বিষয়সমূহ

PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন

Voice, Narration and Degree

মোট প্রশ্ন১,৩৫৬এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Voice, Narration and Degree

PrepBank · পাতা / ১৪ · ১০১২০০ / ১,৩৫৬

১০১.
Change into indirect speech: The teacher said, "Open your books."
  1. The teacher said to open your books.
  2. The teacher asked open your books.
  3. The teacher told them to open their books.
  4. The teacher told to opened their books.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher told them to open their books.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher told them to open their books.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Answer: গ) The teacher told them to open their books.

- মূল বাক্য আদেশ বা অনুরোধ নির্দেশ করে।
- Reported speech এ “tell/told + object + to + verb” formব্যবহার হয়।
- “Your books” পরিবর্তিত হয়ে “their books” হয় কারণ subject পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে।
- “Said” এর পরিবর্তে “told” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে কারণ সরাসরি নির্দেশনা।
- indirect speech: “The teacher told them to open their books.”

• Other options:
ক) The teacher said to open your books.
- "said" এর পরে অবজেক্ট (যাকে বলা হয়েছে) নেই, এবং "your" অপরিবর্তিত রয়ে গেছে।

খ) The teacher asked open your books.
- সঠিক গঠন মেনে হয় নি।

ঘ) The teacher told to opened their books.
- "to opened" ভুল – সঠিকভাবে infinitive হয় "to open".

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১০২.
He pleases us. বাক্যটির passive form হবে-
  1. ক) We are pleased with him.
  2. খ) We were pleased with him.
  3. গ) We are pleased by him.
  4. ঘ) By whom can it be did.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) We are pleased with him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) We are pleased with him.
ব্যাখ্যা
He pleases us-বাক্যটিকে passive করতে, Subject (active এর objective এর subjective form) + be verb (am/is/are) + verb এর past participle form + preposition + object (active এর subject এর objective form).
যেহেতু passive voice এ pleased শব্দটি with preposition গ্রহন করে।
১০৩.
Choose the indirect speech: Mary said to me, "Can you lend me your pen?"
  1. Mary said to me if I could lend her my pen.
  2. Mary said to me that if I could lend her my pen.
  3. Mary asked that if I could lend her my pen.
  4. Mary asked me if I could lend her my pen.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mary asked me if I could lend her my pen.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mary asked me if I could lend her my pen.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম: 
i) Reporting verb টি 'ask'/ 'enquire of'/ 'want to know' ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
ii) Reported Speech যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা আরম্ভ হয়, তবে Reported speech এর পূর্বে that না বসে if/whether বসাতে হয়। 
iii) Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive sentence- এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। 

Structure: Subject + ask/enquire of + object (যদি থাকে) + if/whether + Reported speech এর subject + verb + বাকী অংশ। 

Direct: Mary said to me, "Can you lend me your pen?"
Indirect: Mary asked me if I could lend her my pen.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain. 
১০৪.
Buy her a book. (make it passive)
  1. Let a book be brought for her.
  2. Let a book be bought by her.
  3. Let a book be bought for her.
  4. Let a book be bought to her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a book be bought for her.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a book be bought for her.
ব্যাখ্যা

• শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর Verb এরপর Passive voice এ by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- bought এর সাথে preparation হিসেবে সব সময় for বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active voice: Buy her a book.
• Passive voice: Let a book be bought for her.

• Note
:
ক) Let a book be brought for her.
- ভুল। কারণ, brought হলো bring এর past participle.
- প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নে মূল verb হিসেবে buy রয়েছে। তাই এখানে brought না হয়ে bought হবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১০৫.
He said, "I must leave now." (Change the speech)
  1. He said that he had to leave then.
  2. He said that he had to leave than.
  3. He said that he has to leave now.
  4. He said that he must leave than.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had to leave then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had to leave then.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct speech: He said, "I must leave now."
Indirect speech: He said that he had to leave then. 

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- Direct speech এ now থাকলে Indirect speech এ then হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- Dicect speech- এ 'this' থাকলে indirect speech- এ 'that' বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must complete this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to complete that project.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
১০৬.
One should obey the law. (Change the voice)
  1. The law should be obeyd.
  2. The law should obeyed.
  3. The law should be obeyed.
  4. The law should been obeyed.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The law should be obeyed.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The law should be obeyed.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: One should obey the law.
Passive Voice: The law should be obeyed.

Active voice: One should follow the traffic rules.
Passive voice: The traffic rules should be followed.

• One + should যুক্ত Sentence কে passive করার নিয়ম:
1. প্রথমে object টি Subject রূপে বসে, অর্থাৎ, Active voice-এর object-কে passive voice-এর subject হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয়।
2. Active voice-এর "One" উঠিয়ে দেওয়া হয়।
3. should be + মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।

More Examples:
Active Voice: One should keep promises.
Passive Voice: Promises should be kept.

Active Voice: One should always speak the truth.
Passive Voice: The truth should always be spoken.
১০৭.
Kamal said to me, ''What is your name?'' (Indirect form )
  1. ক) Kamal asked what was my name.
  2. খ) Kamal asked you your name
  3. গ) What my name is , kamal asked
  4. ঘ) Kamal asked me what my name was.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Kamal asked me what my name was.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Kamal asked me what my name was.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech এর reported speech টি Interrogative sentence, তাই এক্ষেত্রে Indirect speech করার নিয়ম-
Sub + asked + obj + wh word + subject + verb + extension.
নিয়ম অনুসারে, অপশন (ঘ) সঠিক উত্তর।

১০৮.
Change the voice: She was born in 2006.
  1. Her mother bear her in 2006.
  2. Her mother bore her in 2006.
  3. Her mother born her in 2006.
  4. Her mother bored her in 2006.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Her mother bore her in 2006.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Her mother bore her in 2006.
ব্যাখ্যা

Passive Voice এ যদি by + Object না থাকলে Passive Voice কে Active voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 

• Passive Voice এ যদি by + Object না থাকে এবং verb টি যদি পেশা বা নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সাথে Related কাজ হয় তাহলে ঐ পেশা জীবী বা ঐ নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর নাম Subject হিসেবে বসাতে হবে।

যেমন:
• Passive: Water was irrigated.
Active: Farmers irrigated water.

• Rome was not built in a day.
- The Romans did not build Rome in a day.

Passive: She was born in 2006.
Active: Her mother bore her in 2006.

বিকল্প বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Her mother bear her in 2006.
- ভুল Tense, Past tense “bore” হওয়া উচিত।

গ) Her mother born her in 2006.
- “born” ভুল, passive form.

ঘ) Her mother bored her in 2006.
- “bored” → বিরক্ত করা, ভুল অর্থ।

Source: Live MCQ English Wizard.

১০৯.
Change the voice: What do you want?
  1. What is wanting by you?
  2. What is wanted by you?
  3. What is being wanted by you?
  4. What was wanted by you?
  5. You wanted what?
সঠিক উত্তর:
What is wanted by you?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
What is wanted by you?
ব্যাখ্যা
• What যুক্ত interrogative sentence এর Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:

- What প্রথমে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে। 
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে। 
- by বসে। 
- Subject টির objective form বসে। 
- প্রশ্নবোধক (?) চিহ্ন বসে। 

Active: What has he done?
Passive: What has been done by him?

Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১১০.
Choose the correct indirect speech:
She said, “Alas! My father is no more.”
  1. She exclaimed with joy that her father was no more.
  2. She told that her father was no more.
  3. She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
  4. She said exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তর: She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more.

মূল বাক্য: Direct Speech: She said, “Alas! My father is no more.”
উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Exclamatory Sentence.  এখানে "Alas!" শব্দটি দুঃখ বা দুঃখজনিত অভিব্যক্তি প্রকাশ করছে।
- যখন বাক্যে "Alas!" থাকে, তখন Indirect Speech-এ "exclaimed with sorrow" ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- Said → Exclaimed with sorrow পরিবর্তন হবে।
- Present tense → Past tense (is → was) পরিবর্তন হবে।
উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে "My father" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "her father" হবে (কারণ she ব্যবহার হয়েছে)।
"is" পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "was" হবে।
অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে, সঠিক উত্তর: গ) She exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more. 

অন্য অপশনগুলোর মাঝে:
ক) She exclaimed with joy that her father was no more. এখানে দুঃখ প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে, কিন্তু "joy" (আনন্দ) ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, যা ভুল।
খ) She told that her father was no more. "Told" সাধারণত কাউকে কিছু জানানোর জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়, কিন্তু এখানে একটি আবেগপ্রবণ অভিব্যক্তি প্রকাশ করা হয়েছে।
ঘ) She said exclaimed with sorrow that her father was no more. এখানে "said" এবং "exclaimed" একসঙ্গে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, যা গঠনগতভাবে ভুল।
১১১.
I don't like idle people. (Make it passive)
  1. Idle people is not liked by me.
  2. Idle people are not liked by me.
  3. Idle peoples are not liked by me.
  4. Idle people are not likeable to me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Idle people are not liked by me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Idle people are not liked by me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• উল্লেখিত বাক্যটি Present indefinite tense এ রয়েছে।
- Present indefinite tense যুক্ত negative বাক্যের Passive voice এর গঠন করার নিয়ম - 
- Object টি subject রূপে বসে।
- এরপর  subject ও tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
-  not + verb এর past participle form হয়।
- by + object.

• তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক Passive form টি হবে - Idle people are not liked by me.
১১২.
Mamun said to Suman, "Good morning." - make it indirect.
  1. Mamun bade Suman good morning.
  2. Mamun said that Suman good morning.
  3. Mamun wished Suman good morning.
  4. Mamun wished to Suman that good morning.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mamun wished Suman good morning.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mamun wished Suman good morning.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech এ Good morning/ good evening/ good night থাকলে তা indirect করার সময়:
Subject + wish/wished + object + Good morning/ good evening/ good night হয়।

• তাই Structure অনুযায়ী Mamun wished Suman good morning হবে সঠিক উত্তর। 

Source:  Advanced Learner's Grammer & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১১৩.
The dish was cooked by Rony. (Active)
  1. Rony being cooked the dish.
  2. Rony cooking the dish.
  3. Rony has cooked the dish.
  4. Rony cooks the dish.
  5. Rony cooked the dish.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rony cooked the dish.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rony cooked the dish.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:

• Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।

• Past Indefinite Tense এর Passive Voice কে Active Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Object টি subject হয়,
- was/ were উঠে যায়,
- মূল verb এর Past form হয়,
- by উঠে যায়।
- Subject টির subjective form বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Passive: The dish was cooked by Rony.
Active: Rony cooked the dish.
১১৪.
He said, “If I were a king!” (Make it indirect)
  1. He wished if he were a king.
  2. He wished he were a king.
  3. He wished he had been a king.
  4. He said that he wished he had been a king.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished he were a king.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished he were a king.
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যটি একটি Exclamatory Sentence হওয়ায় এবংএর দ্বারা আকাঙ্ক্ষা প্রকাশ করায় Reporting Verb -Said এর পরিবর্তে  wished হবে।
- Sentence কে Assertive Sentence বানাতে হয় অর্থাৎ if কে বাদ দিয়ে এর পরের অংশ বসে।
- বক্তা ও শ্রোতা অনুযায়ী Reported Speech এর Subject ও Object পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।

• Direct narration এর reporting verb টি past tense এ থাকলে indirect narration করার ক্ষেত্রে reported speech ও past tense হবে। 
- Reporting Verb (say) Past Tense হওয়ায় Reported Speech (Inverted Comma এর ভেতরের অংশ) নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Past Tense কে Past Perfect এ রূপান্তর করার সাধারণ নিয়ম থাকলেও Unreal Past এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তাই  এখানে were ই থাকবে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 
Direct: He said, “If I were a king!”
Indirect: He wished he were a King.
১১৫.
Which one is the correct sentence?
  1. He asked me if I had passed
  2. He asked me if I passed
  3. He asked me did I pass
  4. He asked me if I have passed
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I had passed
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I had passed
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct sentence is 'He asked me if I had passed'.

