বিষয়সমূহ

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Voice, Narration and Degree

মোট প্রশ্ন১,৩৫৬এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Voice, Narration and Degree

PrepBank · পাতা ১৩ / ১৪ · ১,২০১১,৩০০ / ১,৩৫৬

১,২০১.
Pick out the sentence which has the same meaning as the following:
The last question was the most difficult.
  1. ক) The questions were very difficult.
  2. খ) The last question was more difficult than any other question.
  3. গ) Some questions were very difficult.
  4. ঘ) Only the last question was very difficult.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) The last question was more difficult than any other question.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) The last question was more difficult than any other question.
ব্যাখ্যা
A sentence can be converted such that the degree of comparison is changed but the meaning of the sentence remains the same.
For example:
- The last question was the most difficult.
- The last question was more difficult than any other question.
Both sentences imply that it was the last question that was difficult as compared to any other questions.
Hence, we conclude that the correct formation is ‘The last question was more difficult than any other question’.
১,২০২.
'His behaviour surprised us.' বাক্যটির Passive form হবে-
  1. We surprised at his behaviour.
  2. We were surprised with his behaviour.
  3. We had been surprised at his behaviour.
  4. We were surprised at his behaviour.
সঠিক উত্তর:
We were surprised at his behaviour.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
We were surprised at his behaviour.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: His behaviour surprised us.
Passive Voice: We were surprised at his behaviour.

→ সাধারণত Passive Voice- এ Verb এর past participle এর পর by বসলেও  Active Voice- এ 'Surprise' verb হিসাবে থাকলে এবং verb টির পর বস্তু বুঝালে at বসে; ব্যক্তি বুঝালে with বসে।

• প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Past Indefinite Tense-এ আছে।

• Past Indefinite Tense যুক্ত বাক্যকে Passive করার নিয়ম:
→ Active Voice- এর object Passive Voice-এ প্রথমে বসে।
→ Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
→ মূল verb এর Past Participle form বসে।
→ "Past Participle form"- এর পর 'by' বসে।
→ এরপর Active Voice- এর subject + extension বসে।
১,২০৩.
The assignment has been completed by them. (Make it active)
  1. They completed the assignment.
  2. They have been completed the assignment.
  3. They have completed the assignment.
  4. They have to be completed the assignment.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They have completed the assignment.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They have completed the assignment.
ব্যাখ্যা
Passive Voice: The assignment has been completed by them.
Active Voice: They have completed the assignment.

Passive Voice কে Active Voice করতে হলে সাধারণত ৫টি কাজ করতে হয়।
→ Object → Subject হবে আর Subject Object হবে।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb ছাড়া যদি অন্য কোন Auxiliary Verb থাকে, তাহলে সেটা বসবে ।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb বাদ যাবে।
→ মূল Verb এর ঠিক আগের 'be' Verb এর গঠন অনুযায়ী মূল Verb বসবে।
→ একটি Preposition (by/to/with/at/in) বাদ যাবে।
১,২০৪.
Who made this delicious cake? (Change into passive voice)
  1. By whom this delicious was cake made?
  2. By whom was this delicious cake made?
  3. By whom were this delicious cake made?
  4. By whom this delicious was being cake made?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom was this delicious cake made?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom was this delicious cake made?
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: By whom was this delicious cake made?

• Who যুক্ত Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার সময়-
- Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে।
- Tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে।
- Object টির Subject রূপ বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Other options:
ক) By whom this delicious was cake made?
- Who যুক্ত Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার সময় Object টির পূর্বে Auxiliary verb বসে। তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) By whom were this delicious cake made?
- Who যুক্ত Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার সময় Tense ও person অনুযায়ী Object টির পূর্বে Auxiliary verb বসে। এখানে "was"এর ব্যবহার সঠিক নয়।

ঘ) By whom this delicious was being cake made?
- Who যুক্ত Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার সময় Tense ও person অনুযায়ী Object টির পূর্বে Auxiliary verb বসে। যেহেতু Active voice এ বাক্যটি Past Indefinite Tense এ রয়েছে তাই Passive করার সময় "Being" এর ব্যবহার সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১,২০৫.
He requested that he might be allowed to come in. Which of the following is the correct direct speech?
  1. ক) He asked, “Let me allow to come in.”
  2. খ) He said, “Let me to come in.”
  3. গ) He said, “May I come in.”
  4. ঘ) He requested me, “Let him allowed to come in.”
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He said, “May I come in.”
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He said, “May I come in.”
ব্যাখ্যা
অপশন ক তে let দ্বারা অনুমতি বোঝায় বলে এখানে allow এর ব্যবহার ঠিক নয়।
অপশন খ তে Let থাকায় verb এর পূর্বে to হবে না যেহেতু let হচ্ছে bare infinitive.
যেহেতু প্রশ্নোল্লিখিত বাক্যে নিজের জন্য অনুমতি প্রার্থনা করা হয়েছে সেহেতু অপশন ঘ-ও হবে না।
সুতরাং, অপশন গ-ই হবে সঠিক উত্তর।
১,২০৬.
Change the narration: He said, "Would that I had studied harder!"
  1. He said if he studied harder.
  2. He said would that he had studied harder.
  3. He wished that he had studied harder.
  4. He hoped he studies harder.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that he had studied harder.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that he had studied harder.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Direct: He said, "Would that I had studied harder!"
- Indirect: He wished that he had studied harder.

• Exclamatory sentence দ্বারা যদি আকাঙ্ক্ষা করা বুঝায় এবং এর শুরুতে If, O that, Oh that, Would that থাকে তাহলে indirect করার সময় Wish বসাতে হয়।
- Direct speech এ যেহেতু reporting verb - past form (said) এ আছে তাই indirect করার সময় Wished বসাতে হবে এবং 
- reported speech টি past perfect form এ বসাতে হবে।
- that এর পর past perfect হবে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He wished that he had been rich.
১,২০৭.
Foster collaboration between government and private sectors to enhance economic resilience. (Passive)
  1. Let collaboration between government and private sectors be fosterred to enhance economic resilience.
  2. Let collaboration between government and private sectors being fosterred to enhance economic resilience.
  3. Let collaboration between government and private sectors be fostered to enhance economic resilience.
  4. Let collaboration between government and private sectors are being fostered to enhance economic resilience.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let collaboration between government and private sectors be fostered to enhance economic resilience.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let collaboration between government and private sectors be fostered to enhance economic resilience.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: Foster collaboration between government and private sectors to enhance economic resilience.
Passive Voice: Let collaboration between government and private sectors be fostered to enhance economic resilience.

• 
'foster' এর past participle form হচ্ছে 'fostered'.
শুধু মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া imperative sentence এর active voice থেকে passive করার নিয়ম:
→ প্রথমে Let বসবে;
→ Active voice এর object টির subject রূপে বসবে;
→ be বসবে;
→ মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।

• Structure: Let + object টির subject হয় + be + মূল verb এর past participle + extensions.
১,২০৮.
Change it into indirect sentence: She said to me, 'May Allah bless you.'
  1. ক) She prayed that Allah might bless me.
  2. খ) She prayed for me that Allah may bless me.
  3. গ) She prayed that May Allah bless me.
  4. ঘ) She prays that Allah might bless me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) She prayed that Allah might bless me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) She prayed that Allah might bless me.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Optative sentence কে indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর পরিবর্তে wish/pray বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject বসে।
- May/might বসে।

Example: 
Direct: He said to me, 'May Allah bless you.'
Indirect: He prayed that Allah might bless me.
১,২০৯.
Change the narration:
The officer said to the guard, "Did you lock the gate?"
  1. The officer asked the guard if he locked the gate.
  2. The officer asked the guard if he had locked the gate.
  3. The officer told the guard if he had locked the gate.
  4. The officer asked the guard whether he had lock the gate.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The officer asked the guard if he had locked the gate.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The officer asked the guard if he had locked the gate.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Direct: The officer said to the guard, "Did you lock the gate?"
- Indirect: The officer asked the guard if he had locked the gate.

• Narration -এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, Interrogative sentence - এর narration পরিবর্তন করার ক্ষেত্রে-
- প্রথমে Reporting verb - এর subject বসে এবং
- Reporting verb “said” - এর পরিবর্তে প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে asked বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- তারপর Reported speech - এর subject বসবে।
- Reported speech - এর 'subject' 2nd person (You) সবসময় Reporting verb - এর object - এর number, person, ও gender অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- তারপর Direct narration - এ Reported speech -এর verb যদি past indefinite tense থাকে তাহলে Indirect narration - এ তা past perfect tense হবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• Structure: Sub + ask/asked + object (যদি থাকে) + linker word (if/whether) + Reported speech - এর subject + verb + বাকি অংশ।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
১,২১০.
Who taught you Bengali? (Make it passive)
  1. Whom were you taught by Bengali?
  2. Bengali was taught you by whom?
  3. By whom were you being taught Bengali?
  4. By whom were you taught Bengali?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom were you taught Bengali?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom were you taught Bengali?
ব্যাখ্যা

Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এর রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হবে।
- Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এ Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- অনেক সময় be/ being/ been বসাতে হয়।
- মূল verb এর Past Participle হয়।
- Question mark (?) হয়।

Active Voice: Who taught you Bengali?
Passive Voice: By whom were you taught Bengali?

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২১১.
The soup tastes delicious. (passive)
  1. The soup is tasted delicious.
  2. The soup was delicious tasted.
  3. Delicious is tasted by the soup.
  4. The soup is delicious when it is tasted.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The soup is delicious when it is tasted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The soup is delicious when it is tasted.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - ঘ) The soup is delicious when it is tasted.

Quasi-Passive Verb হলো এমন কিছু active form এর verb, যেগুলো দেখতে active হলেও তাদের অর্থে passive sense প্রকাশ পায়।
যেমনঃ The soup tastes delicious.
Active: The soup tastes delicious.
Passive: The soup is delicious when it is tasted.

Complement সহ (With Complement) Verb-এর অর্থ সম্পূর্ণ করতে একটি complement প্রয়োজন হয়।
Complement বিশিষ্ট quasi-passi verb-কোন বাক্যে থাকলে তাকে passive করতে নিচের structure অনুসরণ করতে হয়:
Passive: S + be-verb + complement + when(if) + it/they + be-ver + V(p.p))

• More Example:
Active: The cloth feels smooth.
- "feels" হলো quasi-passive verb
- "smooth" হলো complement
Passive: The cloth is smooth when it is felt.

Other options
ক) The soup is tasted delicious.
 - "tasted" যদি verb হয়, তবে "delicious" তার object হতে পারে না।
- বাক্যটি অপ্রাসঙ্গিক।

খ) The soup was delicious tasted.
- "delicious tasted" ভুল বাক্যাংশ; adjective ও verb-এর ভুল ব্যবহার।

গ) delicious is tasted by the soup
- বাক্যটি অর্থহীন - সুপ কোনো কিছু টেস্ট করে না।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১,২১২.
Chocolate tastes sweet. (make it passive)
  1. Chocolate is sweet when it is tasted.
  2. Chocolate is sweet when it tastes.
  3. Chocolate is taste sweet.
  4. Sweet is the tastes of chocolate.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Chocolate is sweet when it is tasted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Chocolate is sweet when it is tasted.
ব্যাখ্যা
• প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত বাক্যটি একটি Quasi-passive sentence.
- যে sentence গঠনে active কিন্তু অর্থে passive বা অন্যের দ্বারা সংঘটিত হয় এমন বোঝায়, তাকে Quasi-passive sentence বলে।
- এই ধরনের sentence কে দুই ভাবে passive করা যায়। যেমন:

1. Active voice এর subject টিই passive voice এর subject হিসাবে বসে + tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + adjective টি বসে + when + প্রথম subject অনুযায়ী if/they বসে + আবারো tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb + মূল verb এর past participle.

