১.
Type of necrosis in abscess-
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Liquefactive necrosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Liquefactive necrosis
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 43]
PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন
Cell Injury & Adaptation
Cell Injury & Adaptation
PrepBank · পাতা ১ / ১ · ১–৬৬ / ৬৬
খ
২.
Coagulative necrosis -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Hypoxic death of solid tissues
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Hypoxic death of solid tissues
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for a span of at least some days .
The affected tissue has a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and so blocks the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, intensely eosinophilic cells with indistinct or reddish nuclei may persist for days or weeks.
Ultimately, the necrotic cells are broken down by the action of lysosomal enzymes derived from infiltrating leukocytes, which also remove the debris of the dead cells by phagocytosis. Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to coagulative necrosis of the supplied tissue in all organs except the brain (see next paragraph for explanation).
A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.
Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for a span of at least some days .
The affected tissue has a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and so blocks the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, intensely eosinophilic cells with indistinct or reddish nuclei may persist for days or weeks.
Ultimately, the necrotic cells are broken down by the action of lysosomal enzymes derived from infiltrating leukocytes, which also remove the debris of the dead cells by phagocytosis. Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to coagulative necrosis of the supplied tissue in all organs except the brain (see next paragraph for explanation).
A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.
৩.
Endogenous pigment that accumulates inside the cell is
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Lipofuscin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Lipofuscin
ব্যাখ্যা
Endogenous pigment that accumulates inside the cell is lipofuscin
৪.
Features of irreversible cell injury-
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Lysosomal swelling
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Lysosomal swelling
ব্যাখ্যা
Cellular swelling, Loss of microvilli, ER swelling, Clumping of nuclear chromatin example of reversible injury.
৫.
In apoptosis
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Intact cellular content
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Intact cellular content
৬.
Hypoxic cell injury leads to -
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Chromatin clumping
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Chromatin clumping
৭.
An increase in their number of cells
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Hyperplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Hyperplasia
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 35]
৮.
Cell number is increased in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Hyperplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Hyperplasia
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus.
• Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.
• Physiological hyperplasia occurs in – breast during puberty, liver after hepatectomy
• Pathological hyperplasia occurs in – BPH, wart & endometrial tumour
৯.
Cause of metastatic calcification?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Milk alkali syndrome
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Milk alkali syndrome
১০.
Atrophy occurs when-
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Decreased nutrients, Decreased stimulation
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Decreased nutrients, Decreased stimulation
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 33]
১১.
Which one is age related atrophy?
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Senile
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Senile
ব্যাখ্যা
• Physiologic atrophy is common during normal development. Some embryonic structures, such as the notochord and thyroglossal duct, undergo atrophy during fetal development. The decrease in the size of the uterus that occurs shortly after parturition is another form of physiologic atrophy.
• Pathologic atrophy occurs due to – disuse atrophy, denervation atrophy, pressure atrophy, senile atrophy, nutritional deficiency atrophy
১২.
Abundant tissue stem cells are required in
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Hyperplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Hyperplasia
১৩.
Pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide program -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Apoptosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Apoptosis
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 52]
১৪.
Characteristics of apoptosis excludes
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Enzymatic degradation of RNA
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Enzymatic degradation of RNA
১৫.
Enzymatic fat necrosis occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Pancreas
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Pancreas
ব্যাখ্যা
Enzymatic fat necrosis occurs in pancreas
১৬.
Generalized atrophy occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Senile atrophy
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Senile atrophy
ব্যাখ্যা
Generalized atrophy occurs in senile atrophy
১৭.
Ischemic necrosis of brain indicates which type of necrosis?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Liquefactive
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Liquefactive
ব্যাখ্যা
• Coagulative: ischemic necrosis of heart, kidney, liver, adrenal gland & other solid organs; gumma of tertiary syphilis
• Liquefactive: boil, abscess & ischemic necrosis of brain
• Caseous: Granuloma of TB
• Fat: Enzymatic-pancreas, Traumatic- breast
• Fibrinioid: in collagen disease
১৮.