- 'He asked me if I had passed' এটি একটি Indirect Speech.
- এর Direct speech: He said to me, 'Have you passed?'
- এখানে said-এর পরিবর্তে asked হয়েছে।
- Wh-question না থাকায় কমা উঠিয়ে if এবং Present perfect পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Past perfect হয়েছে Assertive আকারে।

Direct narration: He said to me, 'Have you passed?'
Indirect narration: He asked me if I had passed. 
১১৬.
'Aref told us that he had waited an hour' - বাক্যটির direct speech হবে -
  1. Aref said to us, 'I waited an hour.'
  2. Aref said to us, 'I have been waiting an hour.'
  3. Aref said to us, 'I had to wait an hour.'
  4. Aref told to us, 'I have waited an hour.'
সঠিক উত্তর:
Aref said to us, 'I waited an hour.'
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Aref said to us, 'I waited an hour.'
ব্যাখ্যা
• সঠিক উত্তর: ক) Aref said to us, ''I waited an hour.'' 


Direct Speech/ Reporting speech vs. indirect speech / Reported speech

Present indefinite ↔ Past indefinite 
Present continuous ↔ Past continuous 
Present Perfect ↔ Past perfect 
Past indefinite ↔ Past Perfect 
Past continuous ↔ Past perfect continuous
Past perfect ↔ Past Perfect 
Future Indefinite ↔ Use of modal 

Indirect speech এ that clause টি past perfect tense এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা reported speech এ পরিণত হবে এবং তা past indefinite /present perfect tense এ হবে।

Source: Cambridge Dictionary Grammar Reference & Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১১৭.
Choose the correct indirect speech of: "How did you solve the problem?"
  1. He asked how I solved the problem.
  2. He asked how did I solve the problem.
  3. He asked how I had solved the problem.
  4. He asked how had I solved the problem.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked how I had solved the problem.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked how I had solved the problem.
ব্যাখ্যা
→ Answer: He asked how I had solved the problem.

WH-Question-কে Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময়:
- Reporting Verb হিসেবে asked ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
- Tense পরিবর্তন করতে হবে (Past Indefinite → Past Perfect)।
- Inversion (Auxiliary Verb + Subject) সরিয়ে Subject + Verb এর সঠিক ক্রম বজায় রাখতে হবে।
- WH-word (যেমন: how, what, where ইত্যাদি) ঠিক রাখতে হবে।
- এই নিয়ম অনুসরণ করে সঠিক উত্তরটি হলো: He asked how I had solved the problem.

→ Direct Speech-এ প্রশ্নের Structure ছিল: Wh-word + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object? 
- যেমন: How + did + you + solve + the problem?
→ Indirect Speech-এ প্রশ্নের Structure হয়: Reporting Verb + Wh-word + Subject + Verb (Tense অনুযায়ী) + Object.
- উদাহরণ: He asked + how + I + had solved + the problem.

Examples:
Direct speech: "Where do you live?"
Indirect Speech: She asked where I lived.
১১৮.
She said to him, "You had better apologize to her." [indirect]
  1. She advised him apologize to her.
  2. She advised him to apologizing to her.
  3. She advised him to apologize her.
  4. She advised him to apologize to her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She advised him to apologize to her.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She advised him to apologize to her.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: She said to him, "You had better apologize to her."
Indirect: She advised him to apologize to her.

• had better এবং subject second person যুক্ত direct speech কে  indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম-
- প্রথমে Subject বসবে,
- advised বসবে,
- object বসবে,
- infinitive বসবে,
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে-  She advised him to study hard.

১১৯.
She suggested giving up dancing. (passive)
  1. ক) She suggested that dancing should be given up.
  2. খ) Dancing would be given up by her.
  3. গ) She suggested to give up dancing.
  4. ঘ) She decided that She would give up dancing.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) She suggested that dancing should be given up.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) She suggested that dancing should be given up.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Voice এর ক্ষেত্রে:
• advice/ insist/ propose/ recommend/ suggest + gerund + object যুক্ত active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত active voice এর subject ও verb বসবে।
- that বসে 
- gerund এর পরের object টি বসে 
- should be বসে 
- প্রদত্ত gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে তার past participle হয়।

• তাই উল্লেখিত বাক্যটির সঠিক passive form হলো - She suggested that dancing should be given up.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain
১২০.
Mostofa said, "Let the girl say whatever he likes." (Indirect Speech)
  1. Mostofa said that the girl might say whatever she liked.
  2. Mostofa said that the girl might say whatever he liked.
  3. Mostofa told that the girl might say whatever he likes.
  4. Mostofa said the girl might say whatever he likes.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mostofa said that the girl might say whatever he liked.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mostofa said that the girl might say whatever he liked.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: Mostofa said, "Let the girl say whatever he likes." 
Indirect Speech: Mostofa said that the girl might say whatever he liked.

• 'Let' যুক্ত বাক্যকে Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech করার নিয়ম:

→ Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
→ Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে  that বসে + Reported Verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত হয়।

→ Structure: Subject + প্রদত্ত  Reporting verb + object যদি থাকে + that + Reported speech এর subject + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Example:
Direct Speech: Anwar said, "Let him say whatever he likes."
Indirect Speech: Anwar said that he might say whatever he liked.
১২১.
One should keep one’s promises. (make it passive.)
  1. Promise should be kept.
  2. Promises should be kept.
  3. One’s promises should be kept by one.
  4. Someone promises should be kept.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Promises should be kept.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Promises should be kept.
ব্যাখ্যা
• One + should যুক্ত sentence কে passive করার নিয়ম:
- One's বাদ দিয়ে one's এর সাথের Object টি subject হিসেবে Passive voice- এ বসে।
- Should এর জন্য Should be বসে।
- verb এর past participle বসে।

Active
: One should keep one’s promises.
Passive: Promises should be kept.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১২২.
The teacher said to the students, “Thank you.” (Make it Indirect)
  1. The teacher thanked the students.
  2. The teacher told the students thank you.
  3. The teacher said thank you to the students.
  4. The teacher said to the students thank you.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher thanked the students.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher thanked the students.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: a) The teacher thanked the students.

• মূল বাক্য: Direct Speech: The teacher said to the students, “Thank you.”
এখানে "Thank you" বলতে শিক্ষক ছাত্রদের প্রতি কৃতজ্ঞতা প্রকাশ করছেন।
"Thank" যুক্ত বাক্যের Indirect Speech করার সময় "thanked" ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Said to → Thanked পরিবর্তিত হয়।
Indirect Speech রূপান্তরের গঠন: Subject + thanked + Object.

অর্থাৎ Narration এর নিয়ম অনুসারে, সঠিক উত্তর: The teacher thanked the students.

অন্য অপশনগুলোর মাঝে:
খ) The teacher told the students thank you. - "Told" সাধারণত কিছু জানানোর জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়, কিন্তু এখানে এটি উপযুক্ত নয়।
গ) The teacher said thank you to the students. - "Said thank you" সরাসরি ব্যবহৃত হয় না, এটি প্রথাগত ইংরেজি নয়।
ঘ) The teacher said to the students thank you. - "Said to" ব্যবহৃত হলেও বাক্যের গঠন ভুল এবং প্রথাগত নয়।

১২৩.
He said, "They played football yesterday". (Make it indirect speech) 
  1. He said that they played football the previous day.
  2. He said that they had played football yesterday.
  3. He said that they had played football the previous day.
  4. He said that they have played football the previous day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that they had played football the previous day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that they had played football the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: He said, "They played football yesterday". 
Indirect speech: He said that they had played football the previous day.
- Direct speech-এর বাক্যটি Past Indefinite Tense-এ আছে তাই Indirect speech এ tense-ও পরিবর্তন হয়ে Past Perfect Tense এ রূপান্তরিত হবে। Direct speech-এর "yesterday" শব্দটি পরিবর্তন হয়ে "the previous day" বা "the day before" হবে।

-  Assertive sentence -এর Narration - change করার ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রথমে Reporting verb -এর subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb - say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- তারপর assertive sentence -এর ক্ষেত্রে Inverted comma উঠে Conjunction হিসেবে that বসে।
- তারপর Reported speech -এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reported speech - এর person - Reporting verb - এর subject, object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- তবে, Reported speech -এ third person থাকলে তা পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তারপর Direct speech- এর Reported speech যদি past indefinite tense -এ থাকে তাহলে Indirect speech -এ past perfect tense এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Other options:
ক) He said that they played football the previous day.
- ভুল কারণ, Direct speech-এর বাক্যটি Past Indefinite Tense-এ আছে তাই Indirect speech এ tense-ও পরিবর্তন হয়ে Past Perfect Tense এ রূপান্তরিত হবে। 

খ) He said that they had played football yesterday.
- ভুল কারণ, Direct speech-এর "yesterday" শব্দটি পরিবর্তন হয়ে "the previous day" বা "the day before" হবে।

ঘ) He said that they have played football the previous day.
- ভুল কারণ, Direct speech-এর বাক্যটি Past Indefinite Tense-এ আছে তাই Indirect speech এ tense-ও পরিবর্তন হয়ে Past Perfect Tense এ রূপান্তরিত হবে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১২৪.
Direct: She said to us, “Let us organize a party.”
Indirect: She proposed to us that ______.
  1. we organized a party
  2. she should organize a party
  3. we should organize a party
  4. they should organize a party
সঠিক উত্তর:
we should organize a party
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
we should organize a party
ব্যাখ্যা
Correct Answer: we should organize a party.

• মূল বাক্য (Direct Speech): "She said to us, 'Let us organize a party.'"

Direct Speech-এ সে বলেছে, “Let us organize a party.”
এখানে Let দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হয়েছে, তাই Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তরের সময় নিম্নলিখিত গঠনটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject + proposed/suggested + Object + that + Subject(RS) + should + Verb(RS) + বাকি অংশ।
Direct Speech-এ "us" (আমরা) Indirect Speech-এ "we" হয়ে যায়, এবং নিয়ম অনুযায়ী "should" ব্যবহার করা হয়।
সুতরাং, সঠিক Indirect Speech হলো: She proposed to us that we should organize a party.
অর্থাৎ উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে সঠিক উত্তর হলো গ) we should organize a party.