Active: Chocolate tastes sweet.
Passive: Chocolate is sweet when it is tasted.

2. Active এর এর subject টিই passive voice এর subject হিসাবে বসে + tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + মূল verb এর past participle + adjective টি বসে।

Active: Chocolate tastes sweet.
Passive: Chocolate is tasted sweet.
১,২১৩.
The indirect speech of the sentence: Shila said to him, “Are you satisfied with your new car?" 
  1. Shila asked him whether he is satisfied with his new car.
  2. Shila asked him if he was satisfied with his new car.
  3. Shila asked him if he had been satisfied with his new car
  4.  Shila enquired of him whether he has been satisfied with his new car.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Shila asked him if he was satisfied with his new car.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Shila asked him if he was satisfied with his new car.
ব্যাখ্যা

সঠিক উত্তর হলো: খ) Shila asked him if he was satisfied with his new car. 

• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:

- প্রশ্নের ক্ষেত্রে ask / enquire ব্যবহার হয়।
- Yes/No প্রশ্ন হলে if / whether ব্যবহার হয়।
- Direct speech-এর present tense সাধারণত past tense-এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- Pronoun ও possessive pronoun ঠিকভাবে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়।
  
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.

Direct: Shila said to him, “Are you satisfied with your new car?"
Indirect: Shila asked him if he was satisfied with his new car.

অন্যান্য অপশন বিশ্লেষণ:
ক) Shila asked him whether he is satisfied with his new car.
 → is satisfied → tense ঠিক করা হয়নি, reported speech past tense হওয়া উচিত।

গ) Shila asked him if he had been satisfied with his new car
- “had been” হলো past perfect।
- এটা তখনই ব্যবহৃত হয় যদি মূল বাক্য past tense-এ হয় বা পূর্বের কিছু ঘটনার কথা বলা হয়।
- এখানে মূল বাক্য present tense, তাই past perfect দরকার নেই।

ঘ)  Shila enquired of him whether he has been satisfied with his new car.
- “has been” present perfect, কিন্তু reporting verb past tense।
- tense mismatch হয়েছে।

১,২১৪.
He wants someone to take pictures. (Passive)
  1. Pictures should be taken.
  2. He wants to take pictures.
  3. Pictures should be taken by someone.
  4. He wants pictures to be taken.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wants pictures to be taken.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wants pictures to be taken.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Subject-এর পর liking/loving/wanting/wishing etc. + object + infinitive যুক্ত Active Voice-কে Passive Voice-রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত active voice-এর subject + verb বসে,
- infinitive-এর পরের object (যদি থাকে) বসে,
- to be (passive infinitive) বসে,
- infinitive-এর পরের verb-এর past participle বসে।

Active: He wants someone to take pictures.
Passive: He wants pictures to be taken.

Source: Advanced Learner's by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১,২১৫.
‘Afif said that he had been busy.’ Change into direct speech.
  1. ক) ‘Afif said, “I was busy.”
  2. খ) ‘Afif said, “I am busy.”
  3. গ) ‘Afif said, “I had been busy.”
  4. ঘ) ‘Afif said, “he had been busy.”
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) ‘Afif said, “I was busy.”
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) ‘Afif said, “I was busy.”
ব্যাখ্যা

আমরা সাধারণত direct থেকে indirect করা শিখেছি। যদি indirect থেকে direct করতে হয় তাহলে পূর্বের রুলগুলো সম্পূর্ণ উল্টো ভাবলেই হয়ে যাবে। যদিও বিষয়টি কিছুটা জটিল।
অপশন a সঠিক উত্তর। কারণ shakil যেহেতু নিজেই বলেছে তাই 1st person-I ব্যবহার করতে হবে। আর indirect এ past parfect থাকলে direct এ past indefinite হবে। সুতরাং অন্য অপশনগুলোতে pronoun ও tense এর ভুল থাকায় সেগুলো উত্তর হবে না।
উৎস: Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain

১,২১৬.
I say to you, “Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish”. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) I say to you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
  2. খ) I tell you that Bashar could easily manage that though he seemed foolish.
  3. গ) I tell to you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
  4. ঘ) I wish you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) I say to you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) I say to you that Bashar can easily manage this though he seems foolish.
ব্যাখ্যা
Assertive Sentence এ Say এর পরে (to + Object) থাকলে (say to + Object) / (tell + object) দুইটাই বসানো শুদ্ধ।
Reporting Verb (say) Present Tense হলে শুধু Subject – Object পরিবর্তন হয়। এখানে Subject Noun থাকায় সেটাও পরিবর্তন হবে না।
কেবল Inverted Comma উঠে যাবে আর মাঝখানে that বসবে। 
১,২১৭.
You should finish the assignment about two hours before you submit it. (Passive)
  1. The assignment should be finished about two hours before it is submited.
  2. The assignment should being finished about two hours before it is submitted.
  3. The assignment should be finished about two hours before it is submitted.
  4. The assignment should be finished two hours before it is submited.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The assignment should be finished about two hours before it is submitted.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The assignment should be finished about two hours before it is submitted.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active Voice: You should finish the assignment about two hours before you submit it.
Passive Voice: The assignment should be finished about two hours before it is submitted. (অপশন 'গ')

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটির দুইটি অংশ।
• 'before' conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত রয়েছে। দুইটি clause কেই আলাদা ভাবে passive voice- এ রূপান্তর করতে হবে।
• about two hours = object agent হিসেবে অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় বসেছে।

প্রথম অংশ:
→ Active Voice: You should finish the assignment
→ Passive Voice: The assignment should be finished.

দ্বিতীয় অংশ:
→ Active Voice: You submit it.
→ Passive Voice: It is submitted.
১,২১৮.
Shelly is the best player. (Make it positive)
  1. ক) No other player is so good as Shelly.
  2. খ) Very few player are so good as Shelly.
  3. গ) Very few player is so good as Shelly.
  4. ঘ) No other player are so good as Shelly.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) No other player is so good as Shelly.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) No other player is so good as Shelly.
ব্যাখ্যা
• The + superlative যুক্ত বাক্যকে positive করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে no other বসবে
- প্রদত্ত superlative এর পরের অংশ বসবে
- verb বসে
- so/as বসে
- superlative degree এর positive form বসে
- as বসে
- মূল sentence এর subject বসে
Structure: No other + object + verb + as + superlative degree এর positive form + as + subject.

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - 

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
১,২১৯.
She says, "I need my book". (Make it indirect)
  1. She says that she needed her book.
  2. She says that she needs her book.
  3. She said that she needs her book.
  4. She said that she needed her book.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She says that she needs her book.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She says that she needs her book.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct: She says, "I need my book".
- Indirect: She says that she needs her book.

- এখানে reporting verb টি যদি present tense এর হওয়ায় reported speech এর tense এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।

• Narration Change এর নিয়ম:
- Direct speech এর reporting verb যদি present tense, present perfect tense, বা future tense থাকে, তবে reported speech এর verb এর tense পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- কেবল person পরিবর্তিত হয়।
- মূল বাক্যটি Present Simple Tense-এ আছে "I need my book".
- উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে Reporting verb "says" present tense রয়েছে, তাই Reported Speech-এর tense পরিবর্তন হবে না।
- Inverted comma এর পরিবর্তে "That" বসবে।
-  Subject She (3rd person singular number) এবং present indefinite tense-এ রয়েছে তাই Indirect Speech এর ক্ষেত্রে Verb "need" এর সাথে "S" যুক্ত হবে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১,২২০.
Choose the correct indirect speech:
He said, "May you be happy."
  1. He wished that I might be happy.
  2. He hoped that I will be happy.
  3. He prayed that I may be happy.
  4. He wished that I may be happy.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that I might be happy.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that I might be happy.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) He wished that I might be happy.

- He said, "May you be happy."
- যদি Active Voice-এ বাক্যটি শুরু হয় “May you…” / “May I…” / “May he/she…”, তাহলে এটি ইচ্ছা, প্রার্থনা বা আশীর্বাদ প্রকাশ করে।
- reporting verb টি past tense হওয়ায় inderict speech এ modal verb may পরিবর্তিত হয়ে might হবে।
- Structure: Subject + wished that + Subject of original sentence + might + base verb.
- He wished that I might be happy.

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

১,২২১.
Choose the indirect speech of 'The professor said that a hungry man wants food.'
  1. The professor says, "A hungry man wants food."
  2. The professor said, "A hungry man wants food."
  3. The professor said, "A hungry man will want food."
  4. The professor says, "A hungry man wanted food."
সঠিক উত্তর:
The professor said, "A hungry man wants food."
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The professor said, "A hungry man wants food."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reporting speech যদি কোন চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য (habitual fact) প্রকাশ করে তাহলে reporting verb- এর tense যাই হোক না কেন, reported speech- এর verb- এর tense- এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। 
- All living things eventually experience death. একটি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth). 

Direct Speech: The old man said, "All living things eventually experience death."
Indirect Speech: The old man said that all living things eventually experience death.

• এ ধরণের আরো কিছু উদাহরণ: 
Direct Speech: Mina said, "Every day I read newspapers." (অভ্যাসগত সত্য)
Indirect Speech: Mina said that every day she reads newspapers. 

