins. These proteins contribute greatly to the semipermeable properties of biological membrane.
৫৪৬.
Catecholamines are derived from
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Medulla
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Medulla
৫৪৭.
Local factors produce vasoconstriction-
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Decreased local temperature
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Decreased local temperature
ব্যাখ্যা
[Ganong 24th p-588]
৫৪৮.
The normal dead space air in a young man is about ... ml
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 150
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 150
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Guyton 14th; P- 498
৫৪৯.
Which of the bond doesnt hold Ag-Ab together
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hydrophilic Bond
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hydrophilic Bond
ব্যাখ্যা
When the antibody is highly specific, there are so many bonding sites that the antibody-antigen coupling is exceedingly strong,
held together by (1) hydrophobic bonding; (2) hydrogen bonding; (3) ionic attractions; and (4) Van der Waals forces.
It also obeys the thermodynamic mass action law
held together by (1) hydrophobic bonding; (2) hydrogen bonding; (3) ionic attractions; and (4) Van der Waals forces.
It also obeys the thermodynamic mass action law
৫৫০.
Airway resistance
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) is increased following bronchial smooth muscle contraction.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) is increased following bronchial smooth muscle contraction.
ব্যাখ্যা
Contraction of the smooth muscle that lines the bronchial airways will increase airway resistance and make breathing more difficult.
৫৫১.
Laboratory findings in Cushing's syndrome
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Dexamethasone suppression test (DST)-failure of plasma cortisol reduction following DST suggests Cushing's syndrome.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Dexamethasone suppression test (DST)-failure of plasma cortisol reduction following DST suggests Cushing's syndrome.
ব্যাখ্যা
Laboratory findings in Cushing's syndrome:
1. Urinary free cortisol excretion increases (normal < 100ug/day).
2. Plasma cortisol increases (normal 10ug/dl, average).
3. Dexamethasone suppression test (DST).
Here synthetic steroid (dexamethasone) is given which is expected to reduce ACTH and cortisol secretion by negative feedback. Normally plasma cortisol decreases, but failure of plasma cortisol reduction following DST suggests Cushing's syndrome.
4. Plasma ACTH (normal = 9.52 pg/L)
Moderately increaed in Cushing's disease, markedly increased in ectopic ACTH and very low or undetectable in adrenal tumor.
1. Urinary free cortisol excretion increases (normal < 100ug/day).
2. Plasma cortisol increases (normal 10ug/dl, average).
3. Dexamethasone suppression test (DST).
Here synthetic steroid (dexamethasone) is given which is expected to reduce ACTH and cortisol secretion by negative feedback. Normally plasma cortisol decreases, but failure of plasma cortisol reduction following DST suggests Cushing's syndrome.
4. Plasma ACTH (normal = 9.52 pg/L)
Moderately increaed in Cushing's disease, markedly increased in ectopic ACTH and very low or undetectable in adrenal tumor.
৫৫২.
Site of samboxa obesity is not seen
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
extremities
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
extremities
৫৫৩.
Key reaction of coagulation in both pathway is
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Activation of Factor X
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Activation of Factor X
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Activation of Factor X is pivotal in both pathways.
Activation of Factor X is pivotal in both pathways.
৫৫৪.
Following Which is a Bipolar Neuron-?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vestibular Ganglia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vestibular Ganglia
ব্যাখ্যা
Examples of Bipolar neuron are-
-Olfactory cells
-Bipolar cells of retina
-Vestibular ganglia
-Hair cells of cochlea
৫৫৫.
Lipophilic hormone
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Thyroid hormone
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Thyroid hormone
ব্যাখ্যা
Steroid & thyroid hormones arr lipophilic
৫৫৬.
Compensatory changes in hemorrhage include-
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Increase adrenal medullary secretions
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Increase adrenal medullary secretions
ব্যাখ্যা
Compensatory reactions activated by hemorrhage-
-Vasoconstriction
- Tachycardia
-Venoconstriction
-increase secretion of Catecholamines, vasopressin, EPO, Renin, Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone
-Tachypnoea
-Restlessness
৫৫৭.
Which of the following functions of the Sertoli cells mediates negative feedback control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Synthesis of inhibin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Synthesis of inhibin
ব্যাখ্যা
Inhibin is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testes when they are stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Inhibin then inhibits further secretion of FSH by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary. The Leydig cells synthesize testosterone. Testosterone is aromatized in the ovaries.
৫৫৮.
ANP has ____________ no of subtype
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
3
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
3
৫৫৯.
Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Decreased blood volume
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Decreased blood volume
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation-
★ Decreased blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin (because of decreased renal perfusion pressure) and initiates the renin–angiotensinaldosterone cascade. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the cascade by decreasing the production of angiotensin II. Hyperosmolarity stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [not aldosterone] secretion. Hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia, directly stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-348/T-20.6 & BRS physiology/6th/P-244
★ Decreased blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin (because of decreased renal perfusion pressure) and initiates the renin–angiotensinaldosterone cascade. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the cascade by decreasing the production of angiotensin II. Hyperosmolarity stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [not aldosterone] secretion. Hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia, directly stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-348/T-20.6 & BRS physiology/6th/P-244
৫৬০.
GH causes following ion retention
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Na
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Na
৫৬১.
Substances that freely filtered but not reabsorbed by the kidney -
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Inulin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Inulin
ব্যাখ্যা
That is why inulin clearance is used for measurement of GFR.
৫৬২.
Genotype for AB blood group
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) AB
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) AB
৫৬৩.
Structural and functional unit of nervous system
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Neuron
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Neuron
ব্যাখ্যা
Please Don’t Ask for Explanation! Hahaa
৫৬৪.
What is serum?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Plasma from which fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Plasma from which fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed.
ব্যাখ্যা
If whole blood is allowed to clot and the clot is removed the remaining fluid is called serum.
৫৬৫.
Presence of positive benedict's test indicate that there might be a problem in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) PCT
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) PCT
ব্যাখ্যা
Benedict test is used to detect glucose which is reabsorbed in PCT.
৫৬৬.
Increased vagal tone tends to increase
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Secretion of HCl
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Secretion of HCl
ব্যাখ্যা
Effects of increased vagal tone
On CVS -
-Negative inotropism
-Negative chronotropism
-Decreases excitability
-Decreases conductivity
On GIT-
-increased secretion of GIT
-increased motility of GIT
৫৬৭.
Gene is a part of
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) DNA
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) DNA
৫৬৮.
Which hormone has receptor on nucleus?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Thyroid
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Thyroid
৫৬৯.
What is the way of message transmission in paracrine & autocrine communication?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
By diffusion in interstitial fluid
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
By diffusion in interstitial fluid
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Ganong 26th; Figure-2.21
৫৭০.
Which is not a characteristics of ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
monosynaptic pathway
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
monosynaptic pathway
ব্যাখ্যা
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
The ascending arousal system is a complex polysynaptic pathway comprised of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons that project to the intralaminar and reticular nuclei of the thalamus which, in turn, project diffusely to wide regions of the cortex including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices (Figure 14-3). Collaterals funnel into it not only from the long
The ascending arousal system is a complex polysynaptic pathway comprised of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons that project to the intralaminar and reticular nuclei of the thalamus which, in turn, project diffusely to wide regions of the cortex including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices (Figure 14-3). Collaterals funnel into it not only from the long
৫৭১.
Renin is secreted from
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Juxtaglomerular cell
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Juxtaglomerular cell
ব্যাখ্যা
JG cells secrets renin.
৫৭২.
Tidal volume is
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lungs with each respiration.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lungs with each respiration.
৫৭৩.
There are ______ type of Retinal bipolar cell
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
2
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
2
ব্যাখ্যা
There are two types of bipolar cells:
a) OFF-center bipolar cells and
b) ON-center bipolar cells.
These cells respond in opposite ways to the glutamate released by the photoreceptors because they express different types of glutamate receptors. Like photoreceptors, the bipolar cells do not fire action potential and only respond with graded postsynaptic potentials
a) OFF-center bipolar cells and
b) ON-center bipolar cells.
These cells respond in opposite ways to the glutamate released by the photoreceptors because they express different types of glutamate receptors. Like photoreceptors, the bipolar cells do not fire action potential and only respond with graded postsynaptic potentials
৫৭৪.
The duration of Action potential of Skeletal muscle is............
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
1 to 5 milisec
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
1 to 5 milisec
ব্যাখ্যা
1. The resting membrane potential is about -80 to -90 millivolts in skeletal fibers, about 10 to 20 millivolts more negative than in neurons.
2. The duration of the action potential is 1 to 5 milliseconds in skeletal muscle, about five times as long as in large myelinated nerves.
3. The velocity of conduction is 3 to 5 m/sec, about 1/13 the velocity of conduction in the large myelinated nerve fibers that excite skeletal muscle.
2. The duration of the action potential is 1 to 5 milliseconds in skeletal muscle, about five times as long as in large myelinated nerves.
3. The velocity of conduction is 3 to 5 m/sec, about 1/13 the velocity of conduction in the large myelinated nerve fibers that excite skeletal muscle.
৫৭৫.
Which drug can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Propofol
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Propofol
ব্যাখ্যা
Variations in the Alpha Rhythm
In humans, the frequency of the dominant EEG rhythm at rest varies with age. In infants, there is fast, beta-like activity, but the occipital rhythm is a slow 0.5-2-Hz pattern. During childhood this latter rhythm speeds up, and the adult alpha pattern gradually appears during adolescence. The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by low blood glucose levels, low body temperature, low levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, and high arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). It is increased by the reverse conditions. Forced over-breathing to lower the PaCO2 is sometimes used clinically to bring out latent EEG abnormalities. The frequency and magnitude of the alpha rhythm is also decreased by metabolic and toxic encephalopathies including those due to hyponatremia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The frequency of the alpha rhythm is reduced during acute intoxication with alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, phenytoin, and antipsychotics.
Propofol, a hypnotic/sedative drug, can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
In humans, the frequency of the dominant EEG rhythm at rest varies with age. In infants, there is fast, beta-like activity, but the occipital rhythm is a slow 0.5-2-Hz pattern. During childhood this latter rhythm speeds up, and the adult alpha pattern gradually appears during adolescence. The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by low blood glucose levels, low body temperature, low levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, and high arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). It is increased by the reverse conditions. Forced over-breathing to lower the PaCO2 is sometimes used clinically to bring out latent EEG abnormalities. The frequency and magnitude of the alpha rhythm is also decreased by metabolic and toxic encephalopathies including those due to hyponatremia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The frequency of the alpha rhythm is reduced during acute intoxication with alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, phenytoin, and antipsychotics.
Propofol, a hypnotic/sedative drug, can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
৫৭৬.
Which of the following activities describes an isotonic muscle contraction?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Answers ক and খ
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Answers ক and খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Isotonic Contractions
Isotonic contractions maintain constant tension in the muscle as the muscle changes length. This can occur only when a muscle’s maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle. Isotonic muscle contractions can be either concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens).
Isometric Contractions
In contrast to isotonic contractions, isometric contractions generate force without changing the length of the muscle . This is typical of muscles found in the hands and forearm: the muscles do not change length, and joints are not moved, so force for grip is sufficient. An example is when the muscles of the hand and forearm grip an object; the joints of the hand do not move, but muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped.
Isotonic contractions maintain constant tension in the muscle as the muscle changes length. This can occur only when a muscle’s maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle. Isotonic muscle contractions can be either concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens).
Isometric Contractions
In contrast to isotonic contractions, isometric contractions generate force without changing the length of the muscle . This is typical of muscles found in the hands and forearm: the muscles do not change length, and joints are not moved, so force for grip is sufficient. An example is when the muscles of the hand and forearm grip an object; the joints of the hand do not move, but muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped.
৫৭৭.
HCL is secreted from-
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Oxyntic cell
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Oxyntic cell
ব্যাখ্যা
HCl is secreted from parietal/oxyntic cell of stomach.
৫৭৮.
Narcolepsy associate gene is loacated in chromosome
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
6
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
6
৫৭৯.
Inability to recognize or detect any odor
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Anosmia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Anosmia
৫৮০.
Functions of neocerebellum excludes
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Receiving impulses from visual centers
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Receiving impulses from visual centers
৫৮১.
Which one is neuroendocrine structure?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hypothalamus
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Hypothalamus
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypothalamus contains neurosecretory cells.
৫৮২.
Cause of PHP
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Parathyroid carcinoma.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Parathyroid carcinoma.
ব্যাখ্যা
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP)
Definition: It is the hypercalcemic disorder due to excessive secretion of PTH.
Causes:
1. Parathyroid adenoma (80 %).
2. Primary hyperplasia of parathyroid gland (15 %). 3.Parathyroid carcinoma.
Definition: It is the hypercalcemic disorder due to excessive secretion of PTH.
Causes:
1. Parathyroid adenoma (80 %).
2. Primary hyperplasia of parathyroid gland (15 %). 3.Parathyroid carcinoma.
৫৮৩.
Intrinsic coagulation pathway starts with
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Activation of factor XII
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Activation of factor XII
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref: Guyton 14th; P-482
৫৮৪.
Which of the following nucleus is responsible for synthesis of GABA
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Nucleus accumbens
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Nucleus accumbens
৫৮৫.
Which organ receives most percentage of cardiac output from all of the following?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Kidney
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Kidney
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
৫৮৬.
Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are high
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone are high
ব্যাখ্যা
Although the high circulating levels of estrogen stimulate prolactin secretion during pregnancy, the action of prolactin on the breast is inhibited by progesterone and estrogen. After parturition, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease dramatically. Prolactin can then interact with its receptors in the breast, and lactation proceeds if initiated by suckling.
৫৮৭.
The largest neurons in the CNS is
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Purkinje
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Purkinje
৫৮৮.
Thyroid hormone excess results in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Graves’ disease
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Graves’ disease
৫৮৯.
Internal environment
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) ECF
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) ECF
৫৯০.
Which hormone has receptor on cytoplasm?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Steroid hormone
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Steroid hormone
৫৯১.
Serum is plasma devoid of
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Fibrinogen
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Fibrinogen
৫৯২.
Absorption of amino acid is slower in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Ileum
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Ileum
ব্যাখ্যা
Absorption of amino acids is faster in duodenum and jejunum and slower in ileum.
৫৯৩.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans in REM sleep show decreased activity in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
parietal cortex
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
parietal cortex
ব্যাখ্যা
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans in REM sleep show increased activity in the pontine area, amygdala, and anterior cingulate gyrus, but decreased activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. Activity in visual association areas is increased, but activity is decreased in the primary visual cortex. This is consistent with increased emotion and operation of a closed neural system cut off from the areas that relate brain activity to the external world.
৫৯৪.
D cell f islets of Langerhans secrete
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Somatostatin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Somatostatin
ব্যাখ্যা
Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
• A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
• B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
• D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
• F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
৫৯৫.
Im absence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is reabsorbed in the-?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) PCT
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) PCT
ব্যাখ্যা
Aquaporin-1 is localized to both the basolateral and apical membrane of the proximal tubules and its presence allows water to move rapidly out of the tubule along the osmotic gradients set up by active transport of solutes, and isotonicity is maintained. 60-70% of filtered water is reabsorbed in PCT.
৫৯৬.
Amino acid required for thyroid hormone synthesis
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Tyrosine
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Tyrosine
৫৯৭.
Find the odd out about Heparin
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
In order to maintain its antithrombotic effect throughout the duration of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), heparin must be rebolused or continually infused because of its long half-life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
In order to maintain its antithrombotic effect throughout the duration of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), heparin must be rebolused or continually infused because of its long half-life.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan with the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. It is a naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils that plays an important role in vivo in the fine balance of anticoagulant and procoagulant processes. Although it does not break down preformed clots like tissue plasminogen activator, it instead potentiates the progression of the body’s natural clot lysis mechanisms to prevent the formation of clots.
• Heparin is administered parenterally because it is not absorbed in the gut due to its high negative charge and size; intramuscular injections are avoided because of the risk of developing hematomas. Subcutaneous administration is predominantly given for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. In order to maintain its antithrombotic effect throughout the duration of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), heparin must be rebolused or continually infused because of its short half-life.
• Heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulant in the world administered to minimize thrombotic complications during PCI; its onset of action is immediate after intravenous administration. In addition to avoiding thrombotic complications, anticoagulation strategies must be designed to avoid major bleeding complications, as they are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost.
• The combination of heparin and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors has a potent anti-ischemic effect, but also has an increased risk of serious bleeding complications that must be balanced carefully. Although randomized trials have demonstrated the reduction of ischemic events with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients who undergo PCI for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, bleeding complications are also increased.
• Heparin is administered parenterally because it is not absorbed in the gut due to its high negative charge and size; intramuscular injections are avoided because of the risk of developing hematomas. Subcutaneous administration is predominantly given for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. In order to maintain its antithrombotic effect throughout the duration of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), heparin must be rebolused or continually infused because of its short half-life.
• Heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulant in the world administered to minimize thrombotic complications during PCI; its onset of action is immediate after intravenous administration. In addition to avoiding thrombotic complications, anticoagulation strategies must be designed to avoid major bleeding complications, as they are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost.
• The combination of heparin and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors has a potent anti-ischemic effect, but also has an increased risk of serious bleeding complications that must be balanced carefully. Although randomized trials have demonstrated the reduction of ischemic events with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients who undergo PCI for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, bleeding complications are also increased.
৫৯৮.
Which of the following sign is found in subacute combined degeneration of Spinal Cord
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ক+খ+গ
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ক+খ+গ
৫৯৯.
Pulmonary circulation
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 9%
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) 9%
৬০০.
Diffusion of gas through respiratory membrane is inversly proportional to
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
MW
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
MW
ব্যাখ্যা
Guyton 13 th page 522