বাকি অপশনগুলো ভুল:
ক) we organized a party → এখানে "should" ব্যবহার করা হয়নি, যা নিয়মের পরিপন্থী।
খ) she should organize a party → এখানে "she" ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, কিন্তু Direct Speech-এ "us" (আমরা) ছিল, তাই "we" হবে।
ঘ) they should organize a party → এখানে "they" ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, যা Direct Speech-এর "us" এর সাথে মেলে না।
১২৫.
A new house ________ at the corner of the road.
  1. building
  2. been built
  3. is being built
  4. is building
সঠিক উত্তর:
is being built
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
is being built
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: is being built.
Complete sentence: A new house is being built at the corner of the road.
- এই বাক্যটি Passive Voice-এ রয়েছে। 

• একটি বাড়ি নিজে নিজে তৈরি হতে পারে না, বরং কারো দ্বারা সেটি তৈরি করা হয়।
- তাই এখানে Passive construction প্রয়োজন।
- প্রদত্ত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে শুধু অপশন (গ) তে Passive construction রয়েছে। তাই অনিবার্যভাবে এটি সঠিক উত্তর।
- অপশন Present Continuous Tense এর Voice Change এর নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে।
- Present Continuous Tense-এর passive voice-এর গঠন হলো: Subject + am/is/are + being + Verb-এর Past Participle (V3).

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

১২৬.
Akhi said to me, ''I want to go to school now.''
  1. ক) Akhi said to me that she wants to go to school now.
  2. খ) Akhi told me that she wanted to go to school then.
  3. গ) Akhi told me that she wants to go to school then.
  4. ঘ) Akhi said to me that she wanted to go to school now.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Akhi told me that she wanted to go to school then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Akhi told me that she wanted to go to school then.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায় -
- সাধারণত Reporting verb যদি past indefinite tense এ থাকে, তবে reporting speech টি present indefinite tense এ থাকলে indirect speech এ তা past indefinite হবে।
এবং now থাকলে then হবে।
- সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর হবে - Akhi told me that she wanted to go to school then.
১২৭.
'How can you do this?' বাক্যটির Passive form হবে-
  1. How can this be done by you?
  2. How can this been done by you?
  3. How this can be done by you?
  4. How could this be done by you?
সঠিক উত্তর:
How can this be done by you?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
How can this be done by you?
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Interrogative Sentence-এ রয়েছে।

• How দ্বারা শুরু Interrogative Sentence কে Active voice থেকে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
→ How + auxiliary verb + object + Verb- এর past participle form + by + active  এর subject + question mark (?)

Example:
Active Voice: How can you do this?
Passive Voice: How can this be done by you?

Active Voice: How will you do the work?
Passive Voice: How will the work be done by you?
১২৮.
Choose the correct indirect speech: Rahim said, "Good evening, will you come with me?"
  1. Rahim wished him good evening and requested to come with him.
  2. Rahim wished him good evening and asked if he would come with him.
  3. Rahim wished him good evening and asked if he will come with him.
  4. Rahim wished him good evening and told him he will come with him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim wished him good evening and asked if he would come with him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim wished him good evening and asked if he would come with him.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect speech-এর নিয়মানুযায়ী Direct speech থেকে Indirect করার সময়-
- বাক্যে good morning/evening থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে wish এবং good-bye/ good night থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে bade বসে। 
- এরপর Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Reporting verb-এর Subject বা Object-এর number (একবচন বা বহুবচন), person (first, second, third) এবং gender (male/female) অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।

- Reported speech-এ good morning/good evening এবং interrogative বাক্য থাকলে structure হবে-
- sub+ wished + someone + good evening + and + asked + whether/if+ sub+will এর past form would+ প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের sub-এর বাকি অংশ।

Direct narration: Rahim said, 'Good evening, will you come with me?'
Indirect narration: Rahim wished him good evening and asked if he would come with him.
১২৯.
He said, "We had been friends for many years before we started working together." (Make it indirect)
  1. He told to me that they had been being friends for many years before they started working together.
  2. He told me that they had been being friends for many years before they started working together.
  3. He said to me that they had had been friends for many years before they started working together.
  4. He said that they had been friends for many years before they started working together.
  5. He told to me that they had been friends for many years before they started working together.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that they had been friends for many years before they started working together.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that they had been friends for many years before they started working together.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech:
He said, "We had been friends for many years before we started working together."
Indirect Speech:
He said that they had been friends for many years before they started working together.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ ক্ষেত্রে:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

- যদি reported speech যদি had + verb এর past participle হয় তাহলে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- অর্থাৎ, had + V3 এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

• More examples:
Direct: Alex said to me, "I had finished the report before the deadline."
Indirect: Alex told me that he had finished the report before the deadline.
১৩০.
Choose the Indirect speech of the sentence: Karim said to me, "Where did you go Yesterday?"
  1. Karim asked me where did I go yesterday.
  2. Karim asked me where did you go the previous day.
  3. Karim asked me where I had gone yesterday.
  4. Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is: Karim asked me where I had gone the previous day.

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর স্থলে ask / enquire ব্যবহার হয়।
- Inverted Comma উঠে গিয়ে if/ whether বসে।
- তবে reported Speech টি যদি Wh question দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে if/whether না বসে ঐ Pronoun টিই বসে।
- Direct speech-এর Past indefinite tense indirect speech-এ past perfect tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Pronoun ও Phrase গুলো ঠিকভাবে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- Yesterday থাকলে তা the previous day হয়।
- Structure: Subject + ask/asked + object + if/whether/wh + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

• Example:
- Direct: She said to me, "Do you take tea?"
- Indirect: She asked me if I took tea.

Other Options:
ক) Karim asked me where did I go yesterday.
- Indirect speech এ সঠিকভাবে Tense এর পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

খ) Karim asked me where did you go the previous day.
- Indirect speech এ সঠিকভাবে Tense এর পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি। তাই এটি সঠিক হয়।

গ) Karim asked me where I had gone yesterday.
- Indirect speech এ সঠিকভাবে phrase এর পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি।এখানে yesterday এর পরিবর্তে The previous day হলে সঠিক হত।

Source: A Passage To The English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৩১.
Adil is the best boy in the class. (Make it Comparative)
  1. ক) Adil is better than any other boys in the class.
  2. খ) Adil is better than other boys in the class.
  3. গ) Adil is better than all the others boy in the class.
  4. ঘ) Adil is better than all other boys in the class.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Adil is better than all other boys in the class.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Adil is better than all other boys in the class.
ব্যাখ্যা
• One of the ছাড়া শুধু the + Superlative Degree থাকলে – comparative degree করতে হলে - 
- Comparative degree + (than any other + singular noun) অথবা (than all other + plural noun) বসে।
- এরপর বাক্যের বাকি অংশ বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Superlative Degree: Adil is the best boy in the class
Comparative Degree:
1. Adil is better than any other boy in the class.
2. Adil is better than all other boys in the class.
১৩২.
Make it passive: I heard him play the piano.
  1. He is heard to play the piano by me.
  2. He was heard to playing the piano by me.
  3. He was heard play the piano by me.
  4. He was heard to play the piano by me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was heard to play the piano by me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was heard to play the piano by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: I heard him play the piano.
Passive: He was heard to play the piano by me.

• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।

• Need, bid, dare, see, hear, make, help, feel, let, know, behold, watch প্রভৃতি verb গুলোর পর Active Voice-এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পরে to বসে।
- যখন active sentence এ bare infinitive (to ছাড়া infinitive) থাকে, passive এ সেটি full infinitive (to সহ) হয়ে যায়।

অন্যগুলো ভুল:
ক) He is heard to play the piano by me. → tense ভুল (active বাক্যটি past tense ছিল)।

খ) He was heard to playing the piano by me. → ভুল verb form।

গ) He was heard play the piano by me. → passive-এ to বসাতে হয়।

১৩৩.
He said to me, 'Do you like music?' (Change narration)
  1. He asked me if I liked music.
  2. He asked me if I like music.
  3. He asked me do I like music.
  4. He told me that I liked music.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I liked music.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I liked music.
ব্যাখ্যা
Q: He said to me, 'Do you like music?'
সঠিক উত্তর-
ক) He asked me if I liked music.

Interrogative sentence এর narration change করার সময়, said to পরিবর্তিত হয়ে asked হয়।
 হ্যাঁ/না প্রশ্নের ক্ষেত্রে if/whether যোগ করতে হয়।
Present Simple (like) পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Past Simple (liked)।

অন্যদিকে, 
খ) He asked me if I like music. (Tense পরিবর্তন হয়নি, Reporting Verb Past Tense হওয়ায় liked হবে)।
গ) He asked me do I like music. (if/whether ব্যবহার করতে হবে, প্রশ্নবোধক গঠন Indirect Speech-এ ভুল)।
ঘ) He told me that I liked music. (told এবং that ব্যবহার ভুল, এটি প্রশ্ন না, বিবৃতি হয়ে গেছে)।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১৩৪.
Father said to his son, 'Are you reading now?' (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) Father asked his son if he had been reading now.
  2. খ) Father asked his son if he had been reading then.
  3. গ) Father asked his son if he was reading now.
  4. ঘ) Father asked his son if he was reading then.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Father asked his son if he was reading then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) Father asked his son if he was reading then.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
অর্থাৎ,
- Reporting verb টি ask, demand of, enquire of, want to know, wonder এ পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।
- Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত interrogative sentence টি WH-question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ সেই WH-question word টিই বসবে।
- Direct speech এর interrogative sentence টি indirect- এ Assertive sentences- এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
• উক্ত বাক্যে reported verbটি present continuous tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Father asked his son if he was reading then.
১৩৫.
Choose the correct indirect speech:
He says, "I am learning French."
  1. He says that he learns French.
  2. He says that he is learning French.
  3. He said that he learned French.
  4. He said that he is learning French.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He says that he is learning French.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He says that he is learning French.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech: "He says, "I am learning French."
• Indirect speech: He says that he is learning French.

Direct speech এর reporting verb যদি present tense, present perfect tense, বা future tense থাকে,
তবে reported speech এর verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
কেবল person পরিবর্তিত হয়,
অর্থাৎ, 1st person (I, we) থাকলে Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়। 

উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে Reporting verb "says" এখানে present tense এ আছে।
যেহেতু reported speech-এ verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হবে না, তাই "am learning" এর পরিবর্তে "is learning" থাকবে,
কারণ subject he (3rd person) এবং present continuous tense-এ রয়েছে।
"that" যোগ করা হয় inverted comma (") বাদ দিয়ে।
তাহলে, "He says, 'I am learning French.' -এর Indirect Speech হবে: "He says that he is learning French."

Examples:
Direct: He says, "I am ill."
Indirect: He says that he is ill.
১৩৬.
Which is the correct passive voice for: "They were playing football"?
  1. Football was played by them.
  2. Football is being played by them.
  3. Football had been played by them.
  4. Football was being played by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Football was being played by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Football was being played by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
Correct Answer: Football was being played by them.

