স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Filum terminale is a thin fibrous cord form by pia mater

Clusters of symptoms are used to classify dyspepsia:
•     reflux-like dyspepsia (heartburn-predominant dyspepsia)
•     ulcer-like dyspepsia (epigastric pain relieved by food or antacids)
•     dysmotility-like dyspepsia (nausea, belching, bloating and premature satiety).

Osteoclast helps in bone remodelling by bone resorption activity.

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 443, Box : 5

Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 482
Explanation : Adenosine effects are greatly potentiated by dipyridamole and inhibited by theophylline.

JVP reflects phasic pressure changes in right atrium and consists of a, c and v positive waves and x and y negative waves.

It drains all the body except right upper limb and right half of the body above the diaphragm which is drained by right lymphatic duct.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-612

Most common symptom attributable to pulmonary hypertension is exertional dyspnea. Other symptoms are fatigue, angina pectoris (RV ischemia), syncope, near syncope & peripheral edema.

The Circle of Willis is an arterial polygon (heptagon) formed as the internal carotid and vertebral systems anastomose around the optic chiasm and infundibulum of the pituitary stalk in the suprasellar cistern

Granulation tissue easily bleeds on touch due to rupture of new capillaries

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry about multiple events or activities, occurring more days than not for at least 6 months. It is typically accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-533

Ito cell present in Space of Disse

Explanation : All-or-none Law, Infatigability, Adaptation, Summation, Refractory period, Conductivity etc are the properties of a nerve fibre.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 768, 769)

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-137

Explanations:
Hemostasis means prevention & arrest of bleeding from a cut vessel.

Reference: Langman’s 13th; P-39

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone has many foramina through which pass olfactory nerves that transmit sensory information from inhaled air to the olfactory bulbs.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-564
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

The substance of the tongue is made up chiefly of skeletal muscle supported by connective tissue. The muscle is arranged in bundles that run in vertical, transverse and longitudinal directions. This arrangement of muscle permits intricate movements of the tongue associated with the chewing and swallowing of food, and those necessary for speech.

Dipstick positive
•Hematuria
•Haemoglobinuria
•Myoglobinuria

Emigration of leukocyte to the site of injury is called chemotaxis

The kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting, a process referred to as gluconeogenesis. The kidneys’ capacity to add glucose to the blood during prolonged periods of fasting rivals that of the liver.

The vector and definitive host for plasmodia is the female Anopheles mosquito

Explanation: Cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes

Superior rectal vein drains into portal system.

The bone marrow and thymus are called primary/central lymphatic organ because of their function in lymphocyte production and maturation.

Davidson 23rd; P-1121

Explanation: Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer worldwide

Innhibition of post-translational modification: Warfarin

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-864
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

PCT has maximum capacity of reabsorption. Most of the reabsorption takes place here.

n general, the trachea is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. However, the cellular composition and thickness of this lining varies with position along the proximal–distal and dorsal–ventral axes, and among species.

Capillaries have only an endothelium, with no subendothelial layer or other tunics.

Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP):
Hallmark of neurosyphilis
1. Light-near dissociation (no reaction to light but brisk response to near).
2. Both pupils usually involved, but the degree may be asymmetrical.
3. Pupils are small and frequently irregular in shape.
4. Pupils dilate poorly after instillation of mydriatics.
5. To make a diagnosis of ARP vision in the affected eye must be normal.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-644

This product of haemoglobin breakdown is deposited in the skin of the lower legs following subcutaneous extravasation of blood due to venous insufficiency. Local deposition of haemosiderin (erythema ab igne or ‘granny’s tartan’) occurs with heat damage to the skin from sitting too close to a fire or from applying local heat, such as a hot water bottle, to the site of pain

Most common site of ectopic pregnancy is Abdominal cavity

Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, mesentery, or abdominal lymph nodes. A "doughy" abdomen on palpation, often with tenderness, is a classical but not always present sign, particularly in peritoneal TB due to thickened omentum and adhesions. Other common features include chronic abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, and ascites.

In SAH the pattern of headache is thunder cap in nature.

The most abundant type of cortical neurons are the pyramidal cells. About two thirds of all cortical neurons are pyramidal. Their cell bodies are triangular, with the apex generally directed towards the surface of the cortex.

Gastrin’s principal physiologic action is to increase H+ secretion. H+ secretion decreases the pH of the stomach contents. The decreased pH, in turn, inhibits further secretion of gastrin—a classic example of negative feedback.

Type II involves hypoxemia with hypercapnia (e.g., COPD, neuromuscular disease)

A. Prophase I: It lasts for a long time and is subdivided into the following 5 phases:

1. Leptotene : Individual chromosomes, composed of two chromatids joined at the centromere, are visible as long strands in the nucleus.

2. Zygotene: Homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs lengthwise. This process is called synapsis or conjugation.

3. Pachytene: The two chromosomes together constