বিষয়সমূহ

PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন

Voice, Narration and Degree

মোট প্রশ্ন১,৩৫৬এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Voice, Narration and Degree

PrepBank · পাতা / ১৪ · ২০১৩০০ / ১,৩৫৬

২০১.
He told me what he knew. (Passive)
  1. I was told what he known by him.
  2. What he knew told me by him.
  3. What he knew was told me by him.
  4. He was told me what he knew.
সঠিক উত্তর:
What he knew was told me by him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
What he knew was told me by him.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - গ) What he knew was told me by him.

Passive Voice of Complex Sentence:
- Complex sentence এ একটি clause একটি subject বা object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- সুতরাং active এর object যদি একটি clause হয় তাহলে passive - এর subject হিসেবে ঐ clauseটি ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- কিংবা active - এর subject কোন clause হলে passive-এর object হিসেবে তা ব্যবহৃত হয়। clause এর মধ্যকার verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। 

Examples:
Act: He showed me what he had made.
Pass: What he had made was shown me by him.

Act: I know what he thinks.
Pass: What he thinks is known to me.

Act: She said what she knew.
Pass: What she knew was said by her.

Act: We will explain why we want to do it.
Pass: Why we want to do it will be explained by us.

Act: What he has done will save his family.
Pass: His family will be saved by what he has done.

Other options
ক) I was told what he known by him. → structure ভুল।
খ) What he knew told me by him. → verb structure ভুল। 
ঘ) He was told me what he knew. → subject এবং passive structure ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

২০২.
Choose the correct indirect form of the following sentence:
The doctor said, "You had better get some rest." 
  1. The doctor advised me that I should get rest.
  2. The doctor advised me to get some rest.
  3. The doctor suggest me to get some rest.
  4. The doctor said me that to get some rest.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The doctor advised me to get some rest.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The doctor advised me to get some rest.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: The doctor said, "You had better get some rest."
Indirect: The doctor advised me to get some rest.

• had better এবং subject second person যুক্ত direct speech কে  indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম - 
- প্রথমে Subject বসে।
-  advise/advised বসে।
- object বসে।
- infinitive বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Direct: He said, 'You had better see a doctor'.
Indirect: He advised him to see a doctor.

অন্যান্য অপশনগুলো ভুল:

ক) The doctor advised me that I should get rest.
→ that I should get rest → grammatically ঠিক, কিন্তু “some” বাদ গেছে এবং modern English এ “advised to” বেশি ব্যবহার হয়।

গ) The doctor suggest me to get some rest.
→ suggest me to → ভুল, কারণ “suggest” এর পরে to-infinitive ব্যবহার হয় না, suggest that I should… হয়।

ঘ) The doctor said me that to get some rest.
 → grammatically ভুল।

২০৩.
They might announce the result tomorrow. (Make it passive)
  1. The result might been announced tomorrow by them.
  2. The result might being announced tomorrow by them.
  3. The result might be announced tomorrow by them.
  4. The result might announced tomorrow by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The result might be announced tomorrow by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The result might be announced tomorrow by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: They might announce the result tomorrow.
Passive voice: The result might be announced tomorrow by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২০৪.
Akash asked me, 'Have you completed your lesson?'
  1. ক) Akash asked me if i had complete my lesson.
  2. খ) Akash asked me if i had completed my lesson.
  3. গ) Akash asked me if i had been completed my lesson.
  4. ঘ) Akash asked me whether i had been completed my lesson.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Akash asked me if i had completed my lesson.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Akash asked me if i had completed my lesson.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative sentence এ যদি  WH question না থাকে এবং auxiliary verb দিয়ে reported speech শুরু হয়, তবে Structure - 
- Reported speech এর asked/enquired of/wanted to know of + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ.
- Reported speech কে indirect করার সময় sentence কে assertive করে নিতে হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী tense বসবে।
সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Akash asked me if i had completed my lesson.
২০৫.
Choose the correct indirect form:
He said, "I must leave now."
  1. He said he had to leave then.
  2. He said that he had to leave then.
  3. He said that he has to leave then.
  4. He said that he had to be leave then.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had to leave then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had to leave then.
ব্যাখ্যা

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'now' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'then' বসবে।

Direct speech: He said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: He said that he had to leave then. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

২০৬.
He said, ‘Good gracious! What a huge snake!’ (Direct -Indirect)
  1. He said that the snake was big.
  2. He exclaimed with wonder that it was a huge snake.
  3. He exclaimed with wonder at the snake that it was good.
  4. He exclaimed at good gracious that it was a huge snake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with wonder that it was a huge snake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with wonder that it was a huge snake.
ব্যাখ্যা

ব্যাখ্যা: Exclamatory Sentence-কে Indirect-এ পরিণত করার সময় Exclamatory Sentenceটিকে Assertive Sentence-এ পরিনত করতে হয়। Exclamation-এর প্রকৃতি অনুযায়ী, exclaim in joy, exclaim in grief, exclaim in wonder ইত্যাদি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
কিন্তু যেখানে Exclamation-এর প্রকৃতি সম্বন্ধে নিশ্চিত হওয়া যায় না, সেখানে exclaim বা cry out ব্যবহার করাই সমীচীন। Exclamatory Sentence-এর Reporting Verb -এর অন্যান্য formগুলো হল swear, shout, applaud।
Direct Speech: তিনি বললেন, ‘ওরে বাবা! কী বিরাট সাপ!’
Indirect Speech: তিনি আশ্চর্য হয়ে বললেন যে সাপটি খুব বড়।
Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition

২০৭.
‘It costs a fortune’ means-
  1. ক) expensive
  2. খ) painful
  3. গ) heartbreaking
  4. ঘ) wonderful
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) expensive
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) expensive
ব্যাখ্যা

It costs a fortune
Meaning: to cost a lot of money
EXAMPLE: It costs a fortune to get the car fixed.
Source: macmillan Dictionary

২০৮.
He said, "I had gone to the park before." (make it indirect)
  1. He said that he had had gone to the park before.
  2. He said that he had gone to the park before.
  3. He said that I had been gone to the park before.
  4. He said that he had been gone to the park before.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had gone to the park before.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had gone to the park before.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ ক্ষেত্রে:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

• যদি reported speech যদি had + verb এর past participle হয় তাহলে  Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- অর্থাৎ, had + V3 এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- said এর পরিবর্তে said + that হয়।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct: He said, "I had gone to the park before."
Indirect: He said that he had gone to the park before.

Example:
Direct: Rina said, "I had read the topic thoroughly before the exam"
Indirect: Rina said that she had read the topic thoroughly before the exam.
২০৯.
Change into indirect speech: "Are you crying?" Rahim asked her.
  1. Rahim asked her if she was being crying.
  2. Rahim told her if she was crying.
  3. Rahim asked her if she was crying.
  4. Rahim asked her if she has been crying.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim asked her if she was crying.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim asked her if she was crying.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:

Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

- এই বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense হয়।
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct: "Are you crying?" Rahim asked her.
Indirect: Rahim asked her if she was crying.
২১০.
She said, “Good night.” (Make it indirect)
  1. She told me good night.
  2. She wished me good night.
  3. She said to me good night.
  4. She greeted to me good night.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She wished me good night.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She wished me good night.
ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর: খ) She wished me good night.

• যখন কারও বক্তব্যে "Good morning," "Good evening," "Good night," ইত্যাদি শুভেচ্ছাবাচক শব্দ থাকে, তখন তা indirect speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময় verb "wished" ব্যবহার করা হয়।
উল্লিকিত প্রশ্নে "said" verb এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "wished" হবে, কারণ "Good night" একটি শুভেচ্ছাবাচক বাক্য।
Direct: She said, “Good night.”
Indirect: She wished me good night.

অন্য অপশনগুলোর মাঝে:
(ক) She told me good night. → ভুল, কারণ "told" সাধারণত নির্দেশ বা তথ্য দেওয়ার ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হয়, শুভেচ্ছার ক্ষেত্রে নয়।
(গ) She said to me good night. → ভুল, কারণ "said to" এখানে প্রাসঙ্গিক নয়, এবং এটি ইংরেজিতে সঠিক গঠন নয়।
(ঘ) She greeted to me good night. → ভুল, কারণ "greeted" সাধারণত "Good morning" বা "Good evening"-এর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে, কিন্তু "Good night" সাধারণত "wished" দিয়ে প্রকাশ করা হয়। আবার to প্রাসঙ্গিক নয়।

২১১.
Mumbai is one of the biggest cities in India. (change into comparative degree)
  1. Mumbai is bigger than most other cities in India.
  2. Mumbai is bigger than any other city in India.
  3. Mumbai is the biggest city in India.
  4. Mumbai is more bigger than most other cities in India.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mumbai is bigger than most other cities in India.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mumbai is bigger than most other cities in India.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ক) Mumbai is bigger than most other cities in India.
- One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার সময় most other যুক্ত করে Comparative Degree তে রূপান্তর করতে হয়।

One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Subject + verb + Superlative এর comparative form + than most other + প্রদত্ত sentence বাকী অংশ।
- "one of the biggest" → "bigger than most other".

Other Options:
খ) Mumbai is bigger than any other city in India.
- One of the যুক্ত Superlative Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার সময় most other যুক্ত করে Comparative Degree তে রূপান্তর করতে হয়। এখানে "any other" ব্যবহার করা যাবে না।তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) Mumbai is the biggest city in India.
- প্রশ্নে Comparative Degree তে পরিবর্তন করতে বলা হয়েছে। এ বাক্যটি Superlative Degree যুক্ত বাক্য হওয়ায় এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) Mumbai is more bigger than most other cities in India.
- 'big' এর comparative form হলো 'bigger'.এখানে more bigger এর ব্যবহার সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২১২.
The problem was more complex ________ previous assignments.
  1. than these of
  2. than this of
  3. than those of
  4. than that of
সঠিক উত্তর:
than that of
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
than that of
ব্যাখ্যা
• কোন sentence এ একই ধরনের Noun এর মধ্যে তুলনা করার সময় পূর্বের Noun এর পুনরাবৃত্তি পরিহার করতে singular noun এর পরিবর্তে that of এবং plural noun এর পরিবর্তে those of ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- অন্যভাবে বলা যায়,
- কোনো comparative sentence এর প্রথম অংশ যদি The + Noun + of + Noun হয়, তবে verb এর পরের অংশ হবে -
- than + that/those of
- noun যদি singular হয় তবে that আর noun যদি plural হয় তবে those
- বাকি noun টি।

• সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে - than that of.
Complete Sentence: The problem was more complex than that of previous assignments.
২১৩.
Who parked the car here? Make it passive. 
  1. ক) By whom had the car been parked here?
  2. খ) By whom was the car parked here? 
  3. গ) The car was parked here by whom? 
  4. ঘ) By whom the car was parked here? 
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) By whom was the car parked here? 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) By whom was the car parked here? 
ব্যাখ্যা
Who দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া interrogative sentence কে  passive করতে হলে -
- Who এর স্থানে By whom বসে।
- এরপর বাক্যটির tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary/ be verb,
- তারপর subject এবং
- verb এর past participle form
- এবং সবশেষে object বসবে। 
Structure: By whom + auxiliary verb + Subject + verb এর past participle রূপ + object.

সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - By whom was the car parked here?
২১৪.
Change the following sentence to Indirect Speech.
He said, ''How charming the sight is!''
  1. He exclaimed that the sight is very charming.
  2. He exclaimed that the sight is charming.
  3. He exclaimed that the sight was very charming.
  4. He exclaimed that the sight was charming.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed that the sight was very charming.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed that the sight was very charming.
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রথমত, Direct speech এ reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায়, Indirect speech এ reported speech এর verb ও past tense এ থাকবে।
অর্থাৎ তা was হবে।
দ্বিতীয়ত, exclamatory sentence এ how থাকলে assertive sentence এ very বসে।
তাই, প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যটির সঠিক Indirect speech হচ্ছে-
He exclaimed that the sight was very charming.
২১৫.
I know her. (Make it passive)
  1. I was known to her.
  2. She known to me.
  3. She is known to me.
  4. She was known to me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is known to me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She is known to me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Present indefinite tense এর Active voice থেকে Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Object টির subjective form +
- am/is/are +
- মূল verb এর past participle +
- by/to/with/in etc +
- Subject এর objective form.
- known এর পর সবসময় to বসে; by/in/with হয় না। 

• Active voice: I know her.
• Passive Voice: She is known to me.
২১৬.
The last word of the proverb, ‘A bird in hand is worth two in the ___.’
  1. ক) house
  2. খ) bush
  3. গ) end
  4. ঘ) head
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) bush
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) bush
ব্যাখ্যা

পুরো বাক্যটা হবে- A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
Meaning: Things we already have are more valuable than what we hope to get.
Source: Oxford languages

২১৭.
Change back to direct speech: Usama told me that he enjoyed being a leader.
  1. ক) Usama: I enjoyed been a leader.
  2. খ) Usama: I enjoy being a leader.
  3. গ) Usama: I have enjoyed being a captain.
  4. ঘ) None of the above.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Usama: I enjoy being a leader.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Usama: I enjoy being a leader.
ব্যাখ্যা
খেয়াল করুন,
যেহেতু indirect speech এ simple past structure আছে, অতএব direct speech এ পরিবর্তনের সময় এটি simple present হবে। 

প্রদত্ত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে সর্বাধিক গ্রহনযোগ্য উত্তর :  Usama: I enjoy being a leader. 
২১৮.
The king said, "Let the boy enter the palace." (Make it indirect)
  1. The king asked his men to the boy enter the palace.
  2. The king said that the boy may be allowed to enter the palace.
  3. The king said that the boy can be allowed to enter the palace.
  4. The king said that the boy might be allowed to enter the palace.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The king said that the boy might be allowed to enter the palace.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The king said that the boy might be allowed to enter the palace.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The king said, "Let the boy enter the palace."
- Indirect: The king said that the boy might be allowed to enter the palace.

Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এর পরে me, him, them/object থাকলে, অর্থাৎ প্রস্তাব না বুঝালে reporting verb সাধারণত পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তবে অর্থানুসারে (requset, desire, order) ব্যবহার করা যায়। 
- তারপর Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reporting verb -এর subject পুনরায় বসে।
- তারপর might/might be allowed to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

• Structure: Sub + reporting verb (অর্থানুসারে পরিবর্তন করা যায় অথবা না করলেও চলে) + that + sub + might/might be allowed to + মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত। (let কে ফেলে দিতে হয়)

• More examples:
- Direct: Imran said to me, “Let me read History.”
- Indirect: Imran told me that he might read History.

২১৯.
John said to me, “Don’t conceal anything”. (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক) John forbade me not to conceal anything.
  2. খ) John advised me not to conceal anything.
  3. গ) John forbade me to conceal anything.
  4. ঘ) John forbade me concealing anything.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) John forbade me to conceal anything.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) John forbade me to conceal anything.
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যটি নিষেধমূলক হওয়ায় said এর পরিবর্তে forbade ব্যবহৃত হবে।
আর forbade নিজেই নাবোধক হওয়ায় এর পর not বসবে না শুধু to+verb বসবে।
সুতরাং, প্রদত্ত বাক্যের indirect form:  John forbade me to conceal anything.
২২০.
Change into Indirect speech: Rafi said to Rashed, "Will you help me in my work just now?"
  1. Rafi asked Rashed if he would help him in his work just then.
  2. Rafi questioned to Rashed that will you help me in my work just now.
  3. Rafi told Rashed whether he will help him in his work just then.
  4. Rafi asked to Rashed that will he help him in his work just now.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rafi asked Rashed if he would help him in his work just then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rafi asked Rashed if he would help him in his work just then.
ব্যাখ্যা
→ Interrogative sentence কে Indirect করার সময় ask/ enquire of/ want to know/ demand/ wonder হয়।
→ Reported speech টি  Auxiliary verb দিয়ে শুরু হলে that এর পরিবর্তে if/whether বসবে।
→ Will থাকলে তা Would হবে।
→ Now থাকলে then হবে।

• তাই এখানে Rafi asked Rashed if he would help him in his work just then হচ্ছে সঠিক উত্তর। 

Source: Advanced Learner's Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain
২২১.
"He questioned softly why I failed." change this sentence into reported speech.
  1. ক) He questioned softly, “Why did you fail?"
  2. খ) He questioned softly, "Why did I fail?"
  3. গ) He told softly," Why have you failed?"
  4. ঘ) None of them
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) None of them
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) None of them
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী - indirect speech -এ past perfect tense থাকলে, direct speech এ past indefinite tense হয়।
- যেমন -
- Direct: He said to me, 'where were you born?'
- Indirect: He asked me where I had been born.'
• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, প্রশ্নে "He questioned softly why I had failed." থাকলে - এই বাক্যের Direct হত, He questioned softly, “Why did you fail?"
- প্রশ্নে কিছুটা ভাষাগত ত্রুটি থাকায়, উত্তর None of them নেয়া হয়েছে।
- ইনপুট এবং ব্যাখ্যা সংশোধন করে দেয়া হয়েছে।
২২২.
She is going to submit her assignment. (make it passive)
  1. Her assignment is going to submitted by her.
  2. Her assignment is going to be submitted by her.
  3. Her assignment is going to been submitted by her.
  4. Her assignment is going to being submitted by her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Her assignment is going to be submitted by her.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Her assignment is going to be submitted by her.
ব্যাখ্যা

• be going to দিয়ে Active Voice থাকলে তা Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- going to এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- going to এরপর be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: She is going to submit her assignment. 
• Passive Voice: Her assignment is going to be submitted by her.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৩.
The teacher said to the students, "Always speak the truth."(Make it indirect speech) 
  1. The teacher advised the students to speak the truth always.
  2. The teacher requested the students to speak the truth always.
  3. The teacher said to the students to speak the truth always.
  4. The teacher forbade the students to speak the truth always.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher advised the students to speak the truth always.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher advised the students to speak the truth always.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: The teacher said to the students, "Always speak the truth."
Indirect speech: The teacher advised the students to speak the truth always.


• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell/ instructed + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Other Options:
খ) The teacher requested the students to speak the truth always.
- ভুল কারণ, Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb উপদেশ বুঝালে "said to" এর পরিবর্তে "advise" বসে।

গ) The teacher said to the students to speak the truth always.
- ভুল কারণ, Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb উপদেশ বুঝালে "said to" এর পরিবর্তে "advise" বসে।

ঘ) The teacher forbade the students to speak the truth always.
- ভুল কারণ, Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb উপদেশ বুঝালে "said to" এর পরিবর্তে "advise" বসে

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৪.
Who is calling me? (Make it passive)
  1. By whom am I been called?
  2. By whom were I being called?
  3. By whom have I being called?
  4. By whom am I being called?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom am I being called?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom am I being called?
ব্যাখ্যা

Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এর রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হবে।
- tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- অনেক সময় be/ being/ been বসাতে হয়।
- মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Question mark (?) হয়।

- Active voice: Who is calling me?
- Passive voice: By whom am I being called?

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৫.
Rahim said, "I must finish the work today." (make it indirect)
  1. Rahim said that he must finish the work today.
  2. Rahim said that he had to finish the work that day.
  3. Rahim said that he has to finish the work today.
  4. Rahim said that he finished the work that day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim said that he had to finish the work that day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim said that he had to finish the work that day.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct specch থেকে Indirect specch এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/ said, tell/ told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- যদি assertive sentence হয়, তাহলে Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসানো হয়।
- Reported speech এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb এর Subject বা Object এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/ female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- যখন Reported Verb past হয়, তখন must → had to হবে।
- তারপর বাক্যটির বাকি অংশ বসানো হয়।

• Direct speech: Rahim said, "I must finish the work today."
• Indirect speech: Rahim said that he had to finish the work that day.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৬.
People say that laughter is the best medicine. (Passive)
  1. It is said by people that laughter is the best medicine.
  2. It is said so that laughter is the best medicine.
  3. It is said laughter that is the best medicine.
  4. It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
সঠিক উত্তর:
It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Compound Sentence এবং Complex Sentence-এর ক্ষেত্রে Active voice-এর উভয় clause-কে একই voice-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।
- Active Voice People say দিয়ে শুরু হলে passive voice It is said দিয়ে শুরু করা হয়।

• Active voice এ people + stative verb (know, think, understand, know, find, say, etc) + that + clause থাকলে, passive করার নিয়ম হচ্ছে - 
- It is /was (tense অনুযায়ী) + said + that + বাকি clause (যা আছে তাই) টি।

যেমন:
• Active: People say that teamwork makes the dream work.
• Passive: It is said that teamwork makes the dream work.

• Active: People say that failure is a stepping stone to success. 
• Passive: It is said that failure is a stepping stone to success.

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Active: People say that laughter is the best medicine.
Passive: It is said that laughter is the best medicine.
২২৭.
I said to him, "Where are you going? (Change into indirect speech)
  1. I told him where he was going.
  2. I asked him where he was going.
  3. I told him where was he going.
  4. I asked him where was he going.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I asked him where he was going.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I asked him where he was going.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: I said to him, "Where are you going?"
Indirect speech: I asked him where he was going.

• Interrogative sentence (Direct speech) কে (Indirect speech)- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং Reporting verb "said" -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তবে, Reported speech টি যদি "Wh" word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। 
- তারপর Reported speech-এর Object বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী Tense পরিবর্তিত হবে এবং Verb, Subject এর পরে বসে।
- Direct speech টি Present Continuous এ থাকলে Indirect speech এ, তা Past Continuous এ পরিণত হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২২৮.
Choose the correct superlative form of 'Far'.
  1. Further
  2. Farther
  3. Most far
  4. Furthest
সঠিক উত্তর:
Furthest
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Furthest
ব্যাখ্যা
"Far" শব্দটি irregular adjective (অস্বাভাবিক বিশেষণ), যেখানে সাধারণ নিয়ম অনুসরণ করা হয় না।

• Far এর comparative form (তুলনামূলক) হতে পারে further বা farther.
- Further সাধারণত আংশিক দূরত্ব বা উন্নতির জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Farther সাধারণত শারীরিক বা ভূগোলগত দূরত্বের জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়।
• Most far সাধারণত ভুল, কারণ "far" এর superlative form 'furthest' যার অর্থ সবচেয়ে বেশি দূরে বা সর্বাধিক দূরত্ব।

তাহলে, সঠিক উত্তর হবে Furthest.
২২৯.
Change the narration: The teacher says, "The flowers are blooming."
  1. The teacher said that the flowers are blooming.
  2. The teacher says that the flowers are blooming.
  3. The teacher says that the flowers were blooming.
  4. The teacher said that the flowers were blooming.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher says that the flowers are blooming.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher says that the flowers are blooming.
ব্যাখ্যা
• The correct answer is: The teacher says that the flowers are blooming.

• Direct narration: The teacher says, "The flowers are blooming.
-
প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Direct narration -এ present tense -এ আছে।

• Narration -এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reporting verb -এর tense - present বা future -এ থাকলে reported speech -এর verb -এর tense -এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- অর্থাৎ, present tense -এ থাকলে present tense -ই হবে; future tense থাকলে future tense -ই হবে।

- তাই, প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject এবং Reporting verb বসবে।
- তারপর Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে that বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসে verb + বাকি অংশ বসবে।

- প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটির Reporting verb 'says' - present tense -এ আছে, তাই Indirect narration -এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

• তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Direct narration: The teacher says, "The flowers are blooming.
- Indirect narration: The teacher says that the flowers are blooming.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২৩০.
Change the narration: Rafiq said, "I must leave now."
  1. Rafiq said that he had to leave than.
  2. Rafiq said that he must leave now.
  3. Rafiq said that he has to leave now.
  4. Rafiq said that he had to leave then.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rafiq said that he had to leave then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rafiq said that he had to leave then.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: Rafiq said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: Rafiq said that he had to leave then. 

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'now' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'then' বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must complete this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to finish that project.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

২৩১.
Never tell a lie. (Make it passive)
  1. Let not a lie been told.
  2. Let never be told a lie
  3. Let never a lie be told.
  4. Let never a lie be told ever.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let never a lie be told.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let never a lie be told.
ব্যাখ্যা
Never যুক্ত Imperative sentence কে Passive করার নিয়ম:
- Passive voice এর প্রথমে Let + never বসে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।

Active voice: Never tell a lie. 
Passive voice: Let never a lie be told.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৩২.
"Will it rain today?", the tourist said. (Make it indirect)
  1. The tourist enquired whether it would rain that day.
  2. The tourist enquired whether it would rain today.
  3. Whether it would rain that day the tourist enquired.
  4. Whether it would rain this day the tourist enquired.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The tourist enquired whether it would rain that day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The tourist enquired whether it would rain that day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect speech- এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি ask, enquire of, wonder তে পরিবর্তিত হয় ‌।
- Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত Interrogative sentence টি যদি কোন Wh - question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়,তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ সেই Wh - - question word টিই Conjunction হিসাবে বসবে।
- তবে, reported speech টি যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে inverted comma তুলে, linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।

• Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ  reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Direct speech এ present Indefinite tense থাকলে Indirect narration এ তা past indefinite tense হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.

- সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী -
Direct: "Will it rain today", the tourist said.
Indirect: The tourist enquired whether it would rain that day.
২৩৩.
Do not waste your time. (Passive)
  1. Let not your time being wasted.
  2. Let not your time be wasted.
  3. Let not your time to be wasted.
  4. Let not waste time.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let not your time be wasted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let not your time be wasted.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Do not দিয়ে শুরু Imperative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let not বসে
- Object টি subject রূপে বসে
- be বসে
- মূল Verb-এর Past Participle বসে।

Active: Do not hate the poor.
Passive: Let not the poor be hated.

Active: Do not waste your time.
Passive: Let not your time be wasted.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৩৪.
He leads ____ most unhappy life.
  1. the
  2. an
  3. a
  4. of
সঠিক উত্তর:
a
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
a
ব্যাখ্যা
• Cambridge Dictionary অনুসারে,
- অনেক Adjective ও Adverb এর Superlative degree গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে most এর পূর্বে the বসে।
- যেমন: Joanne is the most intelligent person I know.

• কিন্তু, Most দ্বারা very অর্থ প্রকাশ করলে most এর পূর্বে a বসে।
- যেমন: It was a most beautiful morning.

• প্রশ্নে দেওয়া বাক্যটি ছিল: He leads __most unhappy life.
- এখানে most  প্রকাশ করছে very অর্থ।
- সুতরাং, খালিঘরে a বসবে।
- Complete sentence: He leads a most unhappy life.
২৩৫.
Farida said to her mother, 'I shall go to bed now.'- বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে-
  1. Farida told her mother that she should go to bed now.
  2. Farida told her mother that she will go to bed then.
  3. Farida told her mother that she would go to bed then.
  4. Farida told her mother that she will go to bed now.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Farida told her mother that she would go to bed then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Farida told her mother that she would go to bed then.
ব্যাখ্যা
•  Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে,
→ Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
→ Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
→ Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
→ Reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
→ Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
→ reported speech এর shall/will পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে।
→ reported speech-এ 'now' থাকলে Indirect speech-এ 'then' হবে।
 
Direct Speech: Farida said to her mother, 'I shall go to bed now.'
Indirect Speech: Farida told her mother that she would go to bed then. 

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by P C Das.
২৩৬.
Identify the indirect form of the sentence: ‘You had better not leave your room unlocked’ said my friends.
  1. ক) My friends advised me to lock my door.
  2. খ) My friends told me to lock my room.
  3. গ) My friends advised me to lock my room.
  4. ঘ) My friends ordered me to lock my door.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) My friends advised me to lock my room.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) My friends advised me to lock my room.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Speech/Narration থেকে Indirect speech/narration এ রূপান্তর করার সময় নিচের দুটি নিয়ম খেয়াল রাখতে হবে -
• It is time, Would rather, Would sooner, I wish, had better এদের পরে indirect speech থাকলে tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না এবং It is time, Would rather, Would sooner, I wish, had better এগুলোর পর advise/advised/warn/warned/ urge/urged + to/ not to + বাকি অংশ লিখতে হয়।

তবে, 
• Said/say/says এর পর object না থাকলে object হিসেবে me ব্যবহার করা যায়।
প্রশ্নোক্ত direct speech টির ‍subject second person হওয়ায় এবং ‘had better’ থাকায় indirect speech এর গঠন হবে-
Subject + advise/advised + object + infinitive + বাকি অংশ।

যেমনঃ Direct Speech:‘You had better not leave your room unlocked’ said my friends.
Indirect Speech: My friends advised me to lock my room.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammar and Composition (For Class 9-10)

২৩৭.
The teacher is going to announce the results tomorrow. (make it passive)
  1. The results are being going to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.
  2. The results are gone to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.
  3. The results was going to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.
  4. The results are going to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The results are going to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The results are going to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.
ব্যাখ্যা

• be going to দিয়ে Active Voice থাকলে তা Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- going to এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- going to এরপর be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: The teacher is going to announce the results tomorrow.
Passive Voice: The results are going to be announced by the teacher tomorrow.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৩৮.
He told me that he had not gone there the previous day. (Make it Direct)
  1. ক) He said to me, “I have not gone there the previous day.”
  2. খ) He said to me, “I did not go there yesterday.”
  3. গ) He said to me, “I have not come here the previous day”.
  4. ঘ) He said to me, “I had not gone there yesterday.”
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) He said to me, “I did not go there yesterday.”
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) He said to me, “I did not go there yesterday.”
ব্যাখ্যা
Indirect Narration এ Past Perfect থাকলে তিনটি Tense হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা আছে (যা নির্ধারিত হবে Adverb of Time, Conjunction ইত্যাদির উপর ভিত্তি করে)। যথা- 
1.    Present Perfect 
2.    Past Indefinite 
3.    Past Perfect
যেহেতু এখানে the previous day উল্লেখ করা আছে, তাই এটা Past Indefinite Tense হওয়াই বাঞ্ছনীয়। আর the previous day এর পরিবর্তে yesterday ব্যবহৃত হবে।
২৩৯.
'The teacher told the students that they had misunderstood the instructions.' - বাক্যটির direct speech হবে -
  1. The teacher told to the students, 'The students misunderstood the instructions.'
  2. The teacher said to the students, 'They had misunderstood the instructions.'
  3. The teacher said to the students, 'They misunderstood the instructions.'
  4. The teacher said to the students, 'The students had misunderstood the instructions.'
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher said to the students, 'They misunderstood the instructions.'
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher said to the students, 'They misunderstood the instructions.'
ব্যাখ্যা
Indirect Speech: The teacher told the students that they had misunderstood the instructions.
Direct Speech: The teacher said to the students, 'They misunderstood the instructions.'