Active Voice: They were playing football.
এই বাক্যটি Past Continuous Tense এ রচিত।
Past Continuous Tense এর গঠন:
- Active: Subject + was/were + verb+ing + object
- Passive: Object + was/were + being + past participle + by + subject

Passive Voice এ রূপান্তর:
- Subject: They → by them
- Object: football → Football (subject হয়ে গেল)
- Verb: were playing → was being played
- যেহেতু original sentence "were playing" (Past Continuous) তে আছে, তাই passive voice হবে "was being played"।
সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ) Football was being played by them.

অন্যান্য অপশনের ব্যাখ্যা:
ক) Football was played by them. - Simple Past এর passive (কিন্তু original continuous).
খ) Football is being played by them. - Present Continuous এর passive (কিন্তু original past).
গ) Football had been played by them. - Past Perfect এর passive (কিন্তু original past continuous).

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১৩৭.
The company is going to launch a new product. (Make it passive)
  1. A new product is going to be launched by the company.
  2. A new product are going to be launched by the company.
  3. A new product was going to be launched by the company.
  4. A new product is being to be launched by the company.
সঠিক উত্তর:
A new product is going to be launched by the company.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
A new product is going to be launched by the company.
ব্যাখ্যা

• be going to দিয়ে Active Voice থাকলে তা Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- going to এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- going to এরপর be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: The company is going to launch a new product.
• Passive Voice: A new product is going to be launched by the company.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৩৮.
He bade his friends good bye. (make it direct)
  1. He said, "Good-bye my friends."
  2. He asked, "Good-bye my friends."
  3. He said, "Good-bye his friend."
  4. "Good-bye my friend."
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said, "Good-bye my friends."
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said, "Good-bye my friends."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Good-bye / Farewell যুক্ত sentence- এ Indirect speech কে Direct speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর Subject বসে।
- bade এর পরিবর্তে said বসে।
- কমা (,) ব্যবহার হবে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শুরু।
- Good-bye বসে।
- object বসবে।
- ইনভার্টেড কমা (") শেষ।

Indirect: He bade his friends good bye.
Direct: He said, "Good-bye my friends.”

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৩৯.
Achieve the goal without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives. (Passive)
  1. Let the goal being achieved without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
  2. Let the goal to achieve without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
  3. Let the goal be achieved without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
  4. Let the goal should achieve without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the goal be achieved without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the goal be achieved without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Achieve the goal without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.
Passive Voice: Let the goal be achieved without deviating from the outlined strategy and objectives.

• শুধু মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া imperative sentence এর active voice থেকে passive করার নিয়ম:
→ প্রথমে Let বসবে;
→ Active voice এর object টির subject রূপে বসবে;
→ be বসবে;
→ মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।

• Structure: Let + object টির subject হয় + be + মূল verb এর past participle + extensions.
১৪০.
My friend said to me, “Why were you absent from class?”
  1. ক) My friend asked me why I was absent from class.
  2. খ) My friend asked me why I had been absent from class.
  3. গ) My friend enquired why did I was absent from class.
  4. ঘ) My friend enquired why did I had absented from class.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) My friend asked me why I had been absent from class.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) My friend asked me why I had been absent from class.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative sentence এর narration -
- said to এর পরিবর্তে Reporting verb টি ask, demand of, enquire of, want to know, wonder এ পরিবর্তন হবে।
- WH question থাকলে reporting speech এ কমা উঠে গিয়ে WH question হবে।
- reporting verb এর subject অনুসারে reporting speech এর sub এর পরিবর্তন হবে।
- reporting speech past indefinite tense এ থাকলে Indirect speech এ Reported speech পরিবর্তিত হয়ে past perfect tense এ হবে।
- Reported speech যদি Interrogative Pronoun (Who, Whom, Whose, What, Which ইত্যাদি) বা Interrogative Adverb (Why, How, Where ইত্যাদি) দ্বারা শুরু হয়, তবে if/whether বসে না, ঐ word টিই বসে।
• এক্ষেত্রেও sentence টির Assertive form বসে।

•  এই নিয়ম অনুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে My friend asked me why I had been absent from class. 
১৪১.
He said to me, “Will you obey my order now?” (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) He said to me that I would obey his order now.
  2. খ) He asked me that I would obey his order now.
  3. গ) He inquired of me if I would obey his order then.
  4. ঘ) He asked me that I would obey his order then.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He inquired of me if I would obey his order then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He inquired of me if I would obey his order then.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Interrogative Sentence হওয়ায় Reporting Verb - Say এর পরিবর্তে inquire (of + object) (জানতে চওয়া)/ ask (জিজ্ঞাসা করা) ব্যবহার করতে হবে। 
- Yes/No Question হওয়ায় Reported speech শুরু করার পূর্বে If/whether (কি না) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।  
- বক্তা ও শ্রোতা অনুযায়ী Reported Speech এর Subject ও Object পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। (you => I, my => his)
- Reporting Verb (say) Past Tense হওয়ায় Reported Speech (Inverted Comma এর ভেতরের অংশ) নিয়ম অনুযায়ী Past Form এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে। (will => would)
- Reporting Verb, Past Tense হওয়ায় Reported Speech এ নিকটবর্তী নির্দেশনাসূচক শব্দকে দূরবর্তী নির্দেশনাসূচক শব্দে পরিণত করতে হবে। (now => then)
- Sentence কে Assertive Sentence বানাতে হবে। অর্থাৎ এখানে Auxiliary Verb – would- Subject এর পরে বসবে। 

সে অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর: গ) He inquired of me if I would obey his order then.
১৪২.
The mother said, “My son, don’t run in the sun”. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) The mother advised her son not to run in the sun.
  2. খ) The mother forbade her son not to run in the sun.
  3. গ) The mother told my son not to run in the sun.
  4. ঘ) The mother ordered his son not to run in the sun.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) The mother advised her son not to run in the sun.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) The mother advised her son not to run in the sun.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Vocative Case (সম্বোধন পদ) (এখানে my son) কে যদি Reporting Verb এর Object এ রূপান্তর করা যায়, তাহলে তা Object হয়ে বসবে। 
Imperative sentence হওয়ায় এবং তা দিয়ে নিষেধ প্রকাশ পাওয়ায় নিয়ম অনুযায়ী said = forbade হওয়ার কথা থাকলেও Forbade এর পর not ব্যবহৃত হয় না, তাই (খ) অপশনটি ভুল। বরং এখানে আমরা এটাকে not সহ Advised বসাতে পারি। 
- to যোগ হবে। 
- to এর পর সব সময় verb এর base form বসে।
তাই সঠিক উত্তর (ক)।
১৪৩.
The teacher will be teaching us. (Make it passive)
  1. ক) We shall be taught by the teacher.
  2. খ) We shall have taught by the teacher.
  3. গ) We shall be being taught by the teacher.
  4. ঘ) We shall have been taught by the teacher.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) We shall be being taught by the teacher.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) We shall be being taught by the teacher.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Future continuous tense যুক্ত Active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম - 
- Object টি subject হয় 
- shall be being/ will be being বসে
- মূল verb এর past participle form 
- by
- subject এর objective form.

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - We shall be being taught by the teacher.
১৪৪.
The doctor said to the patient, "Take plenty of water everyday."(change the narration)
  1. The doctor advised the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
  2. The doctor ordered the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
  3. The doctor said the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
  4. The doctor told the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The doctor advised the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The doctor advised the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: The doctor advised the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
- এটি একটি Imperative sentence হওয়ায় এবং বাক্যটি উপদেশ সূচক হওয়ার কারণে এখানে "said to" এর পরিবর্তে advised বসিয়ে Indirect speech করা হয়েছে।

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise বসে,
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে,
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত পরবর্তী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
- Structure: Subject + request/order/ advise/ told/ instructed + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Other Options:
খ) The doctor ordered the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
- একজন ডাক্তার রুগীকে উপদেশ দেন। তাই এখানে said to এর পরিবর্তে ordered এর ব্যবহার সঠিক নয়।

গ) The doctor said the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
 - বাক্যটি উপদেশ সূচক হওয়ার কারণে এখানে "said to" এর পরিবর্তে advised বসিয়ে Indirect speech করতে হবে। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) The doctor told the patient to take plenty of water everyday.
→ এটি একটি Imperative sentence. এখানে একজন ডাক্তার রুগীকে উপদেশ দেওয়া বোঝাচ্ছে। তাই said to এর পরিবর্তে told এর ব্যবহার ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৪৫.
She asked me, ‘Are you happy with your new car?
  1. She asked me whether I am being happy with my new car.
  2. She asked me if I am happy with my new car.
  3. She asked me if I had been happy in my new car.
  4. She asked me whether I was happy with my new car.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me whether I was happy with my new car.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me whether I was happy with my new car.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present continuous tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct: She asked me, ‘Are you happy with your new job?
Indirect: She asked me whether/if I was happy with my new car.
১৪৬.
Please help me.
  1. You were requested to help me.
  2. You are requested to help me.
  3. You are being requested to help me.
  4. None of these.
সঠিক উত্তর:
You are requested to help me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
You are requested to help me.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Please help me.
Passive Voice: You are requested to help me.

→ active voice এর শুরুতে Please থাকলে passive voice- এ "you are requested to" বসেছে।
→ active voice টি present- এ রয়েছে তাই passive voice "present tense"- এ হয়েছে।
→ requested to- এর পরে verb- এর base form বসেছে।

• Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
→ Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive Voice এর subject হয়।
→ Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
→ মূল verb এর past participle + active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয় এবং তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
১৪৭.
The manager is going to approve the proposal. (make it passive)
  1. The proposal is being going to be approved by the manager.
  2. The proposal is gone to be approved by the manager.
  3. The proposal was going to be approved by the manager.
  4. The proposal is going to be approved by the manager.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The proposal is going to be approved by the manager.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The proposal is going to be approved by the manager.
ব্যাখ্যা
be going to দিয়ে Active Voice থাকলে তা Passive Voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- going to এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- going to এরপর be বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ Object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: The manager is going to approve the proposal.
Passive Voice: The proposal is going to be approved by the manager.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৪৮.
Zinia said to me, "Let him say whatever he likes."
  1. Zinia said me that he might say whatever he liked.
  2. Zinia told to me that let him say whatever he likes.
  3. Zinia said to me that let him say whatever he likes.
  4. Zinia told me that he might say whatever he liked.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Zinia told me that he might say whatever he liked.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Zinia told me that he might say whatever he liked.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরিত করার সময় Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে  That বসে + Reported Verb এর subject পুনরায় বসে + might+ reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত হয়। 

Structure: Subject +প্রদত্ত  Reporting verb + object যদি থাকে + that + Reported speech এর subject + might + reporting speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।

Correct answer: Zinia told me that he might say whatever he liked.
১৪৯.
The Daily Star says, 'we have found it'. (Make it indirect)
  1. The Daily Star exclaimed that they have found it.
  2. The Daily Star says that it has found it.
  3. The Daily Star says that they have found it.
  4. The daily Star said that they had found it.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The Daily Star says that it has found it.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The Daily Star says that it has found it.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা ব্বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে। 
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - The Daily Star says that it has found it.