Liquefactive necrosis is seen in -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Abscess
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Abscess
ব্যাখ্যা
Liquefactive necrosis is seen in abscess
১৯.
Site of avuscular necrosis -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Scaphoid bone
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Scaphoid bone
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Avuscular necrosis seen in :
Head of femur
Talas
Scaphoid
Radiation therapy
Sickle cell crisis
Trauma
Tumor
Avuscular necrosis seen in :
Head of femur
Talas
Scaphoid
Radiation therapy
Sickle cell crisis
Trauma
Tumor
২০.
Cellular aging results from
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Telomere shortening
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Telomere shortening
ব্যাখ্যা
Cellular aging results from telomere shortening
২১.
Fatty change of the liver occurs in all of the following except -
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Hemochromatosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Hemochromatosis
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref:Robbins/9th/p-62
২২.
Chronic non lethal irritation results in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Metaplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Metaplasia
২৩.
Metastatic calcification occurs in -
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Parathyroid hyperplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Parathyroid hyperplasia
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation -
Metastatic calcification :
Metastatic calcification may occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia also accentuates dystrophic calcification. There are four principal causes of hypercalcemia: (1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with subsequent bone resorption, as in hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid tumors, and ectopic secretion of PTH-related protein by malignant tumors (2) resorption of bone tissue, secondary to primary tumors of bone marrow (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia) or diffuse skeletal metastasis (e.g., breast cancer), accelerated bone turnover (e.g., Paget disease), or immobilization; (3) vitamin D–related disorders, including vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis (in which macrophages activate a vitamin D precursor), and idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy (Williams syndrome), characterized by abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D; and (4) renal failure, which causes retention of phosphate, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Less common causes include aluminum intoxication, which occurs in patients on chronic renal dialysis, and milk-alkali syndrome, which is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate.
Metastatic calcification :
Metastatic calcification may occur in normal tissues whenever there is hypercalcemia. Hypercalcemia also accentuates dystrophic calcification. There are four principal causes of hypercalcemia: (1) increased secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) with subsequent bone resorption, as in hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid tumors, and ectopic secretion of PTH-related protein by malignant tumors (2) resorption of bone tissue, secondary to primary tumors of bone marrow (e.g., multiple myeloma, leukemia) or diffuse skeletal metastasis (e.g., breast cancer), accelerated bone turnover (e.g., Paget disease), or immobilization; (3) vitamin D–related disorders, including vitamin D intoxication, sarcoidosis (in which macrophages activate a vitamin D precursor), and idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy (Williams syndrome), characterized by abnormal sensitivity to vitamin D; and (4) renal failure, which causes retention of phosphate, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Less common causes include aluminum intoxication, which occurs in patients on chronic renal dialysis, and milk-alkali syndrome, which is due to excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable antacids such as milk or calcium carbonate.
২৪.
Myocardial infraction is an example of -
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Coagulative necrosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Coagulative necrosis
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis :
Occurs in solid organ except brain
Example - Infract of heart ( MI),Kidney,Spleen,Gumma of tertiary syphilis.
Coagulative necrosis :
Occurs in solid organ except brain
Example - Infract of heart ( MI),Kidney,Spleen,Gumma of tertiary syphilis.
২৫.
Cellular swelling results from all of the following except
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Accumulation of RNA damage
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Accumulation of RNA damage
২৬.
Free radical causes cell damage except -
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Cytokine realese
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Cytokine realese
২৭.
Feature of irreversible cell injury -
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Intracellular activation of lysosomal enzymes
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Intracellular activation of lysosomal enzymes
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Features of irreversible cell injury -
Membrane injury
Intracellular release and activation of lysosomal enzyme
Increase calcium influx
Decreased basophilia
Phagocytosis.
Features of irreversible cell injury -
Membrane injury
Intracellular release and activation of lysosomal enzyme
Increase calcium influx
Decreased basophilia
Phagocytosis.