Direct Speech/ Reporting speech vs. indirect speech / Reported speech

Present indefinite ↔ Past indefinite 
Present continuous ↔ Past continuous 
Present Perfect ↔ Past perfect 
Past indefinite ↔ Past Perfect 
Past continuous ↔ Past perfect continuous
Past Perfect ↔ Past Perfect 
Future Indefinite ↔ Use of modal 

Indirect speech এ that clause টি past perfect tense এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা reported speech এ পরিণত হবে এবং তা past indefinite tense এ হবে।

More Example:
Indirect Speech: Aref told us that he had waited an hour.
Direct Speech: Aref said to us, "I waited an hour."

Source:
1. Cambridge Dictionary Grammar Reference.
2. Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৪০.
The correct passive form of "They were watching a movie." is -
  1. A movie is being watched by them.
  2. A movie watched by them.
  3. A movie was being watched by them.
  4. A movie was been watched by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A movie was being watched by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A movie was being watched by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Past Continuous Tense এর Active voice থেকে Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Object টির subjective form + was being/were being + মূল verb এর past participle + by + subject এর objective form.

সুতরাং,
Active Voice: They were watching a movie.
Passive Voice: A movie was being watched by them.
২৪১.
Change the narration: They said, "We had not gone to Japan". 
  1. They said that they did not go to Japan.
  2. They said that they had not gone to Japan.
  3. They said that they have not gone to Japan.
  4. They said that they had not go to Japan.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They said that they had not gone to Japan.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They said that they had not gone to Japan.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: খ) They said that they had not gone to Japan.
- মূল বাক্য past perfect tense এ আছে।
- তাই Reported speech এ tense অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

Other Options:
ক) They said that they did not go to Japan.
- Direct speech টি Past perfect tense এ থাকলে Indirect করার সময় reported speech এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।

গ) They said that they have not gone to Japan.
- Direct speech টি Past perfect tense এর হওয়া সত্বেও reported speech এর tense পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) They said that they had not go to Japan.
- had not go এর ব্যবহার ভুল। had not + past participle (gone) হওয়া উচিত।

Source: A Passage To The English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৪২.
Abiha said to me, "Don't do this." (Indirect)
  1. Abiha says me not to do that.
  2. Abiha told me not to did that.
  3. Abiha said me not to do that.
  4. Abiha told me not to do that.
  5. Abiha told me not to done that.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Abiha told me not to do that.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Abiha told me not to do that.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reported speech এ যদি আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ সূচক বাক্য থাকে, তাহলে indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের সময় sub + requested/ asked/ ordered/said to থাকলে told+ obj + to + verb + ext. এই structure অনুসরণ করা হয়।
• Imperative sentence টি যদি negative হয় তাহলে reporting verb এর পর not বসে এবং তারপর to বসে।

Example:
Direct: The teacher said to the student, "Don't tell a lie."
Indirect: The teacher advised the student not to tell a lie.

Direct: Abiha said to me, "Don't do this."
Indirect: Abiha told me not to do that.

Source: Advanced Learners, XI & XII Classes.
২৪৩.
The workers demanded to increase their wages. (make it passive)
  1. The workers demanded that their wages should be increased by them.
  2. The workers demanded that their wages would be increased.
  3. The workers demanded that their wages should be increased.
  4. The workers demanded that their wages would be increased by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The workers demanded that their wages should be increased.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The workers demanded that their wages should be increased.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: The workers demanded to increase their wages.
Passive: The workers demanded that their wages should be increased.

• Decide/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decided/ demand ইত্যাদি + infinitive (to) + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম হচ্ছে - 
- প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject ও verb বসে
- এরপর that বসে
- infinitive (to) এর পরের object বসে
- এরপর should be বসে
- infinitive (to) এর পরের verb এর Past participle বসে।

Other options:
ক) The workers demanded that their wages should be increased by them.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, Decide/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decided/ demand ইত্যাদি + infinitive (to) + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার এ ধরনের বাক্যে 'by them' ব্যবহারের প্রয়োজন হয় না।

খ) The workers demanded that their wages would be increased.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, Decide/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decided/ demand ইত্যাদি + infinitive (to) + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার এ ধরনের বাক্যে should be+ verb এর Past participle বসে।

ঘ) The workers demanded that their wages would be increased by them.
- এটি ভুল কারণ, Decide/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decided/ demand ইত্যাদি + infinitive (to) + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার এ ধরনের বাক্যে 'by them' ব্যবহারের প্রয়োজন হয় না।


Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৪.
He said, "I have visited the new museum."
  1. He said that he visited the new museum.
  2. He said that he had visited the new museum.
  3. He said that he has visited the new museum.
  4. He said that he visits the new museum.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had visited the new museum.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had visited the new museum.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: খ) He said that he had visited the new museum.

- He said, "I have visited the new museum."
- মূল বাক্য present perfect tense এ আছে।
- Reported speech এ tense past perfect এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- “Have visited” থেকে “had visited” হয়েছে।
- বাক্যের অর্থ অপরিবর্তিত।
- তাই সঠিক উত্তর হলো “He said that he had visited the new museum.”

Other Options:
ক) He said that he visited the new museum.
- "have visited" → "visited" নয়, বরং "had visited" হবে।

গ) He said that he has visited the new museum.
- Reporting verb অতীত হলে, Reported Speech-এর tense পরিবর্তিত হবে।

ঘ) He said that he visits the new museum.
- Present Indefinite হয়ে গেছে, যা অর্থ ও tense উভয়ই ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

২৪৫.
She decided to finish the work. (make it passive)
  1. She decided that the work is being finished.
  2. She decided that the work should be finished.
  3. She decided that the work to be finished.
  4. She decided that the work has to be finished.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She decided that the work should be finished.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She decided that the work should be finished.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decide/ demand + infinitive object যুক্ত Sentence কে Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject ও Verb বসবে।
that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের Object বসবে।
should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

• Active voice
: She decided to finish the work.
• Passive voice: She decided that the work should be finished.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৬.
My teacher embodies all the good qualities. (Make it passive)
  1. All the good qualities are embodied by my teacher.
  2. All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.
  3. All the good qualities are embodied to my teacher.
  4. All the good qualities are embodied on my teacher.
সঠিক উত্তর:
All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active voice থেকে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার প্রক্রিয়া:
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রূপান্তর হয়।
- মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/ be verb হয়।

• সাধারণত, আমরা জানি passive voice এ obj. এর পূর্বে by বসে।
- তবে কখনো কখনো অন্যান্য preposition ও ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে।
- কিছু verb আছে যেগুলোর পরে passive এ in বসে।- যেমন: Embody, Contain, Include ইত্যাদি।

• Present indefinite tense কে passive voice করতে হলে am/ is/ are + মূল verb এর past participle ব্যবহৃত হয়।

সুতরাং, নিয়ম অনুসারে,
- Active voice: My teacher embodies all the good qualities.
- Passive voice: All the good qualities are embodied in my teacher.

২৪৭.
What is the superlative form of 'noble'?
  1. noblst
  2. nobest
  3. noblest
  4. none
সঠিক উত্তর:
noblest
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
noblest
ব্যাখ্যা
The superlative form of 'noble' is ' noblest.

Noble
Bangla Meaning: মহৎ; মহান; মহানুভব; উদারমতি; উন্নত হৃদয়; মহামনা; মহাভাগ; মহাপ্রাণ।
English Meaning: possessing outstanding qualities: illustrious.

Comparative form of "noble"-nobler.
Superlative form of "noble" -noblest.

Source: A passage to the English language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৪৮.
They are going to build a school. (Make it passive.)
  1. A school is going to built by them.
  2. A school is going to be built by them.
  3. A school was going to built by them.
  4. A school going to be built by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A school is going to be built by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A school is going to be built by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

be going to দিয়ে Active Voice থাকলে তা Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- going to এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- going to এরপর be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: They are going to build a school.
Passive Voice: A school is going to be built by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৪৯.
The host said to the guests, “Thank you.” (Make it Indirect)
  1. The host said to the guests thank you.
  2. The host said thank you the guests.
  3. The host thanked the guests.
  4. The host told the guests thank you.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The host thanked the guests.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The host thanked the guests.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: The host said to the guests, “Thank you.” 
- Indirect speech: The host thanked the students the guests.

• মূল বাক্য: The host said to the guests, “Thank you.” 
এখানে,
- "Thank" যুক্ত বাক্যের Indirect Speech করার সময় "thanked" ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- Said to → Thanked পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Indirect Speech রূপান্তরের গঠন: Subject + thanked + Object.

অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে, সঠিক উত্তর: The host thanked the students the guests.

More Examples:
• Direct Speech: The employee said to his manager, “Thank you."
- Indirect speech: The employee thanked his manager.
২৫০.
"Why have you beaten my dog"? He said to me. (Make it Indirect)
  1. He demanded me why had I beaten his dog.
  2. He asked me why I have had beaten his dog.
  3. He enquired me why had I had beaten his dog.
  4. He demanded of me why I had beaten his dog.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He demanded of me why I had beaten his dog.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He demanded of me why I had beaten his dog.
ব্যাখ্যা

• (38 BCS Preli Question)

• WH-Question যুক্ত Direct speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:

- Reporting Verb হিসেবে tense অনুযায়ী ask/ asked, enquire of/ enquired of, want/ wanted to know, demanded ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- WH-word টি (যেমন: Why, how, what, where) অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- Direct speech -এর Past Indefinite tense, Past Perfect tense -এ পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- Person পরিবর্তন করতে হবে (You → I).
- Interrogative sentence টি Indirect speech - এ সবসময় assertive  sentence -এ পরিণত হবে।

• বাক্যটি দ্বারা দৃঢ় ভাবে জিজ্ঞাসা করা বোঝাচ্ছে।

- আর demand of somebody অর্থ কাউকে দৃঢ় ভাবে জিজ্ঞাসা করা।
- আর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Present Perfect থাকলে Past Perfect হয়।
- বাক্যটিকে Assertive এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে এবং এ হিসেবে Auxiliary Verb - Subject এর পরে বসবে।

• Direct Speech: "Why have you beaten my dog"? He said to me.
• Indirect Speech: He demanded of me why I had beaten his dog.