• We দ্বারা মানব জাতিকে নির্দেশ করলে we=we ই থাকবে।
যেমন -
- Direct - He said 'we are the best of all the creations'.
- Indirect - He said that we are the best of all the creations.
১৫০.
Change the voice : My friend sent me a gift.
  1. I was sent a gift by my friend.
  2. I am sent a gift by my friend.
  3. I am being sent a gift by my friend.
  4. A gift is sent my friend by me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was sent a gift by my friend.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was sent a gift by my friend.
ব্যাখ্যা

ব্যাখ্যা:
বাক্যটিতে দুটি object আছে। a gift (বস্তুবাচক অর্থাৎ direct object)এবং me (প্রাণীবাচক অর্থাৎ indirect object)।
এই বাক্যটিকে আমরা প্রথমে I (indirect object)-কে Subject ধরে Passive voice করতে পারি।
অর্থাৎ, Indirect object + be + Verb-এর past particple+ Direct Object+ by+ Active Voice-এর Subject-কে object-এ রূপান্তর ।
Indirect Object-কে Subject-এ রূপান্তর করাই অধিক সঙ্গত।

Source: Applied English grammar and composition by P C Das

১৫১.
We ought to obey our teacher. (make it passive)
  1. Our teacher ought to obeyed by us.
  2. Our teacher ought to be obeied by us.
  3. Our teacher ought to be obeyed by us.
  4. Our teacher are ought to be obeyed by us.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Our teacher ought to be obeyed by us.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Our teacher ought to be obeyed by us.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active Voice: We ought to obey our teacher.
Passive voice: Our teacher ought to be obeyed by us.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৫২.
The superlative degree of 'well' is:
  1. ক) well
  2. খ) greatest
  3. গ) best
  4. ঘ) better
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) best
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) best
ব্যাখ্যা
The superlative degree of 'well' is best.

১৫৩.
She said, “I must attend the meeting.” [make it indirect]
  1. She asked that she had to attend the meeting.
  2. She said that she off to attend the meeting.
  3. She said that she better to attend the meeting.
  4. She said that she had to attend the meeting.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that she had to attend the meeting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said that she had to attend the meeting.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: She said, “I must attend the meeting.”
Indirect: She said that she had to attend the meeting.

•  Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:

- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, "I must finish this project
Indirect: Ruhi said that she had to finish that project.

অন্যগুলো ভুল:

ক) She asked that she had to attend the meeting.
- ভুল। "Asked" ব্যবহার হয় যখন প্রশ্ন থাকে। এখানে statement আছে, তাই "said" হবে।

খ) She said that she off to attend the meeting.
 - সম্পূর্ণ ভুল এবং অর্থহীন structure.

গ) She said that she better to attend the meeting.
- ভুল। "Must" কখনো "better" হয় না।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৫৪.
Change the narration: You said, 'He was there'.
  1. ক) You said that he had there.
  2. খ) You said that he have been there.
  3. গ) You said that he had been there.
  4. ঘ) You said that he is there.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) You said that he had been there.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) You said that he had been there.
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নের Correct Indirect Speech হল- You said that he had been there.

• Reporting verb এবং Reported speech উভয়েই past indefinite tense হলে indirect speech এর বেলায় reported speech কে past perfect করতে হয়।
Example:
Direct: You said, 'He was there'.
Indirect:  You said that he had been there.

Direct: Abid said to me, 'I was ill'.
Indirect: Abid told me that he had been ill.
১৫৫.
The Daily Observer states, 'we have uncovered the truth behind the story.' (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) The Daily Observer stated that they have uncovered the truth behind the story.
  2. খ) The Daily Observer states that they had uncovered the truth behind the story.
  3. গ) The Daily Observer stated that it had uncovered the truth behind the story.
  4. ঘ) The Daily Observer states that it has uncovered the truth behind the story.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) The Daily Observer states that it has uncovered the truth behind the story.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) The Daily Observer states that it has uncovered the truth behind the story.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- যদি Reporting Verb টি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Reporting speech এ we থাকলে, তা যদি ব্যক্তি বা মানব জাতিকে না বুঝিয়ে Editorial বা পত্রিকা বিষয়ক/ সম্পাদকীয় বোঝায়, তবে we এর পরিবর্তে indirect speech এ it হবে। 
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - The Daily Observer states that it has uncovered the truth behind the story.

• We দ্বারা মানব জাতিকে নির্দেশ করলে we=we ই থাকবে।
যেমন -
- Direct - He said 'we are the best of all the creations'.
- Indirect - He said that we are the best of all the creations.
১৫৬.
The indirect speech: He asked me, "Must you leave now?"
  1. He asked me if I must leave then.
  2. He asked me if I must have left then.
  3. He asked me if I had to leave now.
  4. He asked me if I had to leave then.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I had to leave then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me if I had to leave then.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct speech: He asked me, "Must you leave now?"
- Indirect speech: He asked me if I had to leave then.

• Must যুক্ত interrogative sentence -এর Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb হিসেবে ask/asked বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে if/whether বসে।
- অবশ্য করণীয় অর্থে must থাকলে Indirect speech এ had to হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।
- Indirect speech- এ Now → then হয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১৫৭.
Change the narration: Soha exclaimed that she was a great fool.
  1. Soha said, "What a fool I am!"
  2. Soha said, "What a fool am I!"
  3. Soha say, " What a fool I am!"
  4. Soha said, "I am a great fool!"
সঠিক উত্তর:
Soha said, "What a fool I am!"
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Soha said, "What a fool I am!"
ব্যাখ্যা
• Indirect to direct:

• প্রথমে Subject বসে, 
- exclaimed এর পরিবর্তে said বসে, 
- এরপর inverted comma,  
- Indirect এর reported speech এ great থাকলে direct এ What দ্বারা exclamatory sentence টি শুরু হয়।
- What + a/an + noun + subject বসে person অনুযায়ী + verb এর present form বসে + exclamatory sigh (!)বসে + inverted comma বসে।

Indirect: Soha exclaimed that she was a great fool.
Direct: Soha said, " What a fool I am!"
১৫৮.
Choose the direct speech of the sentence: She told me to stand up.
  1. She said, "Do stand up".
  2. She told, "Stand up".
  3. She said me, "Stand up".
  4. She said to me, "Stand up".
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said to me, "Stand up".
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said to me, "Stand up".
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative sentence-এর Direct speech করতে হলে told/ requested/ ordered/ commanded এর জায়গায় said to বসে।
- Indirect speech এর 'to' উঠে যায়৷ 
- told me থাকলে said to হয়।
- এবং indirect speech এর 'to' উঠে যায়৷

• তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী
Indirect: She told me to stand up.
 Direct: She said to me, ''Stand up''
১৫৯.
Never reveal the secret. [passive]
  1. Let never the secret to be revealed.
  2. Don't reveal the secret.
  3. Let never the secret be revealed.
  4. Let never the secret to be reveal.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let never the secret be revealed.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let never the secret be revealed.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Never যুক্ত Imperative Sentence কে Passive করার structure: 
- প্রথমে Let Never বসে
- Object টি Subject রূপে বসে
- be বসে 
- মূল verb এর  Past participle হয়।

তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let never a lie be told. 

Active: Never reveal the secret.
Passive: Let never the secret be revealed.
১৬০.
Indirect form of - Rama said to Arzun, - "Go away".
  1. ক) Rama asked Arzun to go away.
  2. খ) Rama said Arzun for going away.
  3. গ) Rama ordered Arzun to go away.
  4. ঘ) Rama told Arzun to go away.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Rama ordered Arzun to go away.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Rama ordered Arzun to go away.
ব্যাখ্যা
•  Reported speech এ যদি আদেশ, উপদেশ বা অনুরোধ সূচক বাক্য থাকে, তাহলে indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের সময়: 
- sub + requested/ordered + obj + to + verb + ext. এই structure অনুসরণ করা হয়।

• Rama said to Arzun, - "Go away" - বাক্যটি দ্বারা order বোঝাচ্ছে।
- Imperative sentence এ order বুঝালে indirect করার সময় said এর পরিবর্তে Ordered বসে। 
- সে অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর হবে, Rama ordered Arzun to go away.
১৬১.
Let me explain the rules. (make it passive)
  1. Let the rules are explained by me.
  2. Let the rules been explained by me.
  3. Let the rules be explained by me.
  4. Let the rules being explained by me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the rules be explained by me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the rules be explained by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Let যুক্ত Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে। 
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: Let me explain the rules.
• Passive Voice: Let the rules be explained by me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৬২.
Which one will be passive form of the sentence 'Don't waste your money.'?
  1. ক) Let not your money be wasted.
  2. খ) Let your money be wasted.
  3. গ) Let you money be not wasted.
  4. ঘ) Let you money not be waste.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Let not your money be wasted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Let not your money be wasted.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Voice এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Imperative sentence এর Active voice থেকে passive করার নিয়ম: 

• শুধু মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Active voice থেকে passive করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let not  বসবে।
- Active voice এর object টির subject রুপে বসবে।
- be বসবে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।

Structure: Let not + object টির subject হয় + be + মূল verb এর past participle.

Active Voice: Don't waste your time.
Passive Voice: Let not your time be wasted.
১৬৩.
"Will the sun come out this afternoon?" the local asked. (Make it indirect)
  1. Whether the sun would come out that afternoon the local asked.
  2. If the sun would come out that afternoon the local asked.
  3. Both of these
  4. None of these
সঠিক উত্তর:
None of these
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
None of these
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence কে Direct থেকে Indirect speech- এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি ask, enquire of, wonder তে পরিবর্তিত হয় ‌।
- Reported speech এর অন্তর্গত Interrogative sentence টি যদি কোন Wh - question word দ্বারা শুরু হয়,তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে অর্থাৎ সেই Wh - - question word টিই Conjunction হিসাবে বসবে।

- তবে, reported speech টি যদি Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে inverted comma তুলে, linker হিসেবে if/ whether বসবে।

•-Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ  reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Direct speech এ present Indefinite tense থাকলে Indirect narration এ তা past indefinite tense হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.
- This থাকলে indirect এ তা that হবে।

- সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী -
Direct: "Will the sun come out this afternoon?" the local asked.
Indirect: The local enquired whether/if the sun would come out that afternoon.
- নিয়মানুযায়ী, অপশনগুলোতে সঠিক উত্তর নেই, তাই উত্তর হবে - None of these.
১৬৪.
Change the voice: Did she respect the elderly people? 
  1. Were the elderly people respected by her?
  2. Were the elderly people is respected by her?
  3. Does she respect the elderly people? 
  4. Was the elderly people respected by her?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Were the elderly people respected by her?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Were the elderly people respected by her?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:

• Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
- Active Voice এ Auxiliary Verb হিসেবে did থাকলে Passive Voice এ এটাকে বাদ দিয়ে তার জায়গায় was/ were বসে আর মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।


• সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Active voice: Did he respect the elderly people? 
Passive voice: Were the elderly people respected by him?
১৬৫.
He said to me, "Bring me a glass of water." (make it indirect)
  1. He proposed me to bring him a glass of water.
  2. He asked me to bring him glass of water.
  3. He requested me to bring him a glass of water.
  4. He suggested me to bring him a glass of water.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He requested me to bring him a glass of water.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He requested me to bring him a glass of water.
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative sentence এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Subject + request/ order/advice /beg /forbid বসে।
- object বসে।
- to + reported speech এর মুল verb থাকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসবে।
- reported verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/ command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হবে।

Direct: He said to me, "Bring me a glass of water."
Indirect: He requested me to bring him a glass of water.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৬৬.
She said that she had done her assigned work. (Make it direct)
  1. She said, "She had done her assigned work"
  2. She said to me, 'She did her assigned work.'
  3. She said, "I have done my assigned work."
  4. She said to me, 'I did my assigned work.'
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said, "I have done my assigned work."
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She said, "I have done my assigned work."
ব্যাখ্যা
• সঠিক উত্তর: She said, "I have done my assigned work."