Direct Speech: The professor said, "A hungry man wants food." (চিরন্তন সত্য)
Indirect Speech: The professor said that a hungry man wants food. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১,২২২.
‘Help! Help!’ Shouted the woman. (Direct - Indirect)
  1. The woman helped and shouted.
  2. Helped was the woman.
  3. The shouting woman had helped.
  4. The woman shouted for help.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The woman shouted for help.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The woman shouted for help.
ব্যাখ্যা

Exclamatory Sentence-কে Indirect-এ পরিণত করার সময় Exclamatory Sentenceটিকে Assertive Sentence-এ পরিনত করতে হয়। Exclamation-এর প্রকৃতি অনুযায়ী, exclaim in joy, exclaim in grief, exclaim in wonder ইত্যাদি ব্যবহৃত হয়।
কিন্তু যেখানে Exclamation-এর প্রকৃতি সম্বন্ধে নিশ্চিত হওয়া যায় না, সেখানে exclaim বা cry out ব্যবহার করাই সমীচীন। Exclamatory Sentence-এর Reporting Verb -এর অন্যান্য formগুলো হল swear, shout, applaud।
প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে Direct Speech-এর shout verbটিই reporting verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং Reported Speech-এর ভিতরের ‘Help’ Verbটিকেই Indirect Form-এ Object of Preposition হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
Direct Speech: ‘সাহায্য করুন! সাহায্য করুন!’ মহিলাটি চিৎকার করে বললেন।
Indirect Speech: মহিলাটি সাহায্যের জন্য চিৎকার করলেন।

Source: Applied English Grammar and Composition by P C Das

১,২২৩.
Make it indirect: Ruhi said, 'Let me have some sleep.'
  1. Ruhi says that she might have some sleep.
  2. Ruhi wished that she might have some sleep.
  3. Ruhi wishes that she might have some sleep.
  4. Ruhi told that she might have some sleep.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ruhi wished that she might have some sleep.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Ruhi wished that she might have some sleep.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:

- Reported speech "Let me/him/her" দিয়ে শুরু হলে indirect করার সময় said/wished/desired হবে।
- এবং এর পরে that + sub + might/should + Verb এর (base form) বসবে।

Direct: Ruhi said, 'Let me have some sleep.'
Indirect: Ruhi wished that she might have some sleep.
১,২২৪.
Rahim said, "Long live Bangladesh!" (Make it indirect)
  1. Rahim wished that Bangladesh might live long.
  2. Rahim prayed that may Bangladesh live long.
  3. Rahim said that Bangladesh may be live long.
  4. Rahim prayed Bangladesh to be lived long.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim wished that Bangladesh might live long.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahim wished that Bangladesh might live long.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Optative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, Optative Sentence এর Direct form কে Indirect form এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- said এর পরিবর্তে wished / prayed বসবে
- inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসবে
- reported speech এর subject বসে + may/ might বসে
- reported verb এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ বসে।

• Long live Bangladesh মূলত May Bangladesh live long. ছিল।
- তাই এটা ধরে নিয়ে Narration Change করতে হবে।
- নিয়ম অনুযায়ী, may - might হবে এবং Subject এর পরে বসবে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Direct: Rahim said, "Long live Bangladesh!"
Indirect: Rahim wished that Bangladesh might live long.
১,২২৫.
The weatherman predicted, "It will rain tomorrow." (Make it indirect)
  1. The weatherman predicted that it would rain the next day.
  2. The weatherman predicted that it would be rained the next day.
  3. The weatherman predicted that it will be rain the next day.
  4. The weatherman predicted that it will be rained the next day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The weatherman predicted that it would rain the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The weatherman predicted that it would rain the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
• Reported Speech এর person সর্বদা Reported verb এর উপস্থিত subject এর number, gender এবং person অনুসারে পরিবর্তিত হয়ে থাকে।
• Direct speech এ Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.
- Said এর পর Indirect Speech এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী that বসবে।

যেমন:
- Direct: She said to me, 'I shall help you.'
- Indirect: She said that she would help me.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct speech: The weatherman predicted, "It will rain tomorrow."
Indirect speech: The weatherman predicted that it would rain the next day.
১,২২৬.
The keys have been found. [Active]
  1. Someone found the keys.
  2. Someone has found the keys.
  3. Someone has to found the keys.
  4. Someone be found the keys.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Someone has found the keys.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Someone has found the keys.
ব্যাখ্যা

• বাক্যে ক্রিয়ার কর্তা দেয়া না থাকলে passive থেকে active করার সময় একটি সুবিধাজনক কর্তা যেমন-
someone, somebody, people, the authority ইত্যাদি ধরে নিতে হবে।
- Someone এর সাথে has ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Passive Voice: My wallet has been stolen.
Active Voice: Someone has stolen my wallet.

Passive: The keys have been found.
Active: Someone has found the keys.

Other options,

ক) Someone found the keys.
- Simple past tense ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে → “have been found” এর সাথে tense মেলাচ্ছে না।

গ) Someone has to found the keys.
- “has to found” → ভুল। “found” এর পরিবর্তে “find” বা “found” ঠিক tense নয়।

ঘ) Someone be found the keys.
- ব্যাকরণগতভাবে ভুল।

১,২২৭.
They proposed to hold a meeting. (passive)
  1. A meeting was proposed to be held by them.
  2. A meeting was held to be proposed by them.
  3. It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
  4. A meeting proposed to be held by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - গ) It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.

- Double Passive: যখন দুটি passive construction একসাথে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- যেমন - was proposed + to be held - এটি বিভ্রান্তিকর অর্থ তৈরি করে।

Active : They proposed to hold a meeting.
এখানে was proposed এবং to be held এই দুইটিই passive.
Passive: It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
or, To hold a meeting was proposed by them.

Incorrect: A meeting was proposed to be held by them.

Other options
খ) A meeting was held to be proposed by them.
- ক্রিয়ার ক্রম ও অর্থ ভুল, "held" ও "proposed" একসঙ্গে এইভাবে ব্যবহার হয় না।

গ) It was proposed by them to hold a meeting.
- যদিও অর্থ বোঝায়, এটি passive sentence কিন্তু মূল বাক্যের passive রূপ নয়। 

ঘ) A meeting proposed to be held by them.
- "was" সাহায্য ছাড়া বাক্য অসম্পূর্ণ ও grammar ভুল।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
১,২২৮.
Write the superlative degree of 'good'.
  1. better
  2. worst
  3. best
  4. immune
সঠিক উত্তর:
best
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
best
ব্যাখ্যা
• The superlative degree of 'good' is best.

• Good (adjective)
- ভালো; তুষ্টিকর: উপকারী; কল্যাণকর; স্বাস্থ্যকর; সুখকর; মনোরম; সুবিধাজনক; দক্ষ; যোগ্য।
- এর comparative degeree হচ্ছে better এবং superlative Best - সর্বোত্তম; সর্বোৎকৃষ্ট; সবচেয়ে ভালো; সবার সেরা।

• অন্যদিকে, 
• Bad, evil, ill এর Comparative- worse এবং Superlative- worst.
• Immune (adjective) - মুক্ত; নিরাপদ; অনাক্রম্য।

Source: Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.
১,২২৯.
Genghis Khan was more ruthless than all other conquerors. (Make it positive)
  1. ক) Very few conquerors were as ruthless as Genghis Khan.
  2. খ) No other conqueror was as ruthless as Genghis Khan.
  3. গ) No other conquerors was so ruthless as Genghis Khan.
  4. ঘ) Very few conqueror was as ruthless as Genghis Khan.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) No other conqueror was as ruthless as Genghis Khan.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) No other conqueror was as ruthless as Genghis Khan.
ব্যাখ্যা
• than all other / than any other থাকলে Positive করার tructure:
- প্রথমে No other বসে
- Object টি বসে
- verb + as/so + (Positive Degree) + as
- Subject টি বসে। 
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর - No other conqueror was as ruthless as Genghis Khan.
১,২৩০.
Who can save our country? (make it passive)
  1. Whom can our country be saved by?
  2. By whom can our country be saved?
  3. By whom can be our country saved?
  4. By whom can our country being saved?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom can our country be saved?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom can our country be saved?
ব্যাখ্যা
Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এর রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Who এর পরিবর্তে By whom দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হবে।
- tense ও person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে। (এখানে, Can Modal Auxiliary.)
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- অনেক সময় be/ being/ been বসাতে হয়। 
- Modal Auxiliary এর সাথে be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Question mark (?) হয়।

Active voice: Who can save our country?
Passive voice: By whom can our country be saved?

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১,২৩১.
The old man said, "Necessity knows no law."
  1. ক) The old man said that Necessity knew no law.
  2. খ) The old man said that Necessity knows no law.
  3. গ) The old man said that Necessity had known no law.
  4. ঘ) The old man said that Necessity has known no law.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) The old man said that Necessity knows no law.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) The old man said that Necessity knows no law.
ব্যাখ্যা
Necessity knows no law. (প্রয়োজন কোন আইন মানে না।)- এটি একটি চিরন্তন সত্য। 

• Reporting speech যদি কোন চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য (habitual fact) প্রকাশ করে তাহলে reporting verb- এর tense যাই হোক না কেন, reported speech- এর verb- এর tense- এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না। 

Direct Speech: The old man said, "Necessity knows no law."
Indirect Speech: The old man said that Necessity knows no law.

• এ ধরণের আরো কিছু উদাহরণ: 
Direct Speech: Mina said, "Every day I read newspapers." (অভ্যাসগত সত্য)
Indirect Speech: Mina said that every day she reads newspapers. 

Direct Speech: The professor said, "A hungry man wants food." (চিরন্তন সত্য)
Indirect Speech: The professor said that a hungry man wants food. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১,২৩২.
Very few students are so good as Jahir. (Make it Comparative)
  1. ক) Jahir are better than most other students.
  2. খ) Jahir is better than any other students.
  3. গ) Jahir is better than most other students.
  4. ঘ) Jahir are better than any other students.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Jahir is better than most other students.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) Jahir is better than most other students.
ব্যাখ্যা
- উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নের Correct Comparative Degree হচ্ছে Jahir is better than most other students.

• Very few যুক্ত positive Degree কে Comparative Degree তে রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম - 
- প্রদত্ত sentence এর শেষের subject + verb + positive degree এর comparative form + very few থাকলে than most other + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Positive: Very few students are so good as Jahir.
Comparative: Jahir is better than most other students.
১,২৩৩.
They demanded to open the gate immediately. (make it passive)
  1. She demanded that the gate is being opened immediately.
  2. She demanded that the gate to be opened immediately.
  3. They demanded that the gate should be opened immediately.
  4. She demanded that the gate has to be opened immediately.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They demanded that the gate should be opened immediately.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They demanded that the gate should be opened immediately.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decide/ demand + infinitive object যুক্ত Sentence কে Active voice কে Passive voice করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject ও Verb বসবে।
that বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের Object বসবে।
should be বসে।
- Infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

• Active voice
: They demanded to open the gate immediately.
• Passive voice: They demanded that the gate should be opened immediately.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৩৪.
Direct: She said to us, “Let us organize a party.”
Indirect: She proposed to us that ______.
  1. we organized a party
  2. she should organize a party
  3. we should organize a party
  4. they should organize a party
সঠিক উত্তর:
we should organize a party
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
we should organize a party
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: গ) we should organize a party.

• মূল বাক্য (Direct Speech): "She said to us, 'Let us organize a party.'"
- Direct Speech-এ সে বলেছে, “Let us organize a party.”

এখানে Let দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হয়ে প্রস্তাব বুঝিয়েছে, তাই Indirect Speech-এ রূপান্তরের সময় নিম্নলিখিত গঠনটি অনুসরণ করতে হবে:
Subject + proposed/suggested + Object + that + Subject(RS) + should + Verb(RS) + বাকি অংশ।
Direct Speech-এ "us" (আমরা) Indirect Speech-এ "we" হয়ে যায়, এবং নিয়ম অনুযায়ী "should" ব্যবহার করা হয়।

সুতরাং, সঠিক Indirect Speech হলো: She proposed to us that we should organize a party.
অর্থাৎ, উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে সঠিক উত্তর হলো গ) we should organize a party.