২৫১.
Choose the correct sentence:
  1. This is the most exterior part of the building.
  2. The utter worse situation was unexpected.
  3. The outer layer is painted red.
  4. The most hind section is the largest.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The outer layer is painted red.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The outer layer is painted red.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct sentence is - গ) The outer layer is painted red.

exterior, interior, ulterior, major minor - এই পাঁচটি positive adjective এর মত ব্যবহৃত হয়, comparative Adjective এরমত ব্যবহৃত হয় না।
• Example:
- The exterior portion of the house is worse than the interior portion.
- He did it with some ulterior motive.
- The major portion of the people are illiterate.
- Do not quarrel over such a minor matter.

- Inner, outer, latter, elder, hinder, upper, former, utter ইত্যাদি হল English comparatives, কিন্তু এগুলো এদের comparative-এর অর্থ হারিয়ে এখন শুধু positive-এ ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- এদের পরে than বা to কোনটিই বসে না। তবে কখনও কখনও of বসতে পারে।

Other options:
ক) This is the most exterior part of the building. (এটি ভবনের সবচেয়ে বাইরের অংশ।)
 - বাক্যটি ভুল।
- “Exterior” শব্দটি ইতিমধ্যেই ‘বাইরের’ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে এবং এর আগে “most” ব্যবহার করা যায় না। যেমন: “exterior” এর comparative বা superlative হয় না।

খ) The utter worse situation was unexpected. (সম্পূর্ণ খারাপ পরিস্থিতি অপ্রত্যাশিত ছিল।)
 - বাক্যটি ভুল।
- “Utter” মানে ‘সম্পূর্ণ’ বা ‘পুরোপুরি’ কিন্তু “worse” (comparative) এর সাথে “utter” ব্যবহার করা যায় না। সঠিক হবে “utter worst” বা “the worst situation”।

ঘ) The most hind section is the largest. (সবচেয়ে পশ্চাদ্ধাবী অংশ সবচেয়ে বড়।)
 - বাক্যটি ভুল।
- “Hind” positive adjective, এর আগে “most” ব্যবহার করা হয় না।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৫২.
The coach said to the players, 'May you win the championship. (Make it indirect)
  1. The coach wished to the players that may they win the championship.
  2. The coach wished that the players might win the championship.
  3. The coach wished to the players that might be won the championship.
  4. The coach wished that the players may be won the championship.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The coach wished that the players might win the championship.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The coach wished that the players might win the championship.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসবে
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: The coach said to the players, 'May you win the championship. 
Indirect: The coach wished that the players might win the championship.

More example: 
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "May you pass the examination."
Indirect: The teacher wished that the students might pass the examination.
২৫৩.
The mother said to her son, "Eat your food properly." (Make it indirect)
  1. The mother advised her son to eat his food properly
  2. The mother told her son eat his food properly.
  3. The mother requested her son eating his food properly.
  4. The mother said her son to eat his food properly.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The mother advised her son to eat his food properly
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The mother advised her son to eat his food properly
ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/ order/ advice/ beg/ forbid বসে।
- Object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী person পরিবর্তিত হবে।
- reported verb টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/ command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

• Direct speech: The mother said to her son, "Eat your food properly."
• Indirect speech: The mother advised her son to eat his food properly

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৫৪.
Never waste time. (Passive)
  1. Let time be wasted never.
  2. Let never time to waste.
  3. Let never time to be wasted.
  4. Let never time be wasted.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let never time be wasted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let never time be wasted.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active: Never waste time.
Passive: Let never time be wasted.

• Never যুক্ত Imperative Sentence কে Passive করার structure: 
- প্রথমে Let Never বসে
- Object টি Subject রূপে বসে
- be বসে 
- মূল verb এর  Past participle হয়।

তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let never a lie be told. 

Active: Never ignore the truth.
Passive: Let never the truth be ignored.
২৫৫.
Choose the correct passive voice:
Someone broke the window.
  1. The window is broken by someone.
  2. The window was broken by someone.
  3. The window has been broken by someone.
  4. The window had been broken by someone.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The window was broken by someone.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The window was broken by someone.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - খ) The window was broken by someone. 
- মূল বাক্যটি Simple Past Tense-এ আছে: "Someone broke the window." (কেউ জানালাটি ভেঙেছিল।)

• Simple Past Tense-এর Passive Voice করতে হলে গঠনটি হলো:
- Subject (কর্ম) + was/were + V3 (Past Participle) + by + agent (কর্তা, ঐচ্ছিক)
- এখানে "broke" (ভেঙেছিল)-এর Past Participle হলো "broken"।
- যেহেতু "window" একটি singular noun, তাই "was broken" ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
- "By someone" কর্তা হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

Other options:
ক) "Is broken" – Present Simple Passive, কিন্তু মূল বাক্য Past Tense-এ আছে।
গ) "Has been broken" – Present Perfect Passive, যা বোঝায় কাজটি সম্প্রতি শেষ হয়েছে এবং তার বর্তমান প্রভাব আছে। কিন্তু এখানে সাধারণ অতীতের ঘটনা বোঝানো হয়েছে।
ঘ) "Had been broken" – Past Perfect Passive, যা অতীতে একটি কাজের আগে অন্য কাজ শেষ হওয়া বোঝায়। কিন্তু এখানে শুধু একটি সাধারণ অতীতের ঘটনা বলা হয়েছে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৫৬.
He asked her, 'How long have you lived here?
  1. ক) He asked her how long she lived here.
  2. খ) He asked her how long she lived there.
  3. গ) He asked her how long she had lived there.
  4. ঘ) He asked her how long she had been living here.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He asked her how long she had lived there.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He asked her how long she had lived there.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct & Indirect speech: 
- There can be two basic narratives to describe a statement in English. 
- It is important to understand direct & indirect speech.
- In direct speech, "a quoted speech" is used to narrate someone else's speech. 

Remember this transformation of verb tense while changing narratives:

Direct Speech/ Reporting speech  Vs Indirect speech / Reported  speech

Present indefinite      - Past indefinite 
Present continuous-  - Past continuous 
Present Perfect           -Past perfect 
Past indefinite            -Past Perfect 
Past continuous         - Past perfect continuous
Past perfect                - Past Perfect 
Future Indefinite        - Use of modal 

 

যেহেতু এখানে, direct speech, present perfect সুতরাং change of narrative  এর সময়  এটি Past perfect form অনুসরণ করবে। 

অতএব সঠিক বাক্যটি হল: He asked her how long she had lived there. 

Source: Cambridge Dictionary Grammar Reference. 

২৫৭.
The commander said to the soldiers, "Stand up." [change the narration]
  1. The commander said the soldiers to stand up.
  2. The commander told the soldiers stand up.
  3. The commander command the soldiers to stand up.
  4. The commander commanded the soldiers to stand up.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The commander commanded the soldiers to stand up.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The commander commanded the soldiers to stand up.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The commander said to the soldiers, "Stand up."
Indirect: The commander commanded the soldiers to stand up.

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৫৮.
What is the correct indirect form of: He said, “You had better finish your work.”
  1. He advised him to finish his work.
  2. He advised that he should finished his work.
  3. He suggested him to finish his work.
  4. He told that he had better finish his work.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He advised him to finish his work.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He advised him to finish his work.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech: He said, “You had better finish your work.”
- এখানে “had better” দ্বারা advice বোঝানো হয়েছে।

• had better এবং subject second person যুক্ত direct speech কে  indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম - 
- প্রথমে Subject বসবে,
- advised বসবে,
- object বসবে,
- infinitive বসবে,
- বাকি অংশ বসবে,।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে -  He advised him to finish his work.

• Other Options:
খ) He advised that he should finished his work.
- “should finished” ভুল (should + base verb হবে)।

গ) He suggested him to finish his work.
- suggest এর পরে object + to হয় না; “suggest that…” হয়।

ঘ) He told that he had better finish his work.
- told এর পরে object লাগে (told him), এবং structure ভুল।

২৫৯.
The committee nominated her president. (make it passive)
  1. She is nominated president by the committee.
  2. Her president was nominated by the committee.
  3. Her president is nominated by the committee.
  4. She was nominated president by the committee.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She was nominated president by the committee.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She was nominated president by the committee.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: The committee nominated her president.
Passive: She was nominated president by the committee.
- উক্ত Active Voice এর বাক্যটি একটি  Factitive object যুক্ত বাক্য। 

• কিছু Transitive Verb এর একটি সরাসরি কর্ম থাকা সত্ত্বেও বাক্যটি সম্পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করে না। Select, elect, nominate, make, call, name ইত্যাদি transitive verb গুলোর object থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণরূপে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করার জন্য অতিরিক্ত object আনতে হয়। এইরূপ অতিরিক্ত object কে Factitive object বলে।

• Factitive object/complementary object যুক্ত active voice কে passive voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত Pronominal object-টি(me, us, you, them, him, her) / নামবাচক object টি Subject +
- tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে +
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে +
- Factitive object টি বসে +
- by বসে +
- Subject টির objective form বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৬০.
The indirect form of speech: Imran said, "It is freezing today."
  1. Imran said that It is freezing that day.
  2. Imran said that it was freezing today.
  3. Imran said that it had been freezing that day.
  4. Imran said that it was freezing that day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Imran said that it was freezing that day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Imran said that it was freezing that day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech: Imran said, "It is freezing today."
• Indirect speech: Imran said that it was freezing that day.

