স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

The common peroneal nerve is vulnerable at the fibular head; injury causes foot drop

Vaginal discharge from endocervicitis is the most common presenting symptom of gonorrhea and is usually described as thin, purulent, and mildly odorous. Many patients have minimal or no symptoms from gonococcal cervicitis. Dysuria or a scant urethral discharge may be due to urethritis accompanying cervicitis.

Acute Vitamin A toxicity can occur from ingesting very large doses (e.g., polar bear liver). Key acute symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision (due to papilledema), and potentially confusion, indicating elevated intracranial pressure (pseudotumor cerebri).

Explanation :

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Figure-139.2)

Thiazides (e.g., HCTZ) reduce uric acid excretion, worsening gout. Probenecid (uricosuric), febuxostat (XOI), and pegloticase (urate oxidase) are used for gout.

Reference: Guyton 14th; P- 492

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 486
Explanation : Age is the most powerful independent risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Explanation :
Decreased workload or disuse atrophy is seen in skeletal muscle in a patient with restricted to bed rest,or when immobilised in plaster cast.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-133

GH, Glucagon, cortisol etc. are diabetogenic hormones.

Although the nail is an avascular structure, most of the nail-bed has rich vascular supply. 

Epithelium is an avascular structure, it receives nutrition from the underlying dermal capillaries. 

Cartilage receives nutrition from the perichondrium. 

Cornea receives nutrition by diffusion from the surrounding capillaries. 

Explanation :
Causes of sudden cardiac death -
Heriditary or acquired abnormalities of the cardiac conduction system
Congenital coronary artery abnormalities
Mitral valve prolapse
Myocarditis or sarcoidosis
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary hypertension
Myocardial hypertrophy 

Blood culture is the gold standard for diagnosing enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. It is most sensitive during the first week of illness, with a positivity rate of 60–80%. The Widal test is less specific due to cross-reactivity and is not preferred in modern practice. Bone marrow culture is highly sensitive but invasive, and stool culture is less reliable early in the disease

Explanation: Tuberculosis is the most common cause worldwide

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-800

Primary sex organ in male is testes, whereas ovary in female.

Explanation: Lung cancer is currently the most frequently diagnosed major cancer in the world and the most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 1145, Box : 25.94

Illusion is a false interpretation.

*** The term dominant hemisphere refers to the side concerned with the perception and production of language/ speech. According to this concept, the left hemisphere is dominant in over 90 of people.

The term basal nucleus is applied to a collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere. They are the corpus striatum, the amygdaloid nucleus, and the claustrum.

Explanation: Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the most common organism causing urethritis

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 481
Explanation : Amiodarone is probably the most effective drug currently available for controlling paroxysmal AF.

Explanation: Productive cough, changes in posture induce sputum production is a typical feature of Bronchiectasis

Barrett’s oesophagus is most important risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-582

Explanations:
Agglutinogens are present on RBC membrane & agglutinins are present on serum.

Explanation: Absent a wave in JVP is found in Atrial fibrillation, Tricuspid regurgitation produces giant v waves

Vessel carry blood away from the heart to the organs and tissues is called artery

[Ganong 24th p-48]

1. Intramembranous ossification:
Involves direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue to bone. Bones produced by this process are called membranous (flat) bones. 
Examples: Bones of cranial vault, facial bones.

2. Endochondral (cartilaginous) ossification
Involves conversion of mesenchyme to hyaline cartilage that later gets replaced by bone.
Examples: All long bones (except clavicle), base of skull, vertebrae & ribs are formed by cartilaginous ossification. 

Chronic bronchitis is defined as persistent productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years.

Uniaxial- elbow
Biaxial- wrist
Multiaxial- shoulder/hip

The direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test detects antibodies attached to RBCs, confirming autoimmune hemolysis.

Mesoderm showing segmentation is - Paraxial

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-370

(Ref: medical examination review anatomy P:52)

Explanation: The passage of the larvae through the lungs in a heavy infection causes a paroxysmal cough with blood-stained sputum, associated with patchy pulmonary consolidation

Explanation: Leptospirainterrogans persist indefinitely in the convoluted tubules of the kidney.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-644

Explanation: ECG is the initial investigation for a patient with sudden severe chest pain

The classic pentad of TTP includes: 1) microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), 2) thrombocytopenia, 3) neurological abnormalities (e.g., headache, confusion, seizures, stroke), 4) renal impairment, and 5) fever. While the full pentad is not always observed, MAHA and thrombocytopenia are almost universally present.

In case of Distributive shock there is peripheral vasodilation & pooling of blood in periphery.

Explanation:
The RR interval is the time between successive QRS complexes and is usually used to measure the cardiac cycle length (i.e. duration of ventricular cardiac cycle). RR interval is an indicator of ventricular rate.

Hippocampus and olfactory area.

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 756, Box: 20.36

Acute adrenal crisis presents with hypotension, shock, and electrolyte imbalances. Immediate IV hydrocortisone and isotonic fluids are lifesaving.

Self-advertisement is unethical under BMDC regulations. (BMDC Code of Medical Ethics)

Anteriorly, the sclera becomes continuous with the cornea at the corneoscleral junction (also called sclerocorneal junction or limbus).

Thyroid hormone increase gut motility. So hypothyroid state causes constipation.

Explanation: The portal vein forms when an anastomotic network around the duodenum forms one vessel. This anastomotic network is from the veins of the gut,the vitelline veins.

Ferritin reflects iron stores; low levels confirm iron deficiency. Note: ferritin is also an acute phase reactant and may be falsely elevated in inflammation.

Explanations:
There are three superfamilies of molecular motor proteins in the cell that use the energy of ATP to generate force, movement, or both. Myosin is the force generator for muscle cell contraction. Cellular myosins can also interact with the cytoskeleton (primarily thin filaments) to participate in contraction as well as movement of cell contents. Kinesins and cellular dyneins are motor proteins that primarily interact with microtubules to move cargo around the cells.

Semen
The fluid that is ejaculated at the time of orgasm, the semen, contains sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate, Cowper glands, and, probably, the urethral glands. An average volume per ejaculate is 2.5-3.5 mL after several days of abstinence from sexual activity. The volume of semen and the sperm count decrease rapidly with repeated ejaculation.
Even though it takes only one sperm to fertilize the ovum, each milliliter of semen normally contains about 100 million sperm. Reduction in sperm production is associated with infertility: 50% of men with counts of 20-40 million/mL and essentially all of those with counts under 20 million/mL are sterile. The presence of many morphologically abnormal or immotile spermatozoa also correlates with infertility.
The prostaglandins in semen, which come from the seminal vesicles, are at high concentrations, but their function in semen is unknown. The causes of male infertility, as well as the underlying mechanisms of sperm in fertilization, are used as clues in developing male contraception .