• Direct Speech/ Reporting speech ↔ Indirect speech / Reported speech

Present indefinite ↔ Past indefinite 
Present continuous ↔ Past continuous 
Present Perfect ↔ Past perfect 
Past indefinite ↔ Past Perfect 
Past continuous ↔ Past perfect continuous
Past Perfect ↔ Past Perfect 
Future Indefinite ↔ Use of modal 

• Indirect speech এ that clause টি past perfect tense এ হওয়ায় direct speech এ তা reported speech এ পরিণত হবে এবং তা past indefinite /present perfect tense এ হবে।
- সে অনুসারে বিকল্প আরেকটি উত্তর হতে পারতো - She said, "I did my assigned work." 
• She said to me, 'I did my assigned work.' -  উত্তর হবে না কারণ, যদি indirect এ told me থাকত তবেই direct এ said to me হত।
১৬৭.
“property, business, and industry are controlled by private owners rather than by the state” - this is the main theme of –
  1. ক) Marxism
  2. খ) Capitalism
  3. গ) Socialism
  4. ঘ) Structuralism
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Capitalism
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Capitalism
ব্যাখ্যা
• Capitalism
- An economic and political system in which property, business, and industry are controlled by private owners rather than by the state, with the purpose of making a profit.
- An economic system based on private ownership of property and business, with the goal of making the greatest possible profits for the owners.
 
• Marxism
A social, political, and economic theory based on the ideas of Karl Marx, who imagined a society where the methods of production would be owned and controlled by all its members.
 
• Socialism
The set of beliefs that states that all people are equal and should share equally in a country's money, or the political systems based on these beliefs.
 
• Structuralism 
A way of studying human culture, for example language, literature, art, or anthropology, that emphasizes the importance of its basic structures and the relationships between its parts
১৬৮.
I know that we have to submit the report. (Make it passive)
  1. It is known to me that we have to submit the report.
  2. That we have to submit the report is known to me.
  3. That the report has to be submitted to us is known to me.
  4. It is known to me that the report has to be submitted by us.
সঠিক উত্তর:
It is known to me that the report has to be submitted by us.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
It is known to me that the report has to be submitted by us.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex এবং compound sentence-যুক্ত Active voice-কে passive-এ পরিণত করার সময় উভয় clause-এর voice পরিবর্তন করা হয়।
- প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি একটি complex sentence.
- তাই এর passive করবার ক্ষেত্রে উভয় clause-এর voice পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
 
• have to / has to যুক্ত বাক্যকে কে passive করতে হলে
- Active voice এর object + have to be/has to be + verb এর(past participle) + by + subject এর object.
- known এর পর Passive Voice এ to ব্যবহৃত হয়।
 
Active Voice: I know that we have to submit the report.
Passive Voice: It is known to me that the report has to be submitted by us. / That the report has to be submitted by us is known to me.
১৬৯.
Make it indirect: "I will help Romana", he said, "if I can".
  1. He said if he can he would help Romana.
  2. He would help Romana, he said, if he could.
  3. I would help Romana, if I could, he said.
  4. He said that he would help Romana if he could.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would help Romana if he could.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would help Romana if he could.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Narration এ reporting clause (he said, said he) ইত্যাদি, reported speech এর প্রথমে, মাঝখানে অথবা পিছনে থাকতে পারে।
- কিন্তু indirect speech এ  reporting clause সব সময় বাক্যের প্রথমে বসাতে হয়।
- Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.

Direct: "I will help Romana", he said, "if I can".
Indirect: He said that he would help Romana if he could.
১৭০.
The teacher said to the students, "Have you understood the lesson?" [change the narration]
  1. The teacher asked the student if they had understood the lesson.
  2. The teacher asked the students if they had understood the lesson.
  3. The teacher asked the students if they have understood the lesson.
  4. The teacher asked the students if they understood the lesson.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher asked the students if they had understood the lesson.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher asked the students if they had understood the lesson.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Interrogative sentence এ যদি W/H question word না থেকে যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তখন সেই বাক্যটিকে পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of বসে।
- Object বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- if/ whether বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reported speech এর verb বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

Direct: Promi said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Promi asked her friend if she would go home.

Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Have you understood the lesson?"
Indirect: The teacher asked the students if they had understood the lesson.

বাকি অপশনগুলোর বিশ্লেষণ:

ক) The teacher asked the student if they had understood the lesson.
- “student” singular, কিন্তু মূল বাক্যে একাধিক student আছে।

গ) The teacher asked the students if they have understood the lesson. 
- এখানে tense ঠিক নেই, 'have' না হয়ে 'had' হতো।

ঘ) The teacher asked the students if they understood the lesson.
- এখানে 'they had understood the lesson' হলে সঠিক হতো। 

১৭১.
Rina said to Mina, "Will you help me with this project?"
  1. Rina asked Mina will she would help her with that project.
  2. Rina asked Mina if she would helped her with that project.
  3. Rina asked Mina if she would help her with that project.
  4. Rina asked Mina if she helped her with that project.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rina asked Mina if she would help her with that project.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rina asked Mina if she would help her with that project.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Interrogative sentence এ যদি W/H question word না থেকে যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তখন সেই বাক্যটিকে পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of বসে।
- Object বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- if/ whether বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reported speech এর verb বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

Direct: Promi said to her friend, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Promi asked her friend if she would go home.

Direct: Rina said to Mina, "Will you help me with this project?"
Indirect: Rina asked Mina if she would help her with that project.

১৭২.
Change the narration: Ayesha said to her sister, "Will you go home?"
  1. Ayesha asked her sister if she would go home.
  2. Ayesha told to her sister if she would go home.
  3. Ayesha said her sister if she would go home.
  4. Ayesha asked to her sister if she will go home.
  5. Ayesha asks her sister if she would go home.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ayesha asked her sister if she would go home.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ayesha asked her sister if she would go home.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
Sentence টি Interrogative sentence এ থাকলে,
- Reporting verb টি ask, inquire of, want to know, demand, wonder ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Sentence টি Interrogative এর পরিবর্তে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়।

• Interrogative sentence এ যদি W/H question word না থেকে যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তখন সেই বাক্যটিকে পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of বসে।
- Object বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- if/ whether বসে।
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- reported speech এর verb বসে।
- বাকি অংশ।

Structure: Reporting verb এর subject + Tense অনুযায়ী ask/ inquire of + Object + if/ whether + reported speech এর subject + reported speech এর verb + বাকি অংশ।

Direct: Ayesha said to her sister, "Will you go home?"
Indirect: Ayesha asked her sister if she would go home.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৭৩.
He requested me to clarify the matter. (Make it direct)
  1. ক) He said to me, “You will clarify the matter”.
  2. খ) He said to me, “Please, clarify the matter”.
  3. গ) He said to me, “You clarify the matter”.
  4. ঘ) He said to me, “Will you clarify the matter?”
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) He said to me, “Please, clarify the matter”.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) He said to me, “Please, clarify the matter”.
ব্যাখ্যা
Indirect Narration এ request থাকলে please যোগ হতে পারে এবং বাক্যটা Imperative হবে। 
১৭৪.
The door was opened. (Active)
  1. Someone has opened the door.
  2. Someone opened the door.
  3. The door opened.
  4. Someone open the door.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Someone opened the door.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Someone opened the door.
ব্যাখ্যা
• অনির্দিষ্ট যে কারো দ্বারা কাজটি সম্পাদিত হলে Subject someone/somebody
বসাতে হবে। 

• প্রথমে subject হিসেবে Someone বসাতে হবে।
- তারপর was বাদ দিতে হবে।
- মূল verb কে past tense এ বসাতে হবে।
- Subject টি Object হবে।

Passive: The door was opened.
Active: Someone opened the door.
১৭৫.
Please do not enter the room. (Make it passive)
  1. You are requested not to enter the room.
  2. You are requested to enter the room.
  3. Entering the room is not allowed.
  4. You are not requested to enter the room.
সঠিক উত্তর:
You are requested not to enter the room.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
You are requested not to enter the room.
ব্যাখ্যা

• 'Please' যুক্ত Imperative sentence কে Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
- Please/ kindly এর পরিবর্তে Passive Voice- এ 'You are requested to' বসে।
- Negative sentence- এ to এর পূর্বে not বসে।
- Principal verb থেকে বাকি অংশ বসে।
- Active voice টি Present Tense- এ রয়েছে তাই Passive Voice এ 'Present Tense' হয়েছে।

• Active voice: Please do not enter the room.
• Passive voice: You are requested not to enter the room.

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by P. C. Das.

১৭৬.
They were flying kites. (make it passive)
  1. Kites were being flown by them.
  2. Kites were being flew by them.
  3. Kites were been flown by them.
  4. They were being flown by kites.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kites were being flown by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kites were being flown by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

Past continuous tense এর ক্ষেত্রে Active voice থেকে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Subject অনুযায়ী was being/ were being বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Structure: Object এর subject + Subject অনুযায়ী was being/ were being + মূল verb এর past participle form + by + Subject এর object.

Active voice: They were flying kites.
Passive voice: Kites were being flown by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৭৭.
Change into indirect speech: "I'll have a cup of tea", my father said, "because I'm not hungry".
  1. ক) My father said that he will have a cup of tea because he was not hungry.
  2. খ) My father said that he would have had a cup of tea because he was not hungry.
  3. গ) My father said that he would have a cup of tea because he was not hungry.
  4. ঘ) My father said that he would had a cup of tea because he was not hungry.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) My father said that he would have a cup of tea because he was not hungry.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) My father said that he would have a cup of tea because he was not hungry.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct speech এ reporting verb past tense (said) হওয়ায়-
Direct speech এর ‘will’ এবং ‘am’ indirect speech এ ‘would’ এবং ‘was’ এ রূপান্তরিত হবে।
অর্থাৎ সঠিক indirect speech টি হবে-
My father said that he would have a cup of tea because he was not hungry.