অন্য অপশনগুলো:
ক) we organized a party. — এখানে should ব্যবহার হয়নি।
খ) she should organize a party. — subject পরিবর্তিত হয়ে we হওয়া উচিত ছিল, she নয়।
ঘ) they should organize a party. — us → we হবে, they নয়।

১,২৩৫.
Rahat said to me, "Can you lend me some books now?" (Indirect)
  1. Rahat said to me whether I could lend him some books now.
  2. Rahat asked me whether I could lend him some books now.
  3. Rahat asked me whether I could lend him some books then.
  4. Rahat asked me if I can lend him some books now.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahat asked me whether I could lend him some books then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Rahat asked me whether I could lend him some books then.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration:
Interrogative sentence যুক্ত direct speech কে indirect speech করার ক্ষেত্রে:
Structure: Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
-  can থাকলে could হবে এবং Subject এর পরে বসবে।
- now থাকলে then হবে।

Direct: Rahat said to me, "Can you lend me some books now?"
Indirect: Rahat asked me whether I could lend him some books then.
১,২৩৬.
The Manager said to the strikers, 'Resume your work.' বাক্যের indirect speech হচ্ছে-
  1. The manager requested the strikers to resume their work
  2. The manager ordered the strikers to resume their work
  3. The manager told the strikers to resume their work
  4. The manager requested to the strikers to resume their work
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager ordered the strikers to resume their work
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The manager ordered the strikers to resume their work
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে, Imperative sentence এ, 
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অনুরোধ বসালে Request, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মুল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে.

• Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মুল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে। 

• প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি দ্বারা আদেশ বোঝাচ্ছে -
- নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর - The manager ordered the strikers to resume their work.
১,২৩৭.
Ruhi made me laugh. (make it passive)
  1. I was made laughed by Ruhi.
  2. I was made by laugh with Ruhi.
  3. I was made laugh by Ruhi.
  4. I was made to laugh by Ruhi.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was made to laugh by Ruhi.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was made to laugh by Ruhi.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Make, need, dare, bare, hear, feel, know ইত্যাদি causative verb গুলোর পর active voice এ bare infinitive হয় অর্থাৎ to উহ্য থাকে। 
কিন্তু passive এ পরিবর্তন করবার সময় তাদের পর to বসাতে হয়। 

• Causative verb যুক্ত বাক্যটির passive voice - এর structure : 
object কে  sub + auxiliary verb + causative verb - এর p.p. + to +  মুল verb + by + sub কে object.

Actiove: Ruhi made me laugh.
Passive: I was made to laugh by Ruhi.
১,২৩৮.
If you do not work hard, you will not prosper in life. (make it simple)
  1. ক) Work hard or you will not prosper in life.
  2. খ) Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.
  3. গ) Without work hard you will not prosper in life.
  4. ঘ) Work hard and you will prosper in life.
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
খ) Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.
ব্যাখ্যা
• If দ্বারা গঠিত শর্তমূলক না বোধক complex sentence কে simple করার নিয়ম: 
- প্রথমে without বসে + ‘if’ clause এর মূল verb এর present form এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয় + ক্রিয়ার পরের অংশ বসে+ অপর clause টি বসে।

Example: 
Complex: if you do not read attentively, you will not pass the examination.
Simple: without reading attentively, you will not pass the examination.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
১,২৩৯.
He said to me, "You had better go." (Change the narration)
  1. He said to me that you had better to go.
  2. He advised me to go.
  3. He said to me that I should go.
  4. He said to me that I have had to go.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He advised me to go.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He advised me to go.
ব্যাখ্যা
Had better যুক্ত Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting speech এর Subject বসে।
- advise / advised বসবে।
- Reporting speech এর object বসে।
- তারপর infinitive + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Direct speech: He said to me, "You had better go."  
Indirect speech: He advised me to go.

• অথবা, Indirect speech এ "Had better" 1st person এবং third person এর সাথে অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। কিন্তু 2nd person- এর সহিত Had better অপরিবর্তিত থাকতে পারে কিংবা নিচের নিয়ম অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে: 
Direct speech: He said to me, "You had better go."  
Indirect speech: He said to me that I had better go.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১,২৪০.
He said to me, "Did you attend the conference last week?" Which is the correct indirect speech of the given direct speech?
  1. He asked me did I attend the conference the previous week.
  2. He asked me whether I had attended the conference the previous week.
  3. He asked me whether had I attended the conference last week.
  4. He asked me if I attended the conference the week before.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me whether I had attended the conference the previous week.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He asked me whether I had attended the conference the previous week.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct: He said to me, "Did you attend the conference last week?" 
Indirect: He asked me whether I had attended the conference the previous week.

• Interrogative sentence -এর narration পরিবর্তন করার নিয়ম:
- প্রশ্ন করা অর্থে reporting verb "said to" -এর পরিবর্তে asked হয়।
- তারপর Reported speech টি যদি auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে Inverted comma তুলে দিয়ে linker হিসেবে if/whether বসবে।
- Question word order (Did you attend) → assertive/normal order-এ পরিবর্তন হবে: I had attended.
- reporting verb -এর subject অনুসারে reported speech -এর subject পরিবর্তিত হবে।
Reporting verb past tense হলে, reported speech-এর tense ও পরিবর্তিত হয়, Past Indefinite ("did...attend") → Past Perfect ("had attended").
- "last week" → "the previous week" বা "the week before".
- Direct narration -এর Interrogative sentence টি Indirect -এ Assertive sentence -এ পরিণত হবে।
- Indirect speech-এ রূপান্তরিত বাক্য আর Interrogative থাকে না; একারণে এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে না।
এজন্য Indirect speech-এ auxiliary verb টি subject-এর পরে বসে।

১,২৪১.
Choose the right indirect speech:
I said to him, "Why are you working so hard?"
  1. I asked him why he was working so hard.
  2. I asked him why was he working so hard.
  3. I asked him why had he been working so hard.
  4. I asked him why he had been working so hard.
সঠিক উত্তর:
I asked him why he was working so hard.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I asked him why he was working so hard.
ব্যাখ্যা

• 'Wh question' যুক্ত বাক্যের indirect narration এর নিয়ম: 
- reporting verb 'said to' এর পরিবর্তে asked বসবে। 
- reporting verb এর object অনুসারে reported speech এ verb বসবে।
- তারপর object বসবে।

Direct: I said to him, "Why are you working so hard?"
Indirect: I asked him why he was working so hard.

১,২৪২.
Students must complete the assignment on time. (make it passive)
  1. The assignment must completed by the students on time.
  2. The assignment must be completed by the students on time.
  3. The assignment must be complete by the students on time.
  4. The assignment are must be completed by the students on time.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The assignment must be completed by the students on time.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The assignment must be completed by the students on time.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Active voice এ Modal Auxiliary Verb থাকলে তা Passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Modal Auxiliary verb গুলো হলো: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Used to, Must ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Active voice এর Modal verb টি বসে।
- be বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মুল verb এর past participle বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active Voice: Students must complete the assignment on time.
• Passive voice: The assignment must be completed by the students on time.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৪৩.
The greater the demand ______ the price.
  1. ক) higher
  2. খ) high
  3. গ) the highest
  4. ঘ) the higher
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) the higher
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ঘ) the higher
ব্যাখ্যা
- সমানুপাতিক বৃদ্ধি বা হ্রাসের ক্ষেত্রে parallelism নীতি অনুসরণ করতে হয়। The+comparative degree…. the comparative degree হয়।

-সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর হবে: The greater the demand the higher the price.
১,২৪৪.
Direct to indirect: He said, "I am tired".
  1. He said he tired.
  2. He said that he was tired.
  3. He said that he is tired.
  4. He said that I was tired.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he was tired.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he was tired.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: He said, "I am tired".
• Indirect: He said that he was tired.

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ am এর পরিবর্তে was হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• More Example: 
- Direct: He said “I am well.”
- Indirect: He said that he was well.
১,২৪৫.
He said that he had left the office long before. (change the narration)
  1. He said, "I left the office long ago."
  2. He said that, "I left the office long ago."
  3. He said, "I leave the office long ago."
  4. He said, "I had left the office long before."
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said, "I left the office long ago."
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said, "I left the office long ago."
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before.
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.
 
Indirect: She said that she had finished her homework long before.
Direct: She said, "I finished my homework long ago."

Indirect: He said that he had left the office long before.
Direct: He said, "I left the office long ago."
১,২৪৬.
Pen through the word. (make it passive)
  1. The word is being pened through.
  2. Let the word being penned through.
  3. Let the word be penned through.
  4. Let the word be pened through.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the word be penned through.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the word be penned through.
ব্যাখ্যা
• শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর sentence শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।

Active voice: Pen through the word.
Passive voice: Let the word be penned through.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১,২৪৭.
Choose the correct sentence using reported speech.
  1. He said that he will submit the drawing the next day.
  2. He said that he would submit the drawing the next day.
  3. He said that he would submit the draiwng tomorrow.
  4. He said that he will submit the drawing tomorrow.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would submit the drawing the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he would submit the drawing the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: খ) He said that he would submit the drawing the next day.
-"will" সঠিকভাবে "would"- করা হয়েছে এবং "tomorrow" কে "the next day"-এ পরিবর্তন করা হয়েছে।

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়: 
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে। 
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে। 
- Direct speech এর Tense- Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।  
- Direct speech এ “tomorrow” থাকলে, Indirect speech-এ এটি হবে the next day.

Other Options:
ক) He said that he will submit the drawing the next day.
- reporting verb "said" past tense হওয়ায় "will" কে "would"-এ backshift করা দরকার ছিল।

গ) He said that he would submit the draiwng tomorrow.
- "tomorrow" রাখা হয়েছে যা reported speech-এ "the next day" হওয়া উচিত, এছাড়া "draiwng" spelling ভুল।

ঘ) He said that he will submit the drawing tomorrow.
- "will" পরিবর্তন করা হয় নি এবং "tomorrow" কে  "the next day"-এ পরিবর্তন করা হয় নি।

১,২৪৮.
Her dress is as beautiful as mine. (Make it comparative)
  1. My dress is not less beautiful than her.
  2. Her dress is not more beautiful than mine.
  3. Her dress is not less beautiful than mine.
  4. Her dress is not more beautiful then mine.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Her dress is not less beautiful than mine.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Her dress is not less beautiful than mine.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Positive: Her dress is as beautiful as mine.
• Comparative: Her dress is not less beautiful than mine.

• Positive থেকে Comparative করার নিয়ম:
• Structure: as + adjective + as যুক্ত positive sentence কে দুইভাবে comparative করা যায়:
- Positive degree -এর Subject ঠিক থাকে এবং not less+ positive degree বসে।
- যেমন:
- Positive: Her dress is as beautiful as mine.
- Comparative: Her dress is not less beautiful than mine.

• অথবা,
• Positive degree -এর Object- Subject হয়ে বসে + not + comparative degree বসে।
- যেমন:
- Positive: Her dress is as beautiful as mine.
- Comparative: My dress is not more beautiful than her dress.

• সুতরাং, অপশন অনুযায়ী সঠিক Comparative হবে - Her dress is not less beautiful than mine.