২৮.
Which one is decreased in atrophy
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Both
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Both
ব্যাখ্যা
• Atrophy is defined as a reduction in the size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
• Atrophy results from decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation in cells. Protein synthesis decreases because of reduced metabolic activity. The degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
২৯.
Hydroxyl radical is inactivated by
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Glutathione peroxidase
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Glutathione peroxidase
৩০.
Most common site of fatty change is
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Liver
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Liver
ব্যাখ্যা
Most common site of fatty change is liver
৩১.
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Breast
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Breast
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
Mostly breast
Then- salivary gland
Pancreas
Neonates after delivery.
Site of traumatic fat necrosis -
Mostly breast
Then- salivary gland
Pancreas
Neonates after delivery.
৩২.
Not true about necrosis
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Intact cellular content
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Intact cellular content
৩৩.
Ultrastructural change in reversible cell injury -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Nuclear disaggregation of granular and fibrilar elements
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Nuclear disaggregation of granular and fibrilar elements
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury, visible by
electron microscopy, include the following:
1. Plasma membrane alterations, such as blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli
2. Mitochondrial changes, including swelling and the appearance of small amorphous densities
3. Accumulation of “myelin figures” in the cytosol composed of phospholipids derived from damaged cellular membranes
4. Dilation of the ER, with detachment of polysomes 5. Nuclear alterations, with disaggregation of granular and fibrilar elements.
The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury, visible by
electron microscopy, include the following:
1. Plasma membrane alterations, such as blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli
2. Mitochondrial changes, including swelling and the appearance of small amorphous densities
3. Accumulation of “myelin figures” in the cytosol composed of phospholipids derived from damaged cellular membranes
4. Dilation of the ER, with detachment of polysomes 5. Nuclear alterations, with disaggregation of granular and fibrilar elements.
৩৪.
Hypertrophy usually occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Non-dividing cell
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Non-dividing cell
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypertrophy usually occurs in non-dividing cell
৩৫.
Ischemia reperfusion injury causes cell injury by -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Intracellular calcium overload
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Intracellular calcium overload
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Ischemia reperfusion injury causes cell injury by :
Reactive oxygen species
IgM complement
Intracellular calcium deposition
Cytokine
Ischemia reperfusion injury causes cell injury by :
Reactive oxygen species
IgM complement
Intracellular calcium deposition
Cytokine
৩৬.
Dystrophic calcification occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Tuberculous lymphnode
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Tuberculous lymphnode
ব্যাখ্যা
Dystrophic calcification occurs in tuberculous lymphnode
৩৭.
superoxide is inactivated by
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) SOD
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) SOD
৩৮.
Which free radical acts close to the site of production?
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Superoxide
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Superoxide
৩৯.
Causes of physiological giant cell except -
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Anaplastic tumor
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Anaplastic tumor
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Physiological giant cell -
Osteoclast
Megakaryocytes
Syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
Pathological giant cell-
Anaplastic tumors
Hodgkin's disease
Choriocarcinoma
Poorly differentiated astrocytoma
Primary billiary cirrhosis
Giant cell of herpes simplex virus
Physiological giant cell -
Osteoclast
Megakaryocytes
Syncytiotrophoblast of placenta
Pathological giant cell-
Anaplastic tumors
Hodgkin's disease
Choriocarcinoma
Poorly differentiated astrocytoma
Primary billiary cirrhosis
Giant cell of herpes simplex virus
৪০.
Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) SLE
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) SLE
ব্যাখ্যা
Fibrinoid necrosis is seen in SLE
৪১.
Autophagy is related to
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Lysosome
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Lysosome
৪২.
Cell number is increased in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Hyperplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Hyperplasia
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hyperplasia is defined as an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue in response to a stimulus.
• Hyperplasia is the result of growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells and, in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells.