Assertive sentence -এর Narration - change করার ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb - say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- তারপর assertive sentence - এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে conjuction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech - এর person - Reporting verb - এর subject, object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- তবে, Reported speech - এ third person থাকলে তা পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তারপর Direct narration - এর Reported speech যদি present continous tense -এ থাকে তাহলে Indirect narration - এ past continous tense - এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Note: Direct speech -এর কিছু নৈকট্যসূচক শব্দ Indirect speech -এ দুরত্বসূচক শব্দে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- যেমন: 
- this থাকলে that হয়,
- these থাকলে those হয়,
- here থাকলে there হয়,
- today থাকলে that day হয়,
- tonight থাকলে that night হয়।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Indirect speech হলো - Imran said that it was freezing that day.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২৬১.
The old man said to me, "May ALLAH help you in every step of your life." (make it indirect)
  1. The old man hoped that ALLAH may help me in every step of my life.
  2. The old man prayed that ALLAH help me in every step of my life.
  3. The old man wished that ALLAH might help me in every step of my life.
  4. The old man said that might ALLAH help me in every step of my life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man wished that ALLAH might help me in every step of my life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man wished that ALLAH might help me in every step of my life.
ব্যাখ্যা
Optative Sentence এর Direct speech থাকে Indirect speech- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- reporting clause এর subject বসে।
- reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে (wish/wished)/ (pray/prayed) বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- may / might বসে।
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Direct: The old man said to me, “May ALLAH help you in every step of your life.” 
Indirect: The old man wished that ALLAH might help me in every step of my life.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৬২.
She said, "Let us explore the city." (Indirect)
  1. She said that let us explore the city.
  2. She suggested that we should explore the city.
  3. She suggested that we should gone to explore the city.
  4. She said that we can explore the city.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She suggested that we should explore the city.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She suggested that we should explore the city.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: She said, "Let us explore the city."
• Indirect: She suggested that we should explore the city.

• Let যুক্ত sentence এর Indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/ suggest হয়। 
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they/ we + should বসে।
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• Note: Reporting verb এর subject third person হলে that এরপরে we বসে, এবং reporting verb এর subject first person হলে that এরপরে they বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২৬৩.
The active form of the sentence:
By whom was the letter written?
  1. The letter was written by who?
  2. Who has written the letter?
  3. By who the letter was written? 
  4. Who wrote the letter?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Who wrote the letter?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Who wrote the letter?
ব্যাখ্যা

- Passive: By whom was the letter written?
- Active: Who wrote the letter?

• By whom যুক্ত Passive Voice-কে Active Voice করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject হিসেবে Who বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে।
- Passive Voice -এর Subject - Object হয়ে বসবে।

• More examples:
- Passive: By whom was the book written?
- Active: Who wrote the book?

- Passive: By whom was the decision made?
- Active: Who made the decision?

২৬৪.
He asked her. ''Are you crying?'' (Make it indirect).
  1. He asked her that if she is crying.
  2. He asked her that whether she was crying.
  3. He asked her whether she was crying.
  4. He asked to her that if she was crying.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked her whether she was crying.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked her whether she was crying.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct: 'Are you crying?' he asked her. 
Indirect: He asked her whether she was crying.
২৬৫.
Mother said to me 'Don't conceal the truth'. (Make it indirect)
  1. Mother forbade me to conceal the truth.
  2. Mother advised me not to conceal the truth.
  3. Mother ordered me not to conceal the truth.
  4. All of these.
সঠিক উত্তর:
All of these.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
All of these.
ব্যাখ্যা
• বাক্যটি নিষেধ/উপদেশমূলক হওয়ায় said এর পরিবর্তে advised/forbade/ordered ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যের indirect speech এ advised এবং ordered ব্যবহৃত হলে not to ব্যবহৃত হবে কিন্তু forbade নিজেই না বোধক হওয়ায় এর পর not বসবে না শুধু to + verb বসবে।

- যেমন:
- Mother said to me 'Don't conceal the truth'. 
- এর indirect speech হতে পারে -
1. Mother forbade me to conceal the truth.
2. Mother advised/ ordered me not to conceal the truth.

• যেহেতু প্রশ্নের অপশনে - তিনটি অপশন ই শুদ্ধভাবে রয়েছে, তাই উত্তর হবে - All of these.

আরো উদাহরণ:
• Direct speech: 'Don't waste your time' the boss said to the employees. 
1- The boss ordered/advised the employees not to waste their time.
2- The boss forbade the employees to waste their time.

• Direct speech:  The Teacher said to the students, “Do not make noise.”
1- The teacher ordered/advised the students not to make noise.
2- The teacher forbade the students to make noise.
২৬৬.
The teacher said to me, "You are right.'' (Make it Indirect)
  1. ক) The teacher said to me that I am right.
  2. খ) The teacher said to me that I were right.
  3. গ) The teacher said to me that I had a right.
  4. ঘ) The teacher said to me that I was right.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) The teacher said to me that I was right.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) The teacher said to me that I was right.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reported speech -এ present indefinite tense হলে
- indirect speech -এ past indefinite tense হয়। 
Direct: The teacher said to me, "You are right.''
Indirect: The teacher said to me that I was right.
২৬৭.
The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has won the game." (Make it indirect)
  1. The students exclaimed with sorrow that their team had won the game.
  2. The students exclaimed with joy that their team has won the game.
  3. The students exclaim with joy that their team had won the game.
  4. The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.
ব্যাখ্যা

Exclamatory sentence এ Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে -
- Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaimed/ exclaimed with joy আর দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaimed/ exclaimed with sorrow or grief হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/great বসবে।
- adjective.
- বাকী অংশ (যদি থাকে) 

Direct speech: The students said, "Hurrah! Our team has won the game."
Indirect speech: The students exclaimed with joy that their team had won the game.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৬৮.
The waiter said, "Thank you, Sir". (Make it indirect)
  1. The waiter told that thank you sir.
  2. The waiter thanked his customer.
  3. The waiter addressed the person 'sir' and said thank you.
  4. The waiter respectfully thanked the person spoken to.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The waiter respectfully thanked the person spoken to.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The waiter respectfully thanked the person spoken to.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Narration: The waiter said, "Thank you, Sir."
• Indirect narration: The waiter respectfully thanked the person spoken to.

• Direct Narration -এ Thanks/Thank you/ welcome/ Congratulations! থাকলে Indirect narration -এ said -এর পরিবর্তে Thanked/ Welcomed/ Congratulated বসে।
- অর্থাৎ, Reporting verb -এর tense অনুযায়ী reported speech -এর verb বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে যায়।
- object বসে।
- এই বাক্যে Sir উল্লেখ আছে বিধায় respectfully বসবে।
- আর কাউকে উদ্দেশ্য করে 'Thank you' বলা হয়েছে তাই object হিসেবে to the person spoken to হবে।

• Structure: Reporting verb -এর subject + respectfully + thanked + object.

• More examples:
- Direct: The shopkeeper said, "Thank you, Ma'am."
- Indirect: The shopkeeper respectfully thanked the lady.

Source:
1. A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২৬৯.
Abul said, “I was busy.” বাক্যটির Indirect speech হবে -
  1. ক) Abul said that I was busy.
  2. খ) Abul said that he was busy.
  3. গ) Abul said that I had been busy.
  4. ঘ) Abul said that he had been busy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Abul said that he had been busy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Abul said that he had been busy.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ am এর পরিবর্তে was হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Direct: Abul said, “I was busy.”
Indirect: Abul said that he had been busy. 
২৭০.
He said to me, `I don't believe you.' বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক) He said that he did not believe me.
  2. খ) He said that he does not believe me.
  3. গ) He says that he did not believe me.
  4. ঘ) He says that he does not believe me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He said that he did not believe me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He said that he did not believe me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• - Reporting verb যদি past indefinite tense এ থাকে, তবে reporting speech টি ও present indefinite tense এ থাকলে indirect speech এ তা past indefinite হবে।
- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He said that he did not believe me.
২৭১.
Bring a glass of water for me. (Change the voice)
  1. Let a glass of water been brought for me.
  2. Let a glass of water being brought for me.
  3. Let a glass of water be brought for me.
  4. Let a glass of water be bought for me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a glass of water be brought for me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a glass of water be brought for me.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: Let a glass of water be brought for me.
- Imperative sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে শুরুতেই "Let" বসে। 

• Imperative sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- for বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭২.
What is the correct indirect form of: I said to him, “You had better speak the truth”.
  1. ক) He proposed to speaking the truth.
  2. খ) I advised that he had better spoken the truth.
  3. গ) I suggested that he had spoken the truth better.
  4. ঘ) I advised him to speak the truth.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) I advised him to speak the truth.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) I advised him to speak the truth.
ব্যাখ্যা
You had better speak the truth. = তুমি বরং সত্যটা বললেই ভালো হবে।
এর দ্বারা মূলত উপদেশই বুঝাচ্ছে।
তাই Reporting Verb হিসেবে Advised বসবে এবং এর পর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী to + Verb বসবে।
২৭৩.
Don’t neglect your duties. (Change the voice.)
  1. Let your duties not be neglected.
  2. Let your duties be neglected.
  3. Let not your duties be neglected.
  4. Let not your duties neglected.
  5. None
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let not your duties be neglected.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let not your duties be neglected.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Imperative Sentence কে Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:

এক্ষেত্রে,
• Do not দিয়ে শুরু যুক্ত Imperative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম:
-  প্রথমে Let not বসে, 
- Objectটি subject রূপে বসে, 
- be বসে, 
- মূল Verb-এর Past Participle বসে।

সে অনুসারে, 
Active Voice: Don’t neglect your duties.
Passive Voice: Let not your duties be neglected.

২৭৪.
I said to myself, "What wrongs am I being punished for?"
  1. I asked myself what wrongs I was punished for.
  2. I asked myself what wrongs I had been punished for.
  3. I asked myself what wrongs I am being punished for.
  4. I asked myself what wrongs I was being punished for.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I asked myself what wrongs I was being punished for.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I asked myself what wrongs I was being punished for.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: I said to myself, "What wrongs am I being punished for?"
• Indirect: I asked myself what wrongs I was being punished for.

• Interrogative Sentence -এর Direct Narration কে Indirect Narration -এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি Reported Speech -এর অর্থানুসারে 'ask'/ 'enquire of'/ 'demand of'/ 'want to know' ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
- Reported Speech যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তবে Reported speech এর পূর্বে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসাতে হয়।
- কিন্তু Reported Speech টি যদি Wh-question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসবে।
- Present continuous tense থাকলে তা Past Continuous tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
- Sentence টি Interrogative -এর পরিবর্তে Assertive sentence -এ পরিণত হয়। 

• Structure: Subject + ask/enquire of + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether/Wh-question word + Reported speech -এর subject + verb (Tense অনুযায়ী) +ext. 

• প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নে নিয়মানুযায়ী "I said to myself" → "I asked myself" (Reporting verb পরিবর্তন হয়েছে)
- am being → was being (Past Continuous tense-এ পরিবর্তন হয়েছে, কারণ reporting verb "said" past tense-এ রয়েছে)

• সুতরাং, সঠিক Indirect Narration হবে- I asked myself what wrongs I was being punished for.