Source:
1. A passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
১,২৪৯.
The baby said, "What a fierce storm it is!" (Make it indirect)
  1. The baby said that it was a very fierce storm.
  2. The baby exclaimed with fear that it is a very fierce storm.
  3. The baby exclaimed with fear that it was a very fierce storm.
  4. The baby exclaimed with disgust that it was a very fierce storm.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The baby exclaimed with fear that it was a very fierce storm.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The baby exclaimed with fear that it was a very fierce storm.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,

• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Reported speech টি How বা What দ্বারা শুরু হলে অর্থাৎ, বাক্যের শুরুতে আতিশয্য বুঝালে Indirect Narration করার সময় How বা What এর পরিবর্তে Very, Much, Great ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- আর said to এর পরিবর্তে exclaimed that  বসে অথবা exclaimed with এবং এর সাথে বাক্যের অর্থ অনুযায়ী wonder, sorrow, excitement, fear, delight ইত্যাদি বসে।
-  Direct Speech এর reported verb অনুযায়ী Indirect Speech এ reported verb টি পরিবর্তন হয়।
- কমার বদলে that বসবে।

- Direct Speech দ্বারা ভয়, ডর, আতঙ্ক ইত্যাদি বুঝালে Reporting Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে exclaimed with fear হয়।
- Direct Speech এর reported verb টি present indefinite হলে Indirect Speech এ reported verb টি past indefinite হবে।

Direct: The baby said, "What a fierce storm it is!"
Indirect: The baby exclaimed with fear that it was a very fierce storm.
১,২৫০.
He said that he ____ be unable to come.
  1. will
  2. shall
  3. should
  4. would
সঠিক উত্তর:
would
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
would
ব্যাখ্যা
• বাক্যটাকে Direct Narration এ চিন্তা করলে এ রকম হয় - "He said, 'I shall/will be unable to come.'"
- Direct Speech এর Reporting verb টি past tense এ হওয়ায়, Reported speech - ও past tense এ হবে।
- reported speech এর will এর পরিবর্তিত হয়ে would হবে, can হবে could.

• তাই শূন্যস্থানে would বসবে।
- Complete sentence: He said that he would be unable to come.
১,২৫১.
John said to me over telephone, “When are you arriving here?” (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) John asked me over telephone when I was arriving here.
  2. খ) John asked me over telephone when was I arriving there.
  3. গ) John asked me over telephone when I was arriving there.
  4. ঘ) John said to me over telephone when I was going there.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) John asked me over telephone when I was arriving there.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) John asked me over telephone when I was arriving there.
ব্যাখ্যা
Interrogative sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে indirect করার সময় 
- said এর পরিবর্তে Asked বসবে। 
- auxiliary – subject এর পরে বসবে। 
- here এর পরিবর্তে there হয়।

সে অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর: গ) John asked me over telephone when I was arriving there.
১,২৫২.
Do the work and I will help you. (make it passive)
  1. Let the work be done and you will be helped by me.
  2. You will be helped by me and done the work.
  3. Let the work be done and I will help you.
  4. Let the work should be done and i will help you.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the work be done and you will be helped by me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the work be done and you will be helped by me.
ব্যাখ্যা
• ComplexCompound sentence এ উভয়ই Clause এর Voice change করার যোগ্য হলে উভয় clause এর voice change করতে হবে:
- মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Imperative sentence এর জন্য passive voice এ প্রথমে Let বসবে। Assertive sentence হলে active voice এর object টি passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসবে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।
- And এরপরের clause টি passive করা গেলে সেটিকেও passive voice করতে হবে।
- object টি subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- by বসে।
- Subject এর object বসে।

Active: Do the work and I will help you.
Passive: Let the work be done and you will be helped by me.

Source: Live MCQ English Wizard.
১,২৫৩.
The coach said to the players, "Maintain your fitness regularly." (Make it indirect speech.)
  1. The coach advised the players to maintain their fitness regularly. 
  2. The coach requested the players to maintain their fitness regularly.
  3. The coach said to the players to maintain their fitness regularly. 
  4. The coach forbade the players to maintain their fitness regularly.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The coach advised the players to maintain their fitness regularly. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The coach advised the players to maintain their fitness regularly. 
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ক) The coach advised the players to maintain their fitness regularly.

Direct speech: The coach said to the players, "Maintain your fitness regularly."
Indirect speech: The coach advised the players to maintain their fitness regularly.

• Imperative Sentence- এর Direct speech কে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb টি আদেশ বুঝালে order/command, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, তা না হলে tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়;
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে to বসে;
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।
- Structure: Subject + request/ order/ advise/ tell/ instructed + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Other Options:
খ) The coach requested the players to maintain their fitness regularly.
- ভুল context; এখানে উপদেশ বোঝাচ্ছে → advised হবে।

গ) The coach said to the players to maintain their fitness regularly.
- Imperative sentence-এ advice বোঝাতে advised ব্যবহার হবে।

ঘ) The coach forbade the players to maintain their fitness regularly.
- ভুল অর্থ; forbid মানে “নিষিদ্ধ করা”, কিন্তু এখানে উপদেশ দেওয়া হচ্ছে।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৫৪.
Choose the correct indirect form-
  1. ক) She said that she was happy to be there that evening
  2. খ) She said she was happy to be there that evening
  3. গ) She said that she is happy to be there that evening
  4. ঘ) She said that she were happy to be there that evening
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) She said that she was happy to be there that evening
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) She said that she was happy to be there that evening
ব্যাখ্যা
Indirect Speech এ তিনটি  বিষয় খেয়াল রাখতে হয়। 
Reporting Verb এর tense  অনুযায়ী Reported speech এ  Tense পরিবর্তন হয়েছে কিনা। 
Linker that/if etc ঠিক স্থানে বসেছে কিনা । 
Person পরিবর্তন হয়েছে কিনা। 

সব দিক বিবেচনায় অপশনে উল্লেখিত She said that she was happy to be there that evening বাক্যটি সঠিক।
১,২৫৫.
Change the narration of the following sentence:
She said, "Where shall we be after 1,000 years?"
  1. She wondered where we would be after 1,000 years.
  2. She told where they would be after 1,000 years.
  3. She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.
  4. She asked where they would after 1,000 years.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - গ) She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.

- Shall/will + I/we দিয়ে reported speech-এর বাক্য শুরু হলে এবং তা মূলত কোন প্রশ্ন না বুঝিয়ে কোন ভবিষ্যত অনুমান বুঝালে indirect speech এ ask ইত্যাদির স্থলে wonder (অনুমান করা, অবাক হওয়া) ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যের জন্য প্রযোজ্য অন্যান্য নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য হয়।

- Direct: She said, "Where shall we be after 1,000 years?"
- Indirect: She wondered where they would be after 1,000 years.

- Examples:
- Dir: The boy said, "What shall I be in 1998?"
- Ind: The boy wondered what he would be in 1998.

- Dir. The man said, "Shall I live if there breaks out a great war in the country?"
- Ind. The man wondered if he would live if there broke out a great war in the Country.
 
Source: A Passage To The English Language. S. M. Zakir Hussain.

১,২৫৬.
“Very few students are as brilliant as Rahim.” — This is an example of -
  1. Positive Degree
  2. Comparative Degree
  3. Superlative Degree
  4. None of them
সঠিক উত্তর:
Positive Degree
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Positive Degree
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - ক) Positive Degree.

• Positive Degree এর ক্ষেত্রে:
- Positive Degree- তে "Very few....as...as/so....as....." অথবা "No other.....as....as...." বসে।
• Example:
- Very few students are as brilliant as Rahim.

• Comparative Degree এর ক্ষেত্রে:
- Comparative Degree- তে "than any other/than all other/than most other" বসে।
• Example:
- This car is faster than that one - Comparative Degree.

• Superlative Degree এর ক্ষেত্রে:
- "the most/the best/the least" শব্দগুলো ব্যবহার করা হয়।
• Example:
- The mountain is the highest in the region. 
- Her paragraph is the most interesting in the class. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
১,২৫৭.
She said, "Alas! I have lost my purse." (make it indirect)
  1.  She said that she had lost her purse.
  2. She exclaimed with joy that she has lost her purse.
  3. She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her purse.
  4. She exclaimed sadly that she lost her purse.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her purse.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her purse.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Exclamatory Sentence এর Direct Speech এ আনন্দ/ দুঃখ বুঝালে Indirect Speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject + Reporting Verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে (আনন্দ বুঝালে) exclaim/ exclaimed with joy বসে এবং (দুঃখ বুঝালে) exclaim/ exclaimed with sorrow or grief বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর Subject বসে।
- Reporting verb অনুযায়ী Reported speech এর verb বসবে।
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

• Direct Speech: She said, "Alas! I have lost my purse."
• Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her purse.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৫৮.
Select the indirect form of speech: My father said, "All that glitters is not gold."
  1. My father advised that all that glitters is not gold.
  2. My father remarked that all that glitters is not gold.
  3. My father said that all that glitters was not gold.
  4. My father said that all that glitters is not gold.
সঠিক উত্তর:
My father said that all that glitters is not gold.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
My father said that all that glitters is not gold.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Universal truth বা habitual fact প্রকাশ করায় বাক্যটির indirect narration গঠনের সময় verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Direct narration: My father said, "All that glitters is not gold."
Indirect narration: My father said that all that glitters is not gold.
১,২৫৯.
The people of Grameen bank offered Feroza the responsibility of teaching the children. (Make it passive)
  1. Teaching the children was offered to Feroza the responsibility of by the people of Grameen Bank.
  2. The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank. 
  3. The children were offered Feroza the responsibility of teaching by the people of Grameen Bank.
  4. Feroza the responsibility of teaching the children was offered by the people of Grameen Bank.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Double Object যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice- এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
- দুটি Object এর যে কোন একটিকে Passive voice এর Subject করতে হবে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- প্রদত্ত মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- ২য় Object ব্যক্তিবাচক হলে তার আগে to বসে।
- তারপর বাকি Object টি বসে।
- by বসে।
- active voice এর Subject টি Object হিসেবে বসে। 

• Active voice: The people of Grameen Bank offered Feroza the responsibility of teaching the children. 
• Passive voice: The responsibility of teaching the children was offered to Feroza by the people of Grameen Bank.
Or, Feroza was offered the responsibility of teaching the children by the people of Grameen Bank. 

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৬০.
The correct indirect speech of: "The old man said, 'Necessity knows no law.' " is –
  1. The old man said that necessity knows no law.
  2. The old man said that necessity would know no law.
  3. The old man said that necessity had known no law.
  4. The old man said that necessity knew no law.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man said that necessity knows no law.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The old man said that necessity knows no law.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - The old man said that necessity knows no law.

- Reported speech যদি কোন চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বা অভ্যাসগত সত্য (habitual fact) প্রকাশ করে তাহলে reporting verb-এর tense যাই না কেন, reported speech-এর verb-এর tense-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Examples:

- Dir: The old man said, "Necessity knows no law."
- Ind: The old man said that necessity knows no law. (necessity knows no law = প্রয়োজন কোন আইন মানে না।)

- Dir: Mina said, "Every day I read newspapers."
- Ind: Mina said that every day she reads newspapers.
- এখানে read-verbটি একটি অভ্যাসগত সত্য বুঝাচ্ছে যা Mina প্রতিদিন করে থাকে। speech-এ verb টির tense-এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়নি; present সুতরাং indirect indefinite-ই রয়েছে।

- Dir: The teacher said, "The earth moves round the sun."
- Ind: The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun (universal truth বুঝাচ্ছে।)

- Dir: He said, "Every mother loves her children."
- Ind: He said that every mother loves her children.

- Dir: The professor said, "A hungry man wants food."
- Ind: The professor said that a hungry man wants food.