• Physiological hyperplasia occurs in – breast during puberty, liver after hepatectomy
• Pathological hyperplasia occurs in – BPH, wart & endometrial tumour
৪৩.
Necroptosis false statement -
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Is exclusively pathological
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Is exclusively pathological
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation -
Necroptosis -is a hybrid that shares aspects of both necrosis and apoptosis. Morphologically, and to some extent biochemically, it resembles necrosis, as both are characterized by loss of ATP, swelling of the cell and organelles, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), release of lysosomal enzymes, and ultimately rupture of the plasma membrane.
Mechanistically, it is triggered by signal transduction pathways that culminate in cell death, a feature similar to apoptosis. Because of these overlapping features, necroptosis is sometimes called programmed necrosis to distinguish it from forms of necrosis driven passively by toxic or ischemic injury to the cell.
Can occur both physiology and pathological condition.
Necroptosis -is a hybrid that shares aspects of both necrosis and apoptosis. Morphologically, and to some extent biochemically, it resembles necrosis, as both are characterized by loss of ATP, swelling of the cell and organelles, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), release of lysosomal enzymes, and ultimately rupture of the plasma membrane.
Mechanistically, it is triggered by signal transduction pathways that culminate in cell death, a feature similar to apoptosis. Because of these overlapping features, necroptosis is sometimes called programmed necrosis to distinguish it from forms of necrosis driven passively by toxic or ischemic injury to the cell.
Can occur both physiology and pathological condition.
৪৪.
Morphologic alterations in reversible cell injury excludes
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Nuclear shrinkage
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Nuclear shrinkage
৪৫.
Source of free radicals -
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Rapid brust of ROS during inflammation
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Rapid brust of ROS during inflammation
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation -
• The reduction-oxidation reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes.
• Absorption of radiant energy (e.g., ultraviolet light, x-rays).
• Rapid bursts of ROS are produced in activated leukocytes during inflammation.
•. Defects in leukocytic
superoxide production lead to chronic granulomatous disease.
• Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs can generate free radicals
• Transition metals such as iron and copper donate or accept free electrons during intracellular reactions and catalyze free radical formation
• The reduction-oxidation reactions that occur during normal metabolic processes.
• Absorption of radiant energy (e.g., ultraviolet light, x-rays).
• Rapid bursts of ROS are produced in activated leukocytes during inflammation.
•. Defects in leukocytic
superoxide production lead to chronic granulomatous disease.
• Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs can generate free radicals
• Transition metals such as iron and copper donate or accept free electrons during intracellular reactions and catalyze free radical formation
৪৬.
Cause of physiologic apoptosis -
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Cell delation in proliferating cell population
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Cell delation in proliferating cell population
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
The removal of supernumerary cells (in excess of the required number) during development.
• Involution of hormone-dependent tissues on hormone withdrawal, such as endometrial cell breakdown during the menstrual cycle, ovarian follicular atresia in menopause, and regression of the lactating breast after weaning.
• Cell turnover in proliferating cell populations, such as immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus, B lymphocytes in germinal centers that fail to express useful antigen receptors and epithelial cells in intestinal crypts, to maintain a constant cell number (homeostasis).
• Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues.
• Death of host cells that have served their useful purpose, such as neutrophils in an acute inflammatory response, and lymphocytes at the end of an immune response.
The removal of supernumerary cells (in excess of the required number) during development.
• Involution of hormone-dependent tissues on hormone withdrawal, such as endometrial cell breakdown during the menstrual cycle, ovarian follicular atresia in menopause, and regression of the lactating breast after weaning.
• Cell turnover in proliferating cell populations, such as immature lymphocytes in the bone marrow and thymus, B lymphocytes in germinal centers that fail to express useful antigen receptors and epithelial cells in intestinal crypts, to maintain a constant cell number (homeostasis).
• Elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes to prevent immune reactions against one’s own tissues.
• Death of host cells that have served their useful purpose, such as neutrophils in an acute inflammatory response, and lymphocytes at the end of an immune response.