Source:
1. A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
২৭৫.
Ygritte said, ''You know nothing, Jon Snow.' (Change the Narration.)
  1. Ygritte said that you knew nothing.
  2. Ygritte said that Jon Snow knew nothing.
  3. Ygritte asked if Jon Snow knew something.
  4. Ygritte said Jon Snow knew nothing.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ygritte said that Jon Snow knew nothing.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ygritte said that Jon Snow knew nothing.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Direct Speech: Ygritte said, “You know nothing, Jon Snow.”
- Indirect Speech: Ygritte said that Jon Snow knew nothing.

- “You” বোঝাচ্ছে Jon Snow : তাই Indirect Speech-এ "Jon Snow" ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে।
- Present tense "know" : Past tense "knew" হয়েছে কারণ reporting verb "said" past tense.
- বাক্যটি assertive হওয়ায় “that” দিয়ে সংযোগ হয়েছে।

• Other Options:
ক) Ygritte said that you knew nothing.
- ভুল, কারণ "you" এখানে Jon Snow বোঝায়: indirect-এ তা পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

গ) Ygritte asked if Jon Snow knew something.
- ভুল, এটি interrogative বা প্রশ্ন ছিল না, এটি assertive statement.

ঘ) Ygritte said Jon Snow knew nothing.
- কিছুটা গ্রহণযোগ্য হলেও "that" বাদ দেওয়া ভুল হিসেবে ধরা হয় পরীক্ষায়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২৭৬.
I said to him, "Let us drop the case." (make it indirect)
  1. I requested to him that we should drop the case.
  2. I proposed to him that we should drop the case.
  3. I proposed to him that we have drop the case.
  4. I said to him that we should drop the case.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I proposed to him that we should drop the case.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I proposed to him that we should drop the case.
ব্যাখ্যা

Let যুক্ত sentence এর indirect করার নিয়ম:
- Let এরপর us থাকলে indirect করার সময় reporting verb টি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে propose/ suggest হয়। 
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- they/ we + should বসে।
- Reported Speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- Reporting verb এরপর Subject third person হলে that এরপরে they বসে, এবং Reporting verb এর subject first person হলে that এরপরে we বসে।

Direct speech: I said to him, "Let us drop the case."
Indirect speech: I proposed to him that we should drop the case.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৭৭.
The people of Grameen bank offered Feroza the responsibility of teaching the children.
  1. The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank.
  2. Teaching the children was offered to Feroza the responsibility of by the people of Grameen Bank.
  3. The children were offered Feroza the responsibility of teaching by the people of Grameen Bank.
  4. Feroza the responsibility of teaching the children was offered by the people of Grameen Bank.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Double Object যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice- এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- দুটি Object এর যে কোন একটিকে Passive voice এর Subject করতে হবে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- ২য় Object ব্যক্তিবাচক হলে তার আগে to বসে।
- তারপর বাকি Object টি বসে।
- by বসে।
- active voice এর Subject টি Object হিসেবে বসে। 

Active: The people of Grameen Bank offered Feroza the responsibility of teaching the children. 
Passive: The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank.
Or, Feroza was offered the responsibility of teaching the children by the people of Grameen Bank. 

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৭৮.
'Come in, my friend,' said I - বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে -
  1. Addressing him as my friend, I told him to go in.
  2. Addressing him as my friend, I asked him to go in.
  3. Addressing him as my friend, I have said him to go in.
  4. Addressing him as my friend, I told him to come in.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing him as my friend, I told him to go in.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Addressing him as my friend, I told him to go in.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Imperative sentence এ direct speech এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করা হলে নিচের নিয়মের সাহায্যে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়:
- Addressing বসবে
- Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) 
- as বসে
- যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি বসবে
- Reporting verb এর subject বসবে
- Reporting verb বসবে
- to বসবে
- Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।

Structure: Addressing + Reporting verb এর object (যদি থাকে) + as + যাকে/যাদেরকে সম্বোধন করা হয়েছে সে শব্দটি + Reporting verb এর subject +  Reporting verb + to + Reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Correct sentence: Addressing him as my friend, I told him to go in.
২৭৯.
The comparative form of 'far' is:
  1. ক) Farer
  2. খ) Farther
  3. গ) Further
  4. ঘ) খ ও গ
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) খ ও গ
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) খ ও গ
ব্যাখ্যা

Source: https://www.ef.edu/
২৮০.
What is the passive voice of: Who is calling me?
  1. By whom am I being called?
  2. By whom I am being called?
  3. By who am I called?
  4. Who am I being called?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom am I being called?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom am I being called?
ব্যাখ্যা
Answer: ক) By whom am I being called?

• Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence কে Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice এ করার নিয়ম:
- Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে+ (ii) Tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary বসে + (iii) Object টি Subject হয় + (iv) অনেক সময় tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/ being/been বসাতে হয় + ( v) মূল verb এর Past Participle বসে+ (vi) প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

- Active voice: Who is calling me?
- Passive voice: By whom am I being called?

• More example:
- Active voice: Who has broken the glasses?
- Passive voice: By whom have the glasses been broken?

Source: Advance Learner’s English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৮১.
Has anybody answered your question? (Passive)
  1. Your question has been answered?
  2. Anybody has answered your question?
  3. Have you answered your question?
  4. Has your question been answered?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Has your question been answered?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Has your question been answered?
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Has anybody answered your question?
Passive Voice: Has your question been answered? (অপশন 'ঘ')

• Interrogative sentence + present perfect tense এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম - 
→ প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি interrogative sentence- এ রয়েছে।
→ interrogative sentence কে assertive sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত করে এরপর ওই assertive sentence- এর voice change করে তাকে পুনরায় interrogative- এ পরিবর্তন করলে আমরা passive voice (উত্তর) পেতে পারি।

• interrogative sentence → assertive sentence → passive voice → interrogative sentence
→ Interrogative sentence = Has anybody answered your question?
→ Assertive sentence = Anybody has answered your question.
→ Passive voice = Your question has been answered by anybody.
→ Interrogative sentence = Has your question been answered? (by anybody ঊহ্য রয়েছে)
২৮২.
'I will help Hima', he said, 'if I can'. (Make it indirect)
  1. I would help Hima, if I could, he said.
  2. He said that he would help Hima if he could.
  3. He said if he could he would help Hima.
  4. He would help Hima, he said, if he could.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would help Hima if he could.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would help Hima if he could.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ  reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে - He said that he would help Hima if he could.
২৮৩.
The dervish said to me," May you shine in life." (Change into indirect speech) 
  1. The dervish told that I might shine in life.
  2. The dervish told that I may shine in life.
  3. The dervish prayed that I may shine in life.
  4. The dervish prayed that I might shine in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The dervish prayed that I might shine in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The dervish prayed that I might shine in life.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: The dervish said to me," May you shine in life."
Indirect speech: The dervish prayed that I might shine in life.
- Direct speech-এ যখন কোনো প্রার্থনা (prayer) বা ইচ্ছা (wish) প্রকাশ করা হয়, তখন reporting verb "said to" এর পরিবর্তে "prayed" বা "wished" হয়। এখানে দরবেশ প্রার্থনা করেছেন, তাই "prayed" ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে।

• Optative Sentence এর Direct speech থাকে Indirect speech- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে (wish/wished)/ (pray/prayed) বসে।
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- may/ might বসে।
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৮৪.
Convert the following direct speech into indirect speech: Kamal said, “She reached at eight O’clock.”
  1. Kamal said that she reached at eight O’clock.
  2. Kamal said that she had reached at eight O’clock.
  3. Kamal said, she had reached at eight O’clock.
  4. Kamal said that she had been reach at eight O’clock.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kamal said that she had reached at eight O’clock.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kamal said that she had reached at eight O’clock.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration - change করার ক্ষেত্রে,

- Direct narration থেকে  Indirect narration - এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম হলো - 
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb - say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- তারপর assertive sentence - এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে conjuction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech - এর person - Reporting verb - এর subject, object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- তবে, Reported speech - এ third person থাকলে তা পরিবর্তন হয় না।
-তারপর Direct narration - এ Reported speech যদি simple past - এ থাকে তাহলে  Indirect narration - এ past perfect tense - এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়ম অনুসারে, বাক্যটি হবে - 
Direct narration:  Kamal said, “She reached at eight O’clock.
Indirect narration: Kamal said that she had reached at eight O’clock.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২৮৫.
Change the following sentence into an indirect sentence: Rupa said to me, "Why are you working so hard?"
  1. Rupa asked me why I work so hard.
  2. Rupa asked me why I am working so hard.
  3. Rupa told me why I was working so hard.
  4. Rupa asked me why I was working so hard.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rupa asked me why I was working so hard.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rupa asked me why I was working so hard.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• 'WH question' যুক্ত বাক্যের indirect narration এর গঠন - 
- reporting verb 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। 
- reporting verb এর object অনুসারে reported speech এ verb বসবে।
- তারপর object বসবে।

Direct: Rupa said to me, "Why are you working so hard?" 
Indirect: Rupa asked me why I was working so hard.
২৮৬.
Choose the appropriate reporting speech : Sara promised Sana, ''______.''
  1. ক) I will like the new movie
  2. খ) I will certainly help you tomorrow
  3. গ) I will definitely dream about you tonight
  4. ঘ) I will win the lottery and share the money with you
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) I will certainly help you tomorrow
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) I will certainly help you tomorrow
ব্যাখ্যা

Reported verb হিসেবে promise থাকাতে বোঝা যাচ্ছে যে reported speech-টি দ্বারা অঙ্গীকার বোঝাবে এমন বাক্য প্রয়োজন যা কেবল I will certainly help you tomorrow দ্বারা সম্ভব।
যার অর্থ আমি তোমাকে আগামীকাল অবশ্যই সাহায্য করব।
তাছাড়া অন্যান্য বাক্যগুলো দ্বারা অঙ্গীকার প্রকাশ পায় না।

২৮৭.
Panic seized the boy. [Passive]
  1. The boy was seized to panic.
  2. The boy was seized on panic.
  3. The boy was being seized with panic.
  4. The boy was seized with panic.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy was seized with panic.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The boy was seized with panic.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Panic seized the boy.
Passive: The boy was seized with panic.

• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:

• Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
• Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
• তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
• Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
• তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।

- Passive Voice – Seized এর পর by না বসে with বসে।

২৮৮.
Change the speech: The old man said to me, "Will you help me?"
  1. The old man told me whether I will help him.
  2.  The old man asked me will I help him.
  3.  The old man demanded my help.
  4. The old man asked me if I would help him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man asked me if I would help him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man asked me if I would help him.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct speech: The old man said to me, "Will you help me?"
- Indirect speech: The old man asked me if I would help him.

• Interrogative sentence -এর speech পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে:

- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে এবং Reporting verb “said” -এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject বসবে।
- Direct speech -এ 'will' থাকলে Indirect speech -এ তা 'would' হয়ে যায়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) +  if/whether + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

- তাই সঠিক Indirect speech টি হবে- The old man asked me if I would help him.

২৮৯.
The authority said to the employee, "Did you make the mistake?"
  1. The authority asked the employee whether he or she had make the mistake.
  2. The authority asked the employee if he or she made the mistake.
  3. The authority told the employee if he or she had made the mistake.
  4. The authority asked the employee if he or she had made the mistake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The authority asked the employee if he or she had made the mistake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The authority asked the employee if he or she had made the mistake.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct narration: The authority said to the employee, "Did you make the mistake?"
• Indirect narration: The authority asked the employee if he or she had made the mistake.

• Narration -এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,  Interrogative sentence - এর narration পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে -
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং
- Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- Reported speech - এর 'subject' 2nd person (You) সবসময় Reporting verb - এর object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর Direct narration - এ Reported speech -এর verb যদি past indefinite tense থাকে তাহলে Indirect narration - এ তা past perfect tense হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (if/whether) + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

• Note: Interrogative sentence টি Indirect narration - এ সবসময় assertive sentence - এ পরিণত হবে।

Source: A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
২৯০.
Mr. Asif teaches us Math. (Make it Passive)
  1. By Mr. Asif we are taught Math.
  2. Math is taught to us by Mr. Asif
  3. We are taught Math by Mr. Asif.
  4. Both B & C
সঠিক উত্তর:
Both B & C
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Both B & C
ব্যাখ্যা
• Mr. Asif teaches us Math. - প্রদত্ত বাক্যে দুইটি object রয়েছে - us and Math.
- এর voice change দুইভাবে করা সম্ভব -
- We are taught Math by Mr. Asif.
- Math is taught to us by Mr. Asif

• Active voice এ double object থাকলে passive করার নিয়ম:
- দুটি object- এর যেকোনটি subject হিসেবে নেয়া হয় (ব্যক্তিবাচক object-টি পরিবর্তন করা ভাল),
- Tense এবং person-অনুসারে Auxiliary verb,
- Verb-এর past participle,
- অন্য object,
- by,
- active voice-এর subject-টি object হিসেবে লেখা হয়।

- যেহেতু প্রশ্নে দুটিই রয়েছে, তাই দুটিই সঠিক উত্তর।
২৯১.
The correct passive form of the sentence-  Who has killed the bird?
  1. Who has been killed the bird ?
  2. By whom has the bird killed?
  3. By whom has the bird been killed?
  4. Who has the bird been killed ?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom has the bird been killed?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom has the bird been killed?
ব্যাখ্যা

Active Voice: Who has killed the bird?
Passive Voice: By whom has the bird been killed ?

Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
-Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে।
-Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসাতে হয়।
-Object টি Subject হয়।
-Tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/being/been বসাতে হয়।
-মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।
-সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী The correct answer is: By whom has this bird been killed?

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

২৯২.
Never disturb the students. (make it passive)
  1. Let not the students ever be disturbed.
  2. Never the students be disturbed.
  3. Let the students never disturbed.
  4. Let never be disturbed the students.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let not the students ever be disturbed.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let not the students ever be disturbed.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Never যুক্ত Imperative Sentence কে Passive করার structure: 
- প্রথমে Let Never/Let not বসে,
- Object টি Subject রূপে বসে,
- be/ever be বসে,
- মূল verb এর Past participle হয়।

• Structure:
1. Let not + Object + ever be + V3.
2. Let never + Object + be + V3.

• Active voice: Never disturb the students.
• Passive voice: Let not the students ever be disturbed.

২৯৩.
The adjective ‘full’ in its superlative degree is -
  1. ক) most full
  2. খ) fuller
  3. গ) fullest
  4. ঘ) fulest
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) fullest
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) fullest
ব্যাখ্যা
- The three degrees of the adjective 'full' are - full, fuller and fullest.
- Ex: She likes to live life to the fullest.
- So, the correct answer is option 3 i.e. fullest.
২৯৪.
The historian said, "The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD."
  1. The historian said that The Roman Empire had been fell in 476 AD.
  2. The historian said The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
  3. The historian said that The Roman Empire was fell in 476 AD.
  4. The historian said that The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The historian said that The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The historian said that The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
-  Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

• অর্থাৎ, নিয়মানুযায়ী, The historian said, "The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD." এই বাক্যের সঠিক indirect speech হবে - 
- The historian said that The Roman Empire fell in 476 AD.
২৯৫.
The indirect form of: He said to me, "I shall go, but you will stay."
  1. He said to me that he would go, but I will stay.
  2. He told me that he will go, but I should stay.
  3. He told me that he would go, but I should stay.
  4. He told me that I would go, but he would stay.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He told me that he would go, but I should stay.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He told me that he would go, but I should stay.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: He said to me, "I shall go, but you will stay."
- Indirect: He told me that he would go, but I should stay.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - 'said to + object' থাকলে Indirect -এ 'told + object' বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়। (I→ he).
- Reported speech -এর 2nd person (you) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর object -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়। (you→ I).
- Reporting verb past tense হওয়ায়, person অনুযায়ী shall → would, এবং will → should হবে।
- এবং বাকি অংশ বসবে।

More examples:
- Direct: He said to me, “I shall come, but you will wait.”
- Indirect: He told me that he would come, but I should wait.

Other options:
ক) He said to me that he would go, but I will stay.
- "said to" should be "told"; "will stay" wrong tense.

খ) He told me that he will go, but I should stay.
- "will go" wrong tense.

ঘ) He told me that I would go, but he would stay.
- meaning পরিবর্তন হয়ে যায়।

Source: 
1. High School English Grammar and Composition by Wren And Martin.
2. A Text Book of Higher English Grammar by P. K. De Sarkar.

২৯৬.
Clean the table. (passive)
  1. Let the table cleaned.
  2. Let the table to be cleaned.
  3. Let the table be cleaned.
  4. Let be the table be cleaned.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the table be cleaned.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the table be cleaned.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, 
শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
i) প্রথমে Let বসে + 
ii) Object টি Subject রূপে বসে + 
iii) be বসে + 
iv) Verb এর past participle বসে। 

Active: Open the door in the living room.
Passive: Let the door in the living room be opened.

Active: Clean the table.
Passive: Let the table be cleaned.
২৯৭.
Choose the correct sentence.
  1. ক) I am more senior than Rafee.
  2. খ) I am most senior than Rafee
  3. গ) I am senior to Rafee.
  4. ঘ) I am more senior to Rafee.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) I am senior to Rafee.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) I am senior to Rafee.
ব্যাখ্যা
• সাধারণত Comparative degree এর পরে than বসলেও senior, junior, inferior, superior, prior, ulterior, posterior ইত্যাদি Latin Comparative গুলোর পরে to বসে (than নয়)।
- যেমন- He is senior to me by 5 years.
- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - I am senior to Rafee.
২৯৮.
He asked me if I had ever heard the name of Hatim Tai. (Make it direct)
  1. ক) He said to me, “If you have ever heard the name of Hatim Tai?”
  2. খ) He said to me, “Did you ever hear the name of Hatim Tai?”
  3. গ) He said to me, “Have you ever heard the name of Hatim Tai?”
  4. ঘ) He said to me, “Do you ever hear the name of Hatim Tai?”
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He said to me, “Have you ever heard the name of Hatim Tai?”
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He said to me, “Have you ever heard the name of Hatim Tai?”
ব্যাখ্যা
Indirect Narration এ Past Perfect থাকলে তিনটি Tense হওয়ার সম্ভাবনা আছে। যথা- 
- Present Perfect 
- Past Indefinite 
- Past Perfect

যেহেতু এখানে ever (কখনো) উল্লেখ করা আছে, তাই এটা Present Perfect Tense হওয়াই বাঞ্ছনীয়।
তাই সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।
২৯৯.
Ayesha said, "I shall go to school." [indirect speech.]
  1. Ayesha said that she would go to school.
  2. Ayesha said that I shall go to school.
  3. Ayesha said that I would go to school.
  4. Ayesha said that she will go to school.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ayesha said that she would go to school.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ayesha said that she would go to school.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Narration: Ayesha said, "I shall go to school."
Indirect Narration: Ayesha said that she would go to school.

• Assertive sentence -এর Direct narration থেকে Indirect narration -এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে।
- তারপর Reporting verb - say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর subject এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়,
- Reported speech -এর 1st person (I) সবসময় Reporting verb -এর subject -এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Direct narration -এ Reporting verb যদি past tense -এ থাকে, তাহলে Reported speech -এর verb 'shall' Indirect narration -এ would -এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

• Structure: Sub + said + that + Reported speech -এর subject + verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৩০০.
Identify the correct indirect speech. He said, "How breathtaking the fireworks display was!"
  1. He exclaimed that the fireworks display was very breathtaking.
  2. He exclaimed that the fireworks display had been very breathtaking.
  3. He exclaimed with joy that the fireworks display was very breathtaking.
  4. He exclaimed with joy that the fireworks display were very breathtaking.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed that the fireworks display had been very breathtaking.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed that the fireworks display had been very breathtaking.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "How breathtaking the fireworks display was!"
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed that the fireworks display had been very breathtaking.

• Exclamatory Sentence- এ ক্ষেত্রে Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
→ Direct speech এ reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায়, Indirect speech এ reporting verb 'exclaimed' হবে। 
→  direct speech এ 'was' থাকায় reported speech- এ 'had been' হবে।
→  exclamatory sentence এ how থাকলে assertive sentence এ very বসে।