১,২৬১.
He made me do the work. (make it passive)
  1. I was made to do the work by him. 
  2. I was made to be do the work by him. 
  3. I was made to done the work by him. 
  4. The work was made to be done by him. 
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was made to do the work by him. 
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
I was made to do the work by him. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice কে Passive Voice রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর Object টি Passive voice এর Subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- Make, See, Feel, Let, Know, heed, Bid, Dare, Watch ইত্যাদি Verb থাকলে Active Voice এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- কিন্তু Passive করার সময় তাদের পর to বসে এবং ২য় verb টির Present form বসে।
- তবে, Let Verb টির পরে Active ও Passive Voice এ To বসে না। 
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে। 

• Active Voice: He made me do the work.
• Passive Voice: I was made to do the work by him. 

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৬২.
Change the narration: She said to me, 'Do you know my father?'
  1. She asked me if I did know her father.
  2. She told me if I knew her father.
  3. She asked me if her father is known to me.
  4. She asked me if I knew her father.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me if I knew her father.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She asked me if I knew her father.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Interrogative Sentence যুক্ত Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম: 
- Subject + ask + object + if/whether + reported speech এর subject + Tense অনুসারে verb + extension.
- উক্ত বাক্যে reported verb টি present indefinite tense.
- তাই, indirect speech এ reported verb টি past continuous tense হবে।

Direct:  She said to me, 'Do you know my father?' 
Indirect: She asked me if I knew her father.
১,২৬৩.
Which one is not an example of a comparative degree?
  1. Wiser
  2. Fewer
  3. Most
  4. Larger
সঠিক উত্তর:
Most
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Most
ব্যাখ্যা
Answer: c) Most.
→ 'Wiser', 'Larger', and 'Fewer' are examples of comparative degrees.
→ 'Most' is a superlative degree.

সাধারণত দুটি Noun বা Pronoun এর দোষ, গুন, অবস্থা ইত্যাদির তুলনা বুঝাতে Adjective এর যে রূপ ব্যবহার হয় তাকে Comparative Degree বলে।
যেমন: Wiser, Smaller, Fewer, Larger ইত্যাদি।

যখন অনেকের মধ্যে তুলনা করে সবচেয়ে ভালো, সবচেয়ে বড় বা সর্বোচ্চ কিছু বোঝানো হয়, তখন সেই Adjective এর রূপকে Superlative Degree বলা হয়।
যেমন: Biggest, Driest, Earliest, Most, Brightest etc.

উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নে "Most" is not an example of a comparative degree.
১,২৬৪.
'You have all done very badly!' remarked the teacher. বাক্যটির Indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক) The teacher remarked that they had all done it very badly.
  2. খ) The teacher told that they did it very badly.
  3. গ) The teacher said that they have done worsed.
  4. ঘ) The teacher remarked that they do it bad.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) The teacher remarked that they had all done it very badly.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) The teacher remarked that they had all done it very badly.
ব্যাখ্যা

Reporting verb- remarked.
এটি Past form এ আছে।
Reported speech- You have all done very badly!
এটি Present perfect tense.
এই ধরনের ক্ষেত্রে Indirect speech এ Past perfect tense হবে।
তাই সঠিক উত্তর অপশন (ক)।

১,২৬৫.
Choose the correct indirect sentence for the following direct sentence:
"Alex said, 'I must prepare for the exam.' "
  1. Alex said that he had prepare for the exam.
  2. Alex said that he had to prepare for the exam.
  3. Alex said that he would prepare for the exam.
  4. Alex said that he could prepare for the exam.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Alex said that he had to prepare for the exam.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Alex said that he had to prepare for the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct sentence:
"Alex said, 'I must prepare for the exam. "

Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ ক্ষেত্রে:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Direct speech এ reporting verb টি past tense এ থাকলে এবং reported speech এ must থাকলে তা indirect speech এ পরিবর্তিত হয়ে 'had to' হয়।

সে অনুসারে,
The correct indirect sentence is: "Alex said that he had to prepare for the exam."
১,২৬৬.
His constant interruptions annoyed the speaker during the presentation. (Make it passive)
  1. The speaker annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
  2. The speaker were annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
  3. The speaker being annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
  4. The speaker was annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The speaker was annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The speaker was annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Past indefinite tense যুক্ত Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে Preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
- আর কোন ব্যক্তির উপর বিরক্ত বোঝাতে annoyed with কিন্তু, বস্তু বা কাজের উপর বিরক্ত বোঝাতে annoyed at বসে।

Active Voice: His constant interruptions annoyed the speaker during the presentation.
Passive Voice: The speaker was annoyed at his constant interruptions during the presentation.
১,২৬৭.
The correct indirect form of:
She said, "You had better study hard."
  1. She proposed to study hard.
  2. She advised him to study hard.
  3. She advised that he should study hard.
  4. She requested that he study hard.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She advised him to study hard.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She advised him to study hard.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Direct speech: She said, "You had better study hard."
- Indirect speech: She advised him to study hard.

• had better এবং subject second person যুক্ত direct speech কে  indirect speech এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম-
- প্রথমে Subject বসবে,
- advised বসবে,
- object বসবে,
- infinitive বসবে,
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হচ্ছে-  She advised him to study hard.
১,২৬৮.
Change the following sentence into indirect form: The teacher said, 'Be quiet, boys'.
  1. The teacher said that the boys should be quiet.
  2. The teacher called the boys and ordered them to be quiet.
  3. The teacher urged the boys to be quiet.
  4. The teacher commanded the boys that they be quiet
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher urged the boys to be quiet.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher urged the boys to be quiet.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Imperative Sentence এ reporting verb- টি অনুরোধ বুঝালে request, আদেশ বুঝালে order/command/urge, উপদেশ বুঝালে advise, অন্যথায় tell দ্বারা পরিবর্তিত হয়। 
- Structure: Subject + request/order/advise/tell + object (যদি থাকে) + to + reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ। 

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Direct: The teacher said, 'Be quiet, boys'.
Indirect: The teacher urged the boys to be quiet.

Source: Advanced Learner's HSC Communicative English.
১,২৬৯.
Buy me a shirt. (Make it passive)
  1. Let a shirt be bought by me.
  2. Let a shirt be bought to me.
  3. Let a shirt be bought upon me.
  4. Let a shirt be bought for me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a shirt be bought for me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a shirt be bought for me.
ব্যাখ্যা
শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রুপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর Verb এরপর Passive voice এ by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

Active voice: Buy me a shirt.
Passive voice: Let a shirt be bought for me.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১,২৭০.
She said to me, "Let us start the meeting now." [change the narration]
  1. She suggested to me that we should have started the meeting then.
  2. She suggested me that we should start the meeting now.
  3. She suggested to me that to start the meeting now.
  4. She suggested to me that we should start the meeting then.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She suggested to me that we should start the meeting then.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She suggested to me that we should start the meeting then.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct: She said to me, “Let us start the meeting now.”
Indirect: She suggested to me that we should start the meeting then.

• Let এর ব্যবহার: 
- let যখন proposal কিংবা suggestion অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয় তখন reporting verb এ propose’ কিংবা ‘suggest’ বসে। 
- বাক্যে finite verb এর আগে Modal auxiliary ‘should’ ব্যবহৃত হয়। 
- দুইটি বাক্যকে যুক্ত করতে ‘that’ বসে।
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

• "now" → indirect speech-এ সময়ের পরিবর্তন হয়।
- "now" → "then" হবে।

• Example:
Direct: He said to me, “Let us go home.”
Indirect: He proposed to me that we should go home.
১,২৭১.
Change into reported speech: Sheerin said, ' I like chocolate-flavored cake.'
  1. ক) Sheerin told me that she liked chocolate-flavored cake.
  2. খ) Sheerin told that she likes chocolate-flavored cake
  3. গ) Sheerin said me that she liked chocolate-flavored cake.
  4. ঘ) Sheerin told that she likes chocolate-flavored cake.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Sheerin told me that she liked chocolate-flavored cake.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Sheerin told me that she liked chocolate-flavored cake.
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রথমেই  Tell & Say’ verb এর ব্যবহারটা দেখে নেই: 

Use of ’Tell & Say’ verb
- These two verbs are often used while changing the narration. 
- We use say and tell in different ways in reported speech;  Say focuses on the words someone said and tell focuses more on the content or message of what someone said.
- We don’t use an indirect object with say. example: ‘I’m in a hurry,’ he said to me.
-  In other words, when we know to whom narrator is talking to we use tell: He told me that you were a genius. 
- On the other hand, when we don't know to whom narrator is talking we use, say: He said that you were leading from the front.
- মূল কথা হলো, যখন কার সাথে কথা বলেছে সুনির্দিষ্ট ভাবে জানা যায় , তখন tell  বসবে, অপরদিকে , যখন জানা যায় না তখন say বসবে। 

প্রদত্ত প্রশ্নে Shehrin  কার সাথে কথা বলেছে এটি যেহেতু সুনির্দিষ্ট ভাবে জানা যাচ্ছে  যাচ্ছে সুতরাং এখানে, told  বসবে। 

সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে: Sheerin told me that she liked chocolate-flavored cake.
১,২৭২.
Who wrote this book? (change the voice)
  1. By whom was this book written?
  2. By whom was this book be written?
  3. By whom has this book written?
  4. By whom had this book written?
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom was this book written?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
By whom was this book written?
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct answer: By whom was this book written?
- Who যুক্ত Interrogative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিণত করার সময় Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে।

Interrogative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিণত করারনিয়ম:
- Who এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে By whom বসে।
- Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary Verb বসাতে হয়।
- Object টি Subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী কর্তার পরে be/being/been বসাতে হয়।
- মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।
- সবার শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে।

Other options:
খ) By whom was this book be written?
- Past indefinite tense যুক্ত Interrogative sentence  এর voice change এর সময় Object +‘was’ বা ‘were’+ মূল verb এর (past participle) হয়। এখানে 'Be' যুক্ত করার প্রয়োজন নেই।

খ) By whom has this book written?
-  Past indefinite tense যুক্ত Interrogative sentence এর voice change এর সময় Object +‘was’ বা ‘were’+ মূল verb এর (past participle) হয়।তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

গ) By whom had this book written?
-  Past indefinite tense যুক্ত Interrogative sentence এর voice change এর সময় Object +‘was’ বা ‘were’+ মূল verb এর (past participle) হয়।তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১,২৭৩.
He suggested giving up smoking. (Passive)
  1. He suggested that giving up smoking.
  2. He suggested that giving up smoking is done.
  3. Smoking was suggested to be given up by him.
  4. He suggested that smoking should be given up.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He suggested that smoking should be given up.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He suggested that smoking should be given up.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - ঘ) He suggested that smoking should be given up.

advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+ gerund+ object যুক্ত Active voice কে passive করার ক্ষেত্রে,
​(1) প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject Verb বসে + (2) that বসে + (3) Gerund এর পরের object টি বসে + voice-এ রূপান্তরের নিয়মঃ। (4) should be বসে + (5) প্রদত্ত Gerund টি verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে তার Past participle বসে। 
​Example:
​Active: He suggested giving up smoking. 
​Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
​​
Other options
ক) He suggested giving up smoking. 
এটা Active voice-এ আগের মতই আছে, Passive নয়।

খ) He suggested that giving up smoking is done. 
“is done” → grammatically ভুল। Passive করার সময় “should be done” ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

গ) Smoking was suggested to be given up by him. 
সাধারণত “suggest” এর সাথে “to be done” ব্যবহার প্রচলিত নয়। 
তাই বাক্যটি সঠিক নয়।

​​Source: Advance learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury And Hossain.

