১.
Type of necrosis in abscess-
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 43]
PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন
Cell Injury & Adaptation
Cell Injury & Adaptation
PrepBank · পাতা ১ / ১ · ১–৬৬ / ৬৬
২.
Coagulative necrosis -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for a span of at least some days .
The affected tissue has a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and so blocks the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, intensely eosinophilic cells with indistinct or reddish nuclei may persist for days or weeks.
Ultimately, the necrotic cells are broken down by the action of lysosomal enzymes derived from infiltrating leukocytes, which also remove the debris of the dead cells by phagocytosis. Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to coagulative necrosis of the supplied tissue in all organs except the brain (see next paragraph for explanation).
A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.
Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for a span of at least some days .
The affected tissue has a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and so blocks the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, intensely eosinophilic cells with indistinct or reddish nuclei may persist for days or weeks.
Ultimately, the necrotic cells are broken down by the action of lysosomal enzymes derived from infiltrating leukocytes, which also remove the debris of the dead cells by phagocytosis. Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to coagulative necrosis of the supplied tissue in all organs except the brain (see next paragraph for explanation).
A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.
৩.
Endogenous pigment that accumulates inside the cell is
ব্যাখ্যা
Endogenous pigment that accumulates inside the cell is lipofuscin
৪.
Features of irreversible cell injury-
ব্যাখ্যা
Cellular swelling, Loss of microvilli, ER swelling, Clumping of nuclear chromatin example of reversible injury.
৫.
In apoptosis
৬.
Hypoxic cell injury leads to -
৭.
An increase in their number of cells
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 35]
৮.
Cell number is increased in
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus.
• Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.
• Physiological hyperplasia occurs in – breast during puberty, liver after hepatectomy
• Pathological hyperplasia occurs in – BPH, wart & endometrial tumour
৯.
Cause of metastatic calcification?
১০.
Atrophy occurs when-
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 33]
১১.
Which one is age related atrophy?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Physiologic atrophy is common during normal development. Some embryonic structures, such as the notochord and thyroglossal duct, undergo atrophy during fetal development. The decrease in the size of the uterus that occurs shortly after parturition is another form of physiologic atrophy.
• Pathologic atrophy occurs due to – disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, pressure atrophy, senile atrophy, nutritional deficiency atrophy
১২.
Abundant tissue stem cells are required in
১৩.
Pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program -
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 52]
১৪.
Characteristics of apoptosis excludes
১৫.
Enzymatic fat necrosis occurs in
ব্যাখ্যা
Enzymatic fat necrosis occurs in pancreas
১৬.
Generalized atrophy occurs in
ব্যাখ্যা
Generalized atrophy occurs in senile atrophy
১৭.
Ischemic necrosis of brain indicates which type of necrosis?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Coagulative: ischemic necrosis of heart, kidney, liver, adrenal gland & other solid organs; gumma of tertiary syphilis
• Liquefactive: boil, abscess & ischemic necrosis of brain
• Caseous: Granuloma of TB
• Fat: Enzymatic-pancreas, Traumatic- breast
• Fibrinioid: in collagen disease
১৮.
Liquefactive necrosis is seen in -
ব্যাখ্যা
Liquefactive necrosis is seen in abscess
১৯.
Site of avuscular necrosis -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Avuscular necrosis seen in :
Head of femur
Talas
Scaphoid
Radiation therapy
Sickle cell crisis
Trauma
Tumor
Avuscular necrosis seen in :
Head of femur
Talas
Scaphoid
Radiation therapy
Sickle cell crisis
Trauma
Tumor
২০.
Cellular aging results from
ব্যাখ্যা
Cellular aging results from telomere shortening
২১.
Fatty change of the liver occurs in all of the following except -
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref:Robbins/9th/p-62
২২.
Chronic non lethal irritation results in
২৩.
Metastatic calcification occurs in -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation -
Metastatic calcification :
Metastatic calcification may occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia also accentuates dystrophic calcification. There are four principal causes of hypercalcemia: (1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with subsequent bone resorption, as in hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid tumors, and ectopic secretion of PTH-related protein by malignant tumors (2) resorption of bone tissue, secondary to primary tumors of bone marrow (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia) or diffuse skeletal metastasis (e.g., breast cancer), accelerated bone turnover (e.g., Paget disease), or immobilization; (3) vitamin D–related disorders, including vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis (in which macrophages activate a vitamin D precursor), and idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy (Williams syndrome), characterized by abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D; and (4) renal failure, which causes retention of phosphate, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Less common causes include aluminum intoxication, which occurs in patients on chronic renal dialysis, and milk-alkali syndrome, which is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate.
Metastatic calcification :
Metastatic calcification may occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia also accentuates dystrophic calcification. There are four principal causes of hypercalcemia: (1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with subsequent bone resorption, as in hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid tumors, and ectopic secretion of PTH-related protein by malignant tumors (2) resorption of bone tissue, secondary to primary tumors of bone marrow (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia) or diffuse skeletal metastasis (e.g., breast cancer), accelerated bone turnover (e.g., Paget disease), or immobilization; (3) vitamin D–related disorders, including vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis (in which macrophages activate a vitamin D precursor), and idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy (Williams syndrome), characterized by abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D; and (4) renal failure, which causes retention of phosphate, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Less common causes include aluminum intoxication, which occurs in patients on chronic renal dialysis, and milk-alkali syndrome, which is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate.