৪৭.
Normal cellular constituent that accumulates inside the cell is
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Lipid
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Lipid
ব্যাখ্যা
Normal cellular constituent that accumulates inside the cell is lipid, others are abnormal.
৪৮.
Accumulation of cholesterol occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Xanthoma
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Xanthoma
ব্যাখ্যা
Accumulation of cholesterol occurs in xanthoma
৪৯.
Cholesterol deposition occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Macrophage
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Macrophage
৫০.
Apoptosis is
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Programmed cell death
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Programmed cell death
ব্যাখ্যা
Apoptosis is Programmed cell death
৫১.
Which resembles necrosis morphologically & apoptosis mechanistically?
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Necroptosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Necroptosis
৫২.
Connective tissue metaplasia occurs in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Myositis ossificans
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Myositis ossificans
ব্যাখ্যা
Connective tissue metaplasia occurs in myositis ossificans
৫৩.
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis is
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Chromatin condensation
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Chromatin condensation
ব্যাখ্যা
Most characteristic feature of apoptosis is chromatin condensation
৫৪.
Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substance is called
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Atrophy
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Atrophy
ব্যাখ্যা
Shrinkage in size of cell by loss of cell substance is called atrophy
৫৫.
Which one is double edged sword?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Metaplasia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Metaplasia
ব্যাখ্যা
• Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another cell type.
• Epithelial metaplasia is a double-edged sword
• It’s of 2 types. Epithelial & connective tissue metaplasia
• The most common epithelial metaplasia is columnar to squamous as occurs in the respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation.
৫৬.
Disuse atrophy is seen in -
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Skeletal muscle
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Skeletal muscle
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Decreased workload or disuse atrophy is seen in skeletal muscle in a patient with restricted to bed rest,or when immobilised in plaster cast.
Decreased workload or disuse atrophy is seen in skeletal muscle in a patient with restricted to bed rest,or when immobilised in plaster cast.
৫৭.
Hypertrophy of an organ-
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Is prone to ischaemia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Is prone to ischaemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref. Robbins 9th p-34
৫৮.
The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Increased workload
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Increased workload
ব্যাখ্যা
• Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells that result in an increase in the size of the affected organ.
• The hypertrophied organ has no new cells, just larger cells.
• The most common stimulus for hypertrophy of muscle is increased workload.
• Hypertrophy is the result of increased production of cellular proteins.
৫৯.
Enzyme not involve in removal of free radical
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Dehydrogenase
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Dehydrogenase
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 48]
৬০.
Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia simultaneously occurs in following organ except-
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Penis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Penis
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypertrophy + Hyperplasia simultaneously occurs in five organs; Thyroid, Breast, Kidney, Uterus Prostate
৬১.
Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type may also occur in
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Barrett oesophagus
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Barrett oesophagus
ব্যাখ্যা
• Metaplasia from squamous to columnar type may also occur, as in Barrett oesophagus
• Connective tissue metaplasia is the formation of cartilage, bone, or adipose tissue (mesenchymal tissues) in tissues that normally do not contain these elements
৬২.
Free radical activity is checked by
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Catalase
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Catalase
ব্যাখ্যা
Free radical activity is checked by catalase
৬৩.
Morphologic feature of apoptosis -
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Phagocytosis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Phagocytosis
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :
Morphology of apoptotic cell -
Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic body
Phagocytosis
Morphology of apoptotic cell -
Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic body
Phagocytosis
৬৪.
Necroptosis occurs in-
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) All of above
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) All of above
ব্যাখ্যা
[Robbins 9th 59]
৬৫.
Which of the following types of necrosis is most characteristic of abscess formation?
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Liquefactive
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Liquefactive
ব্যাখ্যা
Liquefactive necrosis occure in Pyogenic bacterial infection, brain hypoxia.
৬৬.
Reactive oxygen species is a mediator of
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Tissue damage
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Tissue damage