১,২৭৪.
The fields were plowed. (change the voice)
  1. The fields were plowed by Farmers.
  2. Farmers plowed the fields.
  3. Farmers plowed the fields by them.
  4. The fields being plowed.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Farmers plowed the fields.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Farmers plowed the fields.
ব্যাখ্যা
• 'The fields were plowed' এটি একটি Passive Voice, এটি Active Voice রূপান্তর করতে হলে কাজটি কে করেছে তা উল্লেখ করতে হবে এবং verb টি পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

• Passive Voice এ যদি by + Object না থাকলে Passive Voice কে Active voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 

• Passive Voice এ যদি by + Object না থাকে এবং verb টি যদি পেশা বা নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর সাথে Related কাজ হয় তাহলে ঐ পেশা জীবী বা ঐ নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর নাম Subject হিসেবে বসাতে হবে।

যেমন:
• Passive: Water was irrigated.
Active: Farmers irrigated water.

• Rome was not built in a day.
- The Romans did not build Rome in a day.

• She was born in 1996.
Active: Her mother bore her in 1996.

Passive: The fields were plowed.
Active: Farmers plowed the fields.

• এখন বিকল্পগুলোর ব্যাখ্যা:
ক) The fields were plowed by Farmers: এটি Passive Voice-এই রয়ে গেছে।
গ) Farmers plowed the fields by them: এটি ভুল এবং অর্থহীন।
ঘ) The fields being plowed: এটি অসম্পূর্ণ বাক্য।
১,২৭৫.
Finish the report and I will check it. (make it passive)
  1. Let the report be finished and it will be checked by me.
  2. The report will be checked by me and finish it.
  3. Let the report be finished and I will check it.
  4. Let the report should be finished and it will be checked by me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the report be finished and it will be checked by me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the report be finished and it will be checked by me.
ব্যাখ্যা

 Complex ও Compound sentence এ উভয়ই Clause এর Voice change করার যোগ্য হলে উভয় clause এর voice change করতে হবে:
- মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Imperative sentence এর জন্য passive voice এ প্রথমে Let বসবে। Assertive sentence হলে active voice এর object টি passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসবে।
- মূল verb এর past participle বসবে।
- And এরপরের clause টি passive করা গেলে সেটিকেও passive voice করতে হবে।
- object টি subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- by বসে।
- Subject এর object বসে।

• Active voice: Finish the report and I will check it.
• Passive voice: Let the report be finished and it will be checked by me.

Source: Live MCQ English Wizard.

১,২৭৬.
The teacher said, "Water is tasteless, colourless and odourless." Make it an indirect speech.
  1. The teacher said that water was tasteless, colourless and odourless.
  2. The teacher said that water had been tasteless, colourless and odourless.
  3. The teacher said that water is tasteless, colourless and odourless.
  4. The teacher said that water has been tasteless, colourless and odourless.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher said that water is tasteless, colourless and odourless.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The teacher said that water is tasteless, colourless and odourless.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: The teacher said, "Water is tasteless, colourless and odourless." 
Indirect Speech: The teacher said that water is tasteless, colourless and odourless.
→ "Water is tasteless, colourless and odourless." - বাক্যটি দ্বারা চিরন্তন সত্য বুঝানো হয়েছে।

Narration অনুযায়ী,
(1) Reporting verb এর object উল্লেখ থাকলে said পরিবর্তিত হয়ে told হয়, আর object উল্লেখ না থাকলে said অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। 
(2) Reported verb যদি universal truth হয়, তাহলে indirect speech করার সময় এর Tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না।
১,২৭৭.
Pluck me a flower. (make it passive)
  1. Let a flower be plucked to me.
  2. Let a flower be plucked by me.
  3. Let a flower be plucked for me.
  4. Let a flower be plucked at me.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a flower be plucked for me.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let a flower be plucked for me.
ব্যাখ্যা

• শুধুমাত্র মূল verb দিয়ে শুরু করা Imparetive sentence এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
 - Let দিয়ে Passive voice এর বাক্যটি শুরু হবে।
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- অনেক ক্ষেত্রে Active voice এর Verb এরপর Passive voice এ by ছাড়া অন্য preparation বসে। যেমন: to, at, on, with, for ইত্যাদি।
- Pluck এর সাথে preposition হিসেবে for বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active voice: Pluck me a flower. 
• Passive voice: Let a flower be plucked for me.

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

১,২৭৮.
They heard him sing a song. [passive]
  1. He heard to sing a song by them.
  2. He was heard sang a song by them.
  3. He was heard sing a song by them.
  4. He was heard to sing a song by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was heard to sing a song by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He was heard to sing a song by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Past Indefinite Tense এর active voice কে passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার সময় was/were + verb এর Past Participle বসে। 
• Need, see, bid, dare, make, hear, feel, let, know, behold, watch প্রভৃতি verb গুলোর পর Active Voice-এ to উহ্য থাকে।
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পরে to বসে।

- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর

Active: They heard him sing a song.
Passive: He was heard to sing a song by them.
১,২৭৯.
He said, "Alas! Inflation is rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis."
  1. He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation is rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
  2. He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
  3. He exclaimed with sorrow inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
  4. He exclaimed that inflation had been rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
ব্যাখ্যা
Direct Speech: He said, "Alas! Inflation is rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis."
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.

• Exclamatory sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে, direct speech থেকে indirect speech:
→ Direct speech দ্বারা আনন্দ বুঝালে Reporting verb পরিবর্তিত হয়ে "exclaimed/exclaimed with joy" আর দুঃখ বুঝালে "exclaimed/exclaimed with sorrow/ grief" হয়।
→ Inverted comma উঠে that বসবে।
→ reported speech এর Subject বসে
→ Reporting verb অনুযায়ী reported speech এর verb বসবে।
→ very/great বসবে।
→ adjective বসবে।
→ বাকি অংশ (যদি থাকে)।

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১,২৮০.
He said to me, ''How did you do it?''
  1. ক) He enquired of me how I had done it
  2. খ) He enquired of me how I did done it
  3. গ) He said to me if I had done it
  4. ঘ) He said to me if I have done it
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He enquired of me how I had done it
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He enquired of me how I had done it
ব্যাখ্যা
WH দ্বারা Interrogative sentence গঠিত হলে Linker হিসেবে WH word-ই ব্যবহৃত হয়, যা শুধু অপশন A তে রয়েছে।
১,২৮১.
The wise man said," A rolling stone gathers no moss". (Change into indirect speech) 
  1. The wise man told that a rolling stone gathers no moss.
  2. The wise man said that a rolling stone gathered no moss.
  3. The wise man said that a rolling stone gathers no moss.
  4. The wise man told that a rolling stone gathered no moss.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The wise man said that a rolling stone gathers no moss.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The wise man said that a rolling stone gathers no moss.
ব্যাখ্যা

Direct Narration: The wise man said," A rolling stone gathers no moss". 
Indirect Narration: The wise man said that a rolling stone gathers no moss.
- একটি চিরন্তন সত্য (Universal Truth) বা প্রবাদ বাক্য। Direct speech-এ যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য, বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য, বা অভ্যাসগত কাজ বোঝায়, তবে indirect speech-এ রূপান্তর করার সময় ভেতরের Tense-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না।

 • Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reported speech দ্বারা যদি কোনো চিরন্তন সত্য বা অভ্যাসগত কর্ম বা ঐতিহাসিক সত্য বা বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য প্রকাশ পায়, তবে Indirect Narration এ Tense এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না৷
- Reporting verb এর subject এবং verb অপরিবর্তিত ভাবে বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৮২.
Teacher said, 'The earth ...... round the sun'.
  1. ক) moves
  2. খ) moved
  3. গ) has moved
  4. ঘ) will be moving
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) moves
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) moves
ব্যাখ্যা
General truth/ universal truth/ scientific truth সবসময় Present Indefinite Tense দ্বারা প্রকাশ করা হয়।
Present Indefinite Tense এর structure হলো: Subject + verb এর Present Form.
Subject টি third person - singular number হলে verb এর সাথে 's' বা 'es' যুক্ত হয়।
সুতরাং, এখানে সঠিক verb-টি হবে 'moves'.
১,২৮৩.
She is to complete the report. [Passive]
  1. The report have to be completed by her.
  2. The report is being completed by her.
  3. The report is to be completed by her.
  4. The report be completed by her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The report is to be completed by her.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The report is to be completed by her.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active: She is to complete the report.
Passive: The report is to be completed by her.

• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।

- Active voice: I am to make a call.
- Passive voice: A call is to be made by me.

১,২৮৪.
He asked me when I had completed the work the previous day. (Direct speech)
  1. ক) He said to me, “when did you complete the work yesterday?”
  2. খ) He asked me, “when had you completed the work yesterday?”
  3. গ) He asked me, “when had you completed the work previous day?”
  4. ঘ) He asked me, “when did you complete the work the previous day?”
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He said to me, “when did you complete the work yesterday?”
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) He said to me, “when did you complete the work yesterday?”
ব্যাখ্যা

আমরা সাধারণত direct থেকে indirect করা শিখেছি। যদি indirect থেকে direct করতে হয় তাহলে পূর্বের রুলগুলো সম্পূর্ণ উল্টো করে ভাবলেই হয়ে যাবে। যদিও বিষয়টি কিছুটা জটিল।
অপশন a সঠিক উত্তর। কারণ এখানে past perfect এর বিপরীতে past indefinite ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। এবং person ও সময় বাচক শব্দেরও যথাযথ ব্যবহার হয়েছে।
অপশন b তে tense এর ভুল আছে বিধায় তা উত্তর হবে না।
অপশন c তে tense এর ভুল আছে এবং সময়বাচক শব্দেরও ভুল আছে।
অপশন d তে সময় বাচক শব্দের ভুল ব্যবহার হওয়ায় এটি উত্তর হবে না।
উৎস: Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain

১,২৮৫.
Sabrina said, "I was sleeping." (Make it indirect)
  1. Sabrina said she has been sleeping.
  2. Sabrina said that she was being sleeping.
  3. Sabrina said that she had been sleeping.
  4. Sabrina said she that was been sleeping.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sabrina said that she had been sleeping.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Sabrina said that she had been sleeping.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Direct: Sabrina said, "I was sleeping." 
• Indirect: Sabrina said that she had been sleeping.

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ was এর পরিবর্তে had been হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।
১,২৮৬.
Let them repair the car. (Passive)
  1. Let the car being repaired by them.
  2. Let the car been repaired by them.
  3. Let the car to be repaired by them.
  4. Let the car be repaired by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the car be repaired by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let the car be repaired by them.
ব্যাখ্যা
Active: Let them repair the car.
Passive: Let the car be repaired by them.