আরেকটি উদাহরণঃ
Direct speech: She said to him, "I will call you as soon as possible"
Indirect speech: She told him that she would call him as soon as possible
১৭৮.
Kamal said, "I shall start the project next week." (make it indirect)
  1. Kamal said that he shall start the project next week.
  2. Kamal requested that he would start the project next week.
  3. Kamal said that he would start the project the following week.
  4. Kamal said that he will be starting the project next week.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kamal said that he would start the project the following week.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Kamal said that he would start the project the following week.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct Speech এ Reported Verb টি Past Tense হলে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting Speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting Verb say/ said, tell/ told বসবে। (যদি থাকে)
- Inverted Comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported Speech এর Subject/ Person অনুসারে পরিবর্তন হবে।
- Future Tense এর Will/Shall এর পরিবর্তে Would ব্যবহার করা হয়।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Direct Speech: Kamal said, "I shall start the project next week."
• Indirect Speech: Kamal said that he would start the project the following week.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৭৯.
Change into indirect speech:
Rita said, "Do you like ice cream?"
  1. Rita asked if I like ice cream.
  2. Rita asked if I liked ice cream.
  3. Rita told I liked ice cream.
  4. Rita said that I liked ice cream.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rita asked if I liked ice cream.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rita asked if I liked ice cream.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: Rita said, "Do you like ice cream?"
• Indirect Speech: Rita asked if I liked ice cream.

- এটি একটি প্রশ্নবাচক শব্দ, তাই,
- Reporting verb এর 'Said' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে হয় asked.
- প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন এবং প্রশ্নটি পরিবর্তিত হয়ে একটি বক্তব্যতে পরিবর্তিত হয় ফলে শেষে full stop বসে।
- Tense (Present Simple) পরিবর্তিত হয়ে Past simple হবে।
-  Pronoun 'You' পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'I' হবে। 

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১৮০.
Which one is the correct indirect narration of "Rubel said to me, 'I came yesterday.'"?
  1. Rubel told to me that he came yesterday.
  2. Rubel said me that he had come the previous day.
  3. Rubel said to me that he came the previous day.
  4. Rubel told me that he had come the previous day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rubel told me that he had come the previous day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rubel told me that he had come the previous day.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ঘ) Rubel told me that he had come the previous day.

Direct speech: Rubel said to me, "I came yesterday."
Indirect speech: Rubel told me that he had come the previous day.

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম।
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হব

• Direct speech এ said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হবে এবং reporting verb এর tense অনুযায়ী indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন আসবে।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- Direct Narration - এ yesterday থাকলে Indirect Narration - এ the previous day হয়।

অন্য অপশনগুলো:
ক) Rubel told to me that he came yesterday. — told to me ব্যবহার হয় না, শুধু told me হবে। এছাড়া came yesterday পরিবর্তন হয়নি।
খ) Rubel said me that he had come the previous day. — said me ভুল ব্যবহার। সঠিক হবে told me।
গ) Rubel said to me that he came the previous day. — came Past Indefinite রয়ে গেছে, কিন্তু এখানে Past Perfect (had come) হওয়া উচিত।

১৮১.
He was seen ______ (go) by us.
  1. to be gone
  2. go
  3. to going
  4. to go
সঠিক উত্তর:
to go
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
to go
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: He was seen to go by us.
- প্রদত্ত sentence টি passive আকারে আছে।

• Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮২.
I saw him cross the road. (make it passive)
  1. He was seen to be crossed the road by me.
  2. He was seen to be cross the road by me.
  3. He was seen cross the road by me.
  4. He was seen to cross the road by me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was seen to cross the road by me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was seen to cross the road by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

• Active Voice: I saw him cross the road. 
• Passive Voice: He was seen to cross the road by me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮৩.
What is the correct indirect speech of the sentence: Murubbi, the saint, said to his followers, "Ugh! What's that, brother?"
  1. Murubbi, the saint, angrily said to his followers that he doesn't know what that was.
  2. Murubbi, the saint, exclaimed in disgust and asked his followers what that was.
  3. Murubbi, the saint, asked his followers what was happening there.
  4. Murubbi, the saint, told his followers that he was surprised to see something.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Murubbi, the saint, exclaimed in disgust and asked his followers what that was.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Murubbi, the saint, exclaimed in disgust and asked his followers what that was.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct Speech: Murubbi, the saint, said to his followers, "Ugh! What's that, brother?"
• Indirect Speech: Murubbi, the saint, exclaimed in disgust and asked his followers what that was.

• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, direct speech থেকে indirect speech:
- Direct speech দ্বারা বিরক্তি বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "exclaimed with annoyance/exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with disgust"; আনন্দ বুঝালে "exclaimed with joy" এবং দুঃখ বুঝালে "exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief" হয়।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
- reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- very/great বসবে।
- adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।
- উল্লেখ্য যে, Indirect speech- এ addressing as brother কথাটি ঊহ্য রয়েছে।

এছাড়াও,
• ugh (exclamation)
English Meaning: used to express a strong feeling of disgust (= disapproval and dislike) at something very unpleasant.
Bangla Meaning: ঘৃণাসূচক অব্যয়; অ্যাহ্!

Example Sentence:
1. Ugh, I think I stepped in something really gross.
2. Ugh, I'm not eating that!

Source: 
1. Cambridge Dictionary.
2. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.
১৮৪.
Mina says, "My father teaches me mathematics. (Make it indirect)
  1. Mina says that her father taught her mathematics. 
  2. Mina tells that her father teaches her mathematics. 
  3. Mina says that her father teaches her mathematics. 
  4. Mina tells that her father taught her mathematics. 
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mina says that her father teaches her mathematics. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Mina says that her father teaches her mathematics. 
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct speech: Mina says, "My father teaches me mathematics.
Indirect speech: Mina says that her father teaches her mathematics.  
- উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে Reporting verb "says" এখানে present tense এ আছে। তাই reported speech-এ verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হবে না। Reporting verb-এর পরে যেহেতু এখানে object নেই, তাই told  ব্যবহার না করে "says" ব্যবহারই সঠিক।

• Direct speech এর reporting verb যদি Present tense বা Future tense থাকে, সেক্ষেত্রে (Direct speech) কে (Indirect speech)- এ রূপান্তর এর নিয়ম:
- Reported speech এর verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- কেবল person পরিবর্তিত হয়,
- অর্থাৎ, 1st person (I, we) থাকলে Reporting Verb এর Subject অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- 2nd person (you) থাকলে Reporting Verb এর Object অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন হয়।
- Reported speech এর 3rd person এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না। 

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮৫.
She said, "Hurray! Our team has scored the winning goal." (make it indirect)
  1. She said that their team had scored the winning goal.
  2. She exclaimed with joy that their team had scored the winning goal.
  3. She exclaimed that their team has scored the winning goal.
  4. She shouted that their team had scored the winning goal.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with joy that their team had scored the winning goal.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with joy that their team had scored the winning goal.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ আনন্দ বুঝালে:
- Subject + Reporting Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে। (দুঃখ বুঝালে exclaim/ exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।)
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

• Direct Speech: She said, "Hurray! Our team has scored the winning goal."
• Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that their team had scored the winning goal.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮৬.
Who painted this picture? (Make it passive)
  1. By whom is this picture painted?
  2. By whom was this picture painted?
  3. By whom has this picture been painted?
  4. By whom has this picture painted?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom was this picture painted?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom was this picture painted?
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: Who painted this picture?
Passive: By whom was this picture painted?
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি "Past Indefinite Tense" এর হওয়ায় এখানে was এর পর মূল Verb এর Past Participle হয়েছে।

• Who দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া interrogative sentence কে passive করতে হলে:
- Who এর স্থানে By whom বসে।
- এরপর বাক্যটির tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary/ be verb/model verb বসে।
- তারপর subject বসে।
- Model verb এর ক্ষেত্রে Model verb + Subject+ be + মূল Verb এর Past participle বসে।
- এবং অন্যক্ষেত্রে Auxiliary verb +Subject+ মূল Verb এর Past participle বসে।
- এবং সবশেষে object বসবে।
- Structure: By whom + auxiliary verb/modal verb + Subject + verb এর past participle রূপ + object.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৮৭.
We ought to obey our parents. (passive)
  1. Our parents ought to being obeyed by us.
  2. Our parents ought to be obeyed by us. 
  3. Our parents ought to be obey by us.
  4. Our parents ought to obeyed by us.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Our parents ought to be obeyed by us. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Our parents ought to be obeyed by us. 
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - খ) Our parents ought to be obeyed by us.

Active Voice থেকে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- যখন Active Voice-এ may, might, can, could, must, ought to, going to ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন Passive Voice করতে হলে এগুলোর পরে be বসে।
- এরপর মূল verb-এর Past Participle বসে।

Structure:
Object (Subject form) + may/might/can/could/must/ought to/going to + be + মূল verb-এর Past Participle + by + Subject (Objective form)।

Examples:
Active: I may help you.
Passive: You may be helped by me.

Active: You must do the work.
Passive: The work must be done by you.

Active: We ought to obey our parents.
Passive: Our parents ought to be obeyed by us.

Active: They are going to open a bank.
Passive: A bank is going to be opened by them.

Other options
ক) Our parents ought to being obeyed by us.
এখানে being ভুল ব্যবহার হয়েছে; passive এ “to be + past participle” ব্যবহার হয়। 

গ) Our parents ought to be obey by us.
এখানে obey base form আছে; passive-এ past participle (obeyed) প্রয়োজন। 

ঘ) Our parents ought to obeyed by us.
এখানে to obeyed ভুল ফর্ম; “to be obeyed” হওয়া উচিত।

১৮৮.
My father said to me, “Do not run in the sun.” (Change the speech)
  1. My father advised me not to run in the sun.
  2. My father ordered me to not to run in the sun.
  3. My father said to me not to run in the sun.
  4. My father said me not to run in the sun.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My father advised me not to run in the sun.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My father advised me not to run in the sun.
ব্যাখ্যা
Correct answer: My father advised me not to run in the sun.

------------------- 
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- বাক্যটি নিষেধ/উপদেশমূলক হওয়ায় said এর পরিবর্তে advised/forbade/ordered ব্যবহৃত হবে।
- প্রশ্নোক্ত বাক্যের indirect speech এ advised এবং ordered ব্যবহৃত হলে not to ব্যবহৃত হবে.
- কিন্তু forbade নিজেই না বোধক হওয়ায় এর পর not বসবে না শুধু to + verb বসবে।

- যেমন: The Teacher said to the students, “Do not make noise.”
এর indirect speech হতে পারে।
1- The teacher ordered/advised the students not to make noise.
2- The teacher forbade the students to make noise.

আরো উদাহরণ:
• Direct speech: 'Don't waste your time' the boss said to the employees.
Indirect speech:
- The boss ordered/advised the employees not to waste their time.
- The boss forbade the employees to waste their time.

• Direct speech: John said to me, “Don’t conceal anything”.
Indirect speech:
- John forbade me to conceal anything.
- John advised/ ordered me not to conceal anything.