২৪.
Myocardial infraction is an example of -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis :
Occurs in solid organ except brain
Example - Infract of heart ( MI),Kidney,Spleen,Gumma of tertiary syphilis.
Coagulative necrosis :
Occurs in solid organ except brain
Example - Infract of heart ( MI),Kidney,Spleen,Gumma of tertiary syphilis.
২৫.
Cellular swelling results from all of the following except
২৬.
Free radical causes cell damage except -
২৭.
Feature of irreversible cell injury -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Features of irreversible cell injury -
Membrane injury
Intracellular release and activation of lysosomal enzyme
Increase calcium influx
Decreased basophilia
Phagocytosis.
Features of irreversible cell injury -
Membrane injury
Intracellular release and activation of lysosomal enzyme
Increase calcium influx
Decreased basophilia
Phagocytosis.
২৮.
Which one is decreased in atrophy
ব্যাখ্যা
• Atrophy is defined as a reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
• Atrophy results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells. Protein synthesis decreases because of reduced metabolic activity. The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
২৯.
Hydroxyl radical is inactivated by
৩০.
Most common site of fatty change is
ব্যাখ্যা
Most common site of fatty change is liver
৩১.
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
Mostly breast
Then- salivary gland
Pancreas
Neonates after delivery.
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
Mostly breast
Then- salivary gland
Pancreas
Neonates after delivery.
৩২.
Not true about necrosis
৩৩.
Ultrastructural change in reversible cell injury -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury, visible by
electron microscopy, include the following:
1. Plasma membrane alterations, such as blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli
2. Mitochondrial changes, including swelling and the appearance of small amorphous densities
3. Accumulation of “myelin figures” in the cytosol composed of phospholipids derived from damaged cellular membranes
4. Dilation of the ER, with detachment of polysomes 5. Nuclear alterations, with disaggregation of granular and fibrilar elements.
The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury, visible by
electron microscopy, include the following:
1. Plasma membrane alterations, such as blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli
2. Mitochondrial changes, including swelling and the appearance of small amorphous densities
3. Accumulation of “myelin figures” in the cytosol composed of phospholipids derived from damaged cellular membranes
4. Dilation of the ER, with detachment of polysomes 5. Nuclear alterations, with disaggregation of granular and fibrilar elements.
৩৪.
Hypertrophy usually occurs in
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypertrophy usually occurs in non-dividing cell
৩৫.
Ischemia reperfusion injury causes cell injury by -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Ischemia reperfusion injury causes cell injury by :
Reactive oxygen species
IgM complement
Intracellular calcium deposition
Cytokine
Ischemia reperfusion injury causes cell injury by :
Reactive oxygen species
IgM complement
Intracellular calcium deposition
Cytokine
৩৬.
Dystrophic calcification occurs in
ব্যাখ্যা
Dystrophic calcification occurs in tuberculous lymphnode
৩৭.
superoxide is inactivated by
৩৮.
Which free radical acts close to the site of production?
৩৯.
Causes of physiological giant cell except -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Physiological giant cell -
Osteoclast
Megakaryocytes
Syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
Pathological giant cell-
Anaplastic tumors
Hodgkin's disease
Choriocarcinoma
Poorly differentiated astrocytoma
Primary billiary cirrhosis
Giant cell of herpes simplex virus
Physiological giant cell -
Osteoclast
Megakaryocytes
Syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
Pathological giant cell-
Anaplastic tumors
Hodgkin's disease
Choriocarcinoma
Poorly differentiated astrocytoma
Primary billiary cirrhosis
Giant cell of herpes simplex virus
৪০.
Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in
ব্যাখ্যা
Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in SLE
৪১.
Autophagy is related to
৪২.
Cell number is increased in
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus.
• Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.
• Physiological hyperplasia occurs in – breast during puberty, liver after hepatectomy
• Pathological hyperplasia occurs in – BPH, wart & endometrial tumour
৪৩.
Necroptosis false statement -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation -
Necroptosis -is a hybrid that shares aspects of both necrosis and apoptosis. Morphologically, and to some extent biochemically, it resembles necrosis, as both are characterized by loss of ATP, swelling of the cell and organelles, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), release of lysosomal enzymes, and ultimately rupture of the plasma membrane.
Mechanistically, it is triggered by signal transduction pathways that culminate in cell death, a feature similar to apoptosis. Because of these overlapping features, necroptosis is sometimes called programmed necrosis to distinguish it from forms of necrosis driven passively by toxic or ischemic injury to the cell.
Can occur both physiology and pathological condition.
Necroptosis -is a hybrid that shares aspects of both necrosis and apoptosis. Morphologically, and to some extent biochemically, it resembles necrosis, as both are characterized by loss of ATP, swelling of the cell and organelles, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), release of lysosomal enzymes, and ultimately rupture of the plasma membrane.