• Let যুক্ত Imperative sentence এর Active voice কে passive voice এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let বসে।
- Object টির subject রূপে বসে।
- be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টির Object রূপে বসে।

• Structure: Let + Object টির subject বসে + be বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by + subject টির Object রূপে বসে।
১,২৮৭.
'Am I wanted by you?' বাক্যের active voice হচ্ছে-
  1. Are you wanted me?
  2. Did you want me?
  3. Does you want me?
  4. Do you want me?
সঠিক উত্তর:
Do you want me?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Do you want me?
ব্যাখ্যা
Interrogative Sentence এর Active Voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
→ এ ধরণের বাক্য যদি Do verb দিয়ে শুরু হয়, তাহলে প্রথমে তাকে Assertive Sentence- এ পরিণত করে তারপর তাকে Interrogative Sentence- এ পরিবর্তন করা সুবিধাজনক। 

Active Voice: Do you want me?
Assertive Sentence: You want me. ↔ I am wanted by you. 
Passive Voice: Am I wanted by you?

More Example:
Active Voice: Do you buy a pen?
Assertive Sentence: You buy a pen. ↔ A pen is bought by you.
Passive Voice: Is a pen bought by you?

Active Voice: Did he drink water?
Assertive Sentence: He drank water. ↔ Water was drunk by you.
Passive Voice: Was water drunk by you?

Source: Applied English Grammar & Composition by P. C. Das.
১,২৮৮.
Change the voice: She killed herself.
  1. Herself was killed by she.
  2. She was killed by herself.
  3. She was killed herself.
  4. She herself was killed by her.
সঠিক উত্তর:
She was killed by herself.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
She was killed by herself.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Reflexive object যুক্ত  Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
• Reflexive object গুলো হচ্ছে - himself, myself, themself, ourself etc.

• Structure:
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর Subject টি অপরিবর্তিত অবস্থায় Passive voice এর Subject হিসাবে প্রথমে বসে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + মূল verb এর past participle form বসে + by বসে +  Reflexive object টি বসে।

• Active: She killed herself.
- Passive: She was killed by herself.
১,২৮৯.
Let him play football. (Make it passive)
  1. Let him played the football.
  2. Let him be played the football.
  3. Let football be played.
  4. Let football be played by him.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let football be played by him.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Let football be played by him.
ব্যাখ্যা

Active voice: Let him play football. 
Passive voice: Let football be played by him.

- Active voice যদি Imperative sentence হয় এবং তার শুরুতে যদি Let থাকে, তবে তাকে passive করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Let বসে
- তারপর active voice এর object বসে।
- be + মূল verb এর Past participle form বসে।
- সাধারনত by বসে এবং তারপর active voice এর let এর পরের object টি বসে।
- Structure: Let +object+ Be+মূল verb এর past participle + object.

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

১,২৯০.
He said “I am well” বাক্যটির indirect speech হবে-
  1. ক) He said that I am well.
  2. খ) He said that I was well.
  3. গ) He said that he was well.
  4. ঘ) He said that he is well.
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He said that he was well.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
গ) He said that he was well.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের বেলায়:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- Reporting verb (said) past tense এ থাকায় reported speech এ am এর পরিবর্তে was হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

Example: 
Direct: He said “I am well.”
Indirect: He said that he was well.

সেই অনুসারে সঠিক উত্তর, He said that he was well.
১,২৯১.
I said to Akash, “May you keep well”. (Make it indirect)
  1. ক) I wished Akash that he might keep well.
  2. খ) I prayed to Akash that he must have to keep well.
  3. গ) I wished Akash that he may have to keep well.
  4. ঘ) I prayed Akash that he must keep well.
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) I wished Akash that he might keep well.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) I wished Akash that he might keep well.
ব্যাখ্যা
Optative sentence এর indirect speech করার নিয়ম - 
- Reporting verb এর said এর পরিবর্তে wished/prayed বসে
- Inverted Comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে
- reported speech এর subject বসে
- may/ might বসে 
- reported speech এর মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত অংশ হয়।

Structure: subject + wish/pray + that + Reported speech এর subject + may/might + মূল verb থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত।
সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - I wished Akash that he might keep well.
১,২৯২.
They said, "We watched a movie yesterday." (Change the narration.)
  1. They said they watched a movie yesterday.
  2. They said that they were watching a movie yesterday.
  3. They said that we had watched a movie the day before.
  4. They said that they had watched a movie the day before.
সঠিক উত্তর:
They said that they had watched a movie the day before.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
They said that they had watched a movie the day before.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Correct Answer: They said that they had watched a movie the day before.

• Direct speech: They said, "We watched a movie yesterday."
- Here,
- Reporting Verb: said (past tense)
- Reported Speech: "We watched a movie yesterday."

• Indirect Speech এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
1. Tense পরিবর্তন:
- watched (past simple) → had watched (past perfect).

2. Pronoun পরিবর্তন:
- We → they
(“They” নিজেরাই কথা বলছে, তাই "we" → "they").

3. Time expression পরিবর্তন:
- yesterday → the day before.

• Other options:
ক) They said they watched a movie yesterday.
- ভুল কারণ এখানে tense এবং time পরিবর্তন করা হয়নি।

গ) They said that they were watching a movie yesterday.
- ভুল কারণ "watched" → "had watched" হবে, আর "yesterday" পরিবর্তন হয়নি।

ঘ) They said that we had watched a movie the day before.
- ভুল কারণ "we" → they হওয়া উচিত। "we" ব্যবহার করলে, মনে হবে কথকও সিনেমা দেখেছে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১,২৯৩.
What is the indirect speech of the sentence - He said, 'What a pity!'
  1. He said that it was a great pity
  2. He exclaimed that it is a great pity
  3. He exclaimed that it is great pity
  4. He exclaimed that it was a great pity
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed that it was a great pity
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed that it was a great pity
ব্যাখ্যা
• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,

reported speech exclamation প্রকাশ করায় reporting verb (said) পরিবর্তিত হয়ে that হবে।
- বাক্যে subject না থাকায় It কে subject হিসাবে ধরে নিতে হবে। 
- reporting verb past tense হওয়ায় reported speech এর verb হবে was.
সুতরাং, সঠিক indirect speech টি হবে - He exclaimed that it was a great pity.
১,২৯৪.
He said, 'Let me have some food.' (Make it indirect)
  1. He prayed that he might have some food.
  2. He said that he wanted some food.
  3. He wished that he can have some food.
  4. He wished that he might have some food.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that he might have some food.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that he might have some food.
ব্যাখ্যা
• narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
- Let me/him/her থাকলে Indirect Structure:
- Subject+ Reporting verb
- that + Subject + might/might be allowed to + verb এর base form + (told/requested/desired/wished)
- Correct Sentence: He wished that he might have some food.
১,২৯৫.
He said, 'Let me have some rest.'
  1. He asked to have some rest.
  2. He proposed to have some rest.
  3. He wanted to have some rest.
  4. He wished that he might have some rest.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that he might have some rest.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He wished that he might have some rest.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,

• Let যুক্ত imperative sentence কে direct থেকে indirect করার নিয়ম:

- Reported speech "Let me/him/her" দিয়ে শুরু হলে indirect করার সময় said/wished/desired হবে।
- এবং এর পরে that + sub + might/should + Verb এর (base form) বসবে।

Direct: He said, 'Let me have some rest.'
Indirect: He wished that he might have some rest.
১,২৯৬.
They will finish the assignment. (make it passive)
  1. The assignment is finished by them.
  2. The assignment will be finished by them.
  3. The assignment has been finished by them.
  4. The assignment will finished by them.
সঠিক উত্তর:
The assignment will be finished by them.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
The assignment will be finished by them.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Future Indefinite Tense এর Active voice কে Passive voice এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active voice এর object টি Passive voice এ subject হিসেবে বসে।
- Subject অনুসারে shall be/ well be বসে।
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসে।
- by বসে।
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এ object হিসেবে বসে।

• Active voice: They will finish the assignment.
• Passive voice: The assignment will be finished by them.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

১,২৯৭.
He said, "I went to Khulna". The indirect speech is - 
  1. He said that he went to Khulna
  2. He said that he had gone to Khulna
  3. He said that he has gone to Khulna
  4. He said that he would go to Khulna.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had gone to Khulna
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He said that he had gone to Khulna
ব্যাখ্যা

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।
- reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - He said that he had gone to Khulna.

১,২৯৮.
Choose the correct passive voice from given options: 'Did you eat the orange?'
  1. ক) Was the orange eaten by you?
  2. খ) Do the orange eaten by you?
  3. গ) Was the orange eat by you?
  4. ঘ) Was the orange being ate by you?
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Was the orange eaten by you?
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
ক) Was the orange eaten by you?
ব্যাখ্যা
• Active voice থেকে passive voice করার নিয়ম:

• Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে।
- তারপর মূল verb এর past participle হয়।
- Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়।
- তার পূর্বে preposition (by, with, at, to, in) বসে।
- Active Voice এ Auxiliary Verb হিসেবে did থাকলে Passive Voice এ এটাকে বাদ দিয়ে তার জায়গায় was/ were বসে আর মূল Verb এর Past Participle বসে।

• সুতরাং নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
Active voice: 'Did you eat the orange?'
Passive voice: Was the orange eaten by you?
১,২৯৯.
Akash says to me "We are going to Dhaka tomorrow". (Make it Indirect)
  1. Akash told me that they were going there the next day.
  2. Akash said to me that they are to Dhaka the next day.
  3. Akash tells me that they are going to Dhaka the next day.
  4. Akash tells me that they were going to Dhaka the next day.
সঠিক উত্তর:
Akash tells me that they are going to Dhaka the next day.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
Akash tells me that they are going to Dhaka the next day.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Akash says to me "We are going to Dhaka tomorrow".
- বাক্যের Indirect speech হচ্ছে- Akash tells me that they are going to Dhaka the next day.

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech এর subject number/person অনুযায়ী পরিবর্তন করতে হবে।

•  যদি Reporting Verbটি Present বা Future tense এ থাকে, তাহলে Direct Speech কে Indirect করার সময় কোনো অংশেই Verb এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয় না।
- Say/Said to me থাকলে indirect speech এ tell/told হবে।
- tomorrow থাকলে indirect speech এ next day হয়।

Example:
Direct: 'The farmer says, "I am busy."
Indirect: The farmer says that he is busy.

Direct: 'The farmer will say, "I am busy."
Indirect: The farmer will say that he is busy.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - Akash tells me that they are going to Dhaka the next day.
১,৩০০.
He said, "Alas! Inflation is rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis."
  1. He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
  2. He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation is rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
  3. He exclaimed with sorrow inflation was rising rapidly with ongoing crisis.
  4. He exclaimed that inflation had been rising rapidly with ongoing dollar crisis.
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর:
He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Direct Narration: He said, "Alas! Inflation is rising with the ongoing dollar crisis."

• Narration এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- Direct narration টি Exclamatory sentence এর হলে,
- Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের ক্ষেত্রে: 
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- exclaimed with joy/exclaimed with sorrow বসে। 
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে। 
- reported speech এর subject বসে।
- Direct speech এর Tense- Indirect speech এ পরিবর্তন হয়। 
- Adjective বসবে।
- বাকি অংশ বসবে।  

- Indirect Narration: He exclaimed with sorrow that inflation was rising rapidly with the ongoing dollar crisis.