• Direct speech: My father said to me, “Do not waste your time.”
Indirect speech:
- My father forbade me to waste my time.
- My father ordered/advised me not to waste time.
১৮৯.
Sabbir said to me, “We have to do the best deeds as we are the best creations of Allah”. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) Sabbir told me that they had to do the best deeds as they were the best creations of Allah.
  2. খ) Sabbir told me that we had to do the best deeds as we are the best creations of Allah.
  3. গ) Sabbir told me that we have to do the best deeds as we are the best creations of Allah.
  4. ঘ) Sabbir told me that we have to do the best deeds as we were the best creations of Allah.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Sabbir told me that we have to do the best deeds as we are the best creations of Allah.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Sabbir told me that we have to do the best deeds as we are the best creations of Allah.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Assertive Sentence হওয়ায় Reporting Verb -Say এর পরিবের্তে told বসবে। 
- that যোগ হবে। 
- বক্তা ও শ্রোতা অনুযায়ী Reported Speech এর Subject ও Object পরিবর্তন হলেও এখানে we দিয়ে যেহেতু মানবজাতি বুঝাচ্ছে (বক্তা ও শ্রোতা উভয়েই যার অন্তর্ভুক্ত), তাই এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- বাক্যটা যেহেতু সর্বজনীন সত্য বুঝাচ্ছে, তাই Tense পরিবর্তন করার কোনো প্রয়োজন নেই। তবে Tense পরিবর্তন করলেও ভুল নয়। কিন্তু পরিবর্তন করলে পুরোটাই পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। (খ) ও (ঘ) তে উভয় Clause এ পরিবর্তন হয় নি, তাই অপশন দুটি ভুল।
তাই সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।
১৯০.
His behavior surprised me. The passive form is-
  1. I am surprised at his behavior
  2. I was surprised with his behavior
  3. I had been surprised with his behavior
  4. I was surprised at his behavior
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was surprised at his behavior
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was surprised at his behavior
ব্যাখ্যা

• Past Indefinite Tense যুক্ত Active Sentence কে Passive করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টিr Subjective form বসবে। 
- was/were বসবে। 
-  verb এর past participle form বসবে। 
- by বসবে।
- Active voice এর subject টির objective form বসবে।
- কিন্তু এখানে surprised থাকায় 'by' এর পরিবর্তে 'at' বসবে। 

অতএব উপরের নিয়ম অনুসারে সঠিক Passive form হলো- I was surprised at his behavior.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১৯১.
Change the narration: She said to me, "Why are you going to the market?"
  1. She said me why I am going to the market.
  2. She told me why I was going to the market.
  3. She asked me why I am going to the market.
  4. She asked me why I was going to the market.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me why I was going to the market.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me why I was going to the market.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• 'WH question' যুক্ত বাক্যের indirect narration এর গঠন - 
- reporting verb 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। 
- reporting verb এর object অনুসারে reported speech এ verb বসবে।
- তারপর object বসবে।

Direct: She said to me, "Why are you going to the market?"
Indirect: She asked me why I was going to the market.
১৯২.
What is the indirect form of: The headmistress says, "The school will remain closed tomorrow."?
  1. The headmistress says that the school would remain closed the next day.
  2. The headmistress told that the school would remain closed the next day.
  3. The headmistress says that the school will be remain closed the next day.
  4. The headmistress says that the school will remain closed the next day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The headmistress says that the school will remain closed the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The headmistress says that the school will remain closed the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: The headmistress says, "The school will remain closed tomorrow."
- Indirect: The headmistress says that the school will remain closed the next day.​

​• Assertive sentence -এর Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech করা নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Reporting verb-এর Subject বসে এবং তারপর Reporting verb (say/said, tell/told) বসে (যদি থাকে)।
- Reporting verb টি present/future tense -এ থাকলে Reported speech -এর tense -এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- তারপর Inverted comma (" ") উঠিয়ে দিয়ে conjunction হিসেবে that বসানো হয়।
- Reported speech-এর person পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
- নৈকট্যবাচক শব্দ Indirect speech -এ দূরত্ববাচক শব্দে পরিবর্তিত হয় ("tomorrow" becomes "the next day")।

অন্যদিকে,
ক) এখানে reporting verb "says" present tense -এ আছে, তাই Reported speech -এ "would" (past tense) হবে না।

খ) Direct speech -এ reporting verb "says" present tense -এ আছে, তাই reporting verb to "told" (past tense) হবে না।

গ) Uses "will be remain", which is grammatically incorrect (should be "will remain").

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

১৯৩.
He said to me, "May you have wealth." বাক্যের indirect speech হচ্ছে-
  1. ক) He wished me that I might had wealth.
  2. খ) He wished me that I might have wealth.
  3. গ) He wished me that I should have wealth.
  4. ঘ) He said to me that I might have wealth.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) He wished me that I might have wealth.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) He wished me that I might have wealth.
ব্যাখ্যা
Optative sentence এর indirect speech করার নিয়ম - 
- Reporting verb এর said এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসে
- Inverted Comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে
- reported speech এর subject বসে
- may/ might বসে 
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ হয়।

• Structure: subject + wish/pray + that + Reported speech এর subject + may/might + মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He wished me that I might have wealth.
১৯৪.
He said to me, "I dare not take such a risk." (Make it indirect)
  1. He said to me that he dare not to take such a risk.
  2. He told that he dares not take such a risk.
  3. He told to me that he dares not to take such a risk.
  4. He told me that he dared not take such a risk.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He told me that he dared not take such a risk.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He told me that he dared not take such a risk.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Dare, make, let ইত্যাদি শব্দের পরে Verb-এর base form বসে।
- Reporting Verb, ‘said’ Past Indefinite Form এ আছে বলে Reported speech-এর dare শব্দটি Past Simple হবে
- Reporting Verb-এর Subject টি Third Person হলে, Reported Speech-এর Subject-টি Third Person হবে।
- dare এর সাথে infinitive to এর ব্যবহার উহ্য থাকে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- direct speech: He said to me, "I dare not take such a risk."
- indirect speech হচ্ছে - He told me that he dared not take such a risk.
১৯৫.
They accused themselves.(make it passive)
  1. They were accused by themselves.
  2. They were accused themselves.
  3. They themselves were accused.
  4. They were being accused themselves.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They were accused by themselves.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They were accused by themselves.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ক) They were accused by themselves.
- এটি একটি Reflexive object যুক্ত Active voice এর উদাহরণ।

Reflexive object যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় Passive voice এর Subject হিসাবে প্রথমে বসে,
- tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে,
- তারপর  মূল verb এর past participle form বসে,
- by বসে + Reflexive object টি বসে।
- They were accused by themselves.

Other Options:
খ) They were accused themselves.
→  এখানে "by" অনুপস্থিত, তাই অর্থ অসম্পূর্ণ এবং ব্যাকরণগত ভুল।

গ) They themselves were accused.
→ Reflexive object যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার সময় মূল verb এর past participle +by বসে + Reflexive object টি বসে।

ঘ) They were being accused themselves.
→ এটি continuous tense বোঝায়, কিন্তু মূল বাক্যটি simple past, তাই ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১৯৬.
Choose the right indirect speech:
The teacher said to Rakib, "Congratulations! Wish you success in life."
  1. The teacher congratulated Rakib and said wish you success in life.
  2. The teacher wished congratulations and success in life to Rakib.
  3. The teacher wished congratulations to Rakib and wished him success in life.
  4. The teacher congratulated Rakib and wished him success in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher congratulated Rakib and wished him success in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher congratulated Rakib and wished him success in life.
ব্যাখ্যা

• সাধারণত Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Direct Narration এ Thanks/Thank you/Congratulations/Welcome থাকলে indirect করতে said এর পরিবর্তে "Thanked/Congratulated/Welcome" বসে।

• নিয়ম অনুযায়ী "Congratulations!" এর ক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb এর structure নিম্ন রূপ: 
- Subject + said থাকলে congratulated + subject এর object form এই নিয়মে indirect করতে হয়।
- প্রশ্নে দুটি বাক্য থাকায় মাঝে 'and' যুক্ত হয়েছে। 

Direct: The teacher said to Rakib, "Congratulations! Wish you success in life."
Indirect: The teacher congratulated Rakib and wished him success in life.

১৯৭.
The superlative degree of 'able' is-
  1. abler
  2. most ablest
  3. more able
  4. None of the above
সঠিক উত্তর:
None of the above
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
None of the above
ব্যাখ্যা

• The required answer is- None of the above.

- The superlative degree of 'able' is- ablest.

• Able (adjective)
- English Meaning: intelligent; good at something.
- Bangla Meaning: কোনো কিছু করতে সমর্থ/সক্ষম।

- comparative form হলো 'abler'.
- superlative  form হলো 'ablest'.
- Example: She's the ablest student in the class.

Source: 
1. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.
2. Oxford Learners Dictionary.

১৯৮.
Change the voice:
Why do you ignore my messages?
  1. Why are my messages be ignored?
  2. Why are my messages ignored by you?
  3. Why my messages were ignored by you?
  4. Why my messages are ignored by you?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Why are my messages ignored by you?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Why are my messages ignored by you?
ব্যাখ্যা

• কোনো বাক্য যখন WH word যেমন: Who, Which, whom, where, when, why, whose, whom, and how দিয়ে শুরু হয় তখন passive voice  WH-word দিয়ে শুরু হয়ে থাকে।

• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:
 - Active voice এর Wh word টি প্রথমে বসে
- Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসাতে হয়। 
- Object টি Subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/being/been বসাতে হয়। 
- মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।
- সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। 

Active: Why do you ignore my messages?
Passive: Why are my messages ignored by you? 

১৯৯.
The teacher said, “The Earth revolves around the Sun.” (Make it Indirect Speech.)
  1. The teacher said that the Earth revolved around the Sun.
  2. The teacher said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
  3. The teacher said that the Earth is revolving around the Sun.
  4. The teacher said that the Earth had revolved around the Sun.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: The teacher said, “The Earth revolves around the Sun.” 
Indirect Speech: The teacher said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

- এটি একটি সার্বজনীন সত্য (universal truth).
- তাই Indirect speech-এ রূপান্তর করলে এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- কমা এবং ইনভার্টেড কমা তুলে নিয়ে that বসে।

- সকল অপশন গুলোয় Tense পরিবর্তিত হওয়ার কারণে বাকিগউলো ভুল।

• Other options:
ক) revolved : ভুল, কারণ এটি universal truth, তাই present tense হবে।

খ) is revolving : ভুল, কারণ এটি continuous tense করে ফেলেছে।

ঘ) had revolved : ভুল, এটি tense unnecessarily পরিবর্তন করেছে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
২০০.
He killed himself. (Make it passive)
  1. Himself was killed by him.
  2. He himself was killed by him.
  3. He was killed himself.
  4. He was killed by himself.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was killed by himself.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was killed by himself.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Reflexive object যুক্ত  Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
• Reflexive object গুলো হচ্ছে - himself, myself, themself, ourself etc.

• Structure:
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় Passive voice এর Subject হিসাবে প্রথমে বসে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by বসে +  Reflexive object টি বসে।

• Active: He killed himself.
• Passive: He was killed by himself.