Mechanistically, it is triggered by signal transduction pathways that culminate in cell death, a feature similar to apoptosis. Because of these overlapping features, necroptosis is sometimes called programmed necrosis to distinguish it from forms of necrosis driven passively by toxic or ischemic injury to the cell.
Can occur both physiology and pathological condition.
৪৪.
Morphologic alterations in reversible cell injury excludes
৪৫.
Source of free radicals -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation -
• The reduction-oxidation reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes.
• Absorption of radiant energy (e.g., ultraviolet light, x-rays).
• Rapid bursts of ROS are produced in activated leukocytes during inflammation.
•. Defects in leukocytic
superoxide production lead to chronic granulomatous disease.
• Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs can generate free radicals
• Transition metals such as iron and copper donate or accept free electrons during intracellular reactions and catalyze free radical formation
• The reduction-oxidation reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes.
• Absorption of radiant energy (e.g., ultraviolet light, x-rays).
• Rapid bursts of ROS are produced in activated leukocytes during inflammation.
•. Defects in leukocytic
superoxide production lead to chronic granulomatous disease.
• Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs can generate free radicals
• Transition metals such as iron and copper donate or accept free electrons during intracellular reactions and catalyze free radical formation
৪৬.
Cause of physiologic apoptosis -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
The removal of supernumerary cells (in excess of the required number) during development.
• Involution of hormone-dependent tissues on hormone withdrawal, such as endometrial cell breakdown during the menstrual cycle, ovarian follicular atresia in menopause, and regression of the lactating breast after weaning.
• Cell turnover in proliferating cell populations, such as immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus, B lymphocytes in germinal centers that fail to express useful antigen receptors and epithelial cells in intestinal crypts, to maintain a constant cell number (homeostasis).
• Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues.
• Death of host cells that have served their useful purpose, such as neutrophils in an acute inflammatory response, and lymphocytes at the end of an immune response.
The removal of supernumerary cells (in excess of the required number) during development.
• Involution of hormone-dependent tissues on hormone withdrawal, such as endometrial cell breakdown during the menstrual cycle, ovarian follicular atresia in menopause, and regression of the lactating breast after weaning.
• Cell turnover in proliferating cell populations, such as immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus, B lymphocytes in germinal centers that fail to express useful antigen receptors and epithelial cells in intestinal crypts, to maintain a constant cell number (homeostasis).
• Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues.
• Death of host cells that have served their useful purpose, such as neutrophils in an acute inflammatory response, and lymphocytes at the end of an immune response.
৪৭.
Normal cellular constituent that accumulates inside the cell is
ব্যাখ্যা
Normal cellular constituent that accumulates inside the cell is lipid, others are abnormal.
৪৮.
Accumulation of cholesterol occurs in
ব্যাখ্যা
Accumulation of cholesterol occurs in xanthoma
৪৯.
Cholesterol deposition occurs in
৫০.
Apoptosis is
ব্যাখ্যা
Apoptosis is Programmed cell death
৫১.
Which resembles necrosis morphologically & apoptosis mechanistically?
৫২.
Connective tissue metaplasia occurs in
ব্যাখ্যা
Connective tissue metaplasia occurs in myositis ossificans
৫৩.
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis is
ব্যাখ্যা
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis is chromatin condensation
৫৪.
Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substance is called
ব্যাখ্যা
Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substance is called atrophy
৫৫.
Which one is double edged sword?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type.
• Epithelial metaplasia is a double-edged sword
• It’s of 2 types. Epithelial & connective tissue metaplasia
• The most common epithelial metaplasia is columnar to squamous as occurs in the respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation.
৫৬.
Disuse atrophy is seen in -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Decreased workload or disuse atrophy is seen in skeletal muscle in a patient with restricted to bed rest,or when immobilised in plaster cast.
Decreased workload or disuse atrophy is seen in skeletal muscle in a patient with restricted to bed rest,or when immobilised in plaster cast.
৫৭.
Hypertrophy of an organ-
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref. Robbins 9th p-34
৫৮.
The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells that result in an increase in the size of the affected organ.
• The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells.
• The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is increased workload.
• Hypertrophy is the result of increased production of cellular proteins.
৫৯.
Enzyme not involve in removal of free radical
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 48]
৬০.
Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia simultaneously occurs in following organ except-
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia simultaneously occurs in five organs; Thyroid, Breast, Kidney, Uterus Prostate
৬১.
Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type may also occur in
ব্যাখ্যা
• Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type may also occur, as in Barrett oesophagus
• Connective tissue metaplasia is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adipose tissue (mesenchymal tissues) in tissues that normally do not contain these elements
৬২.
Free radical activity is checked by
ব্যাখ্যা
Free radical activity is checked by catalase
৬৩.
Morphologic feature of apoptosis -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Morphology of apoptotic cell -
Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic body
Phagocytosis
Morphology of apoptotic cell -
Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic body
Phagocytosis
৬৪.
Necroptosis occurs in-
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 59]
৬৫.
Which of the following types of necrosis is most characteristic of abscess formation?
ব্যাখ্যা
Liquefactive necrosis occure in Pyogenic bacterial infection, brain hypoxia.
৬৬.
Reactive oxygen species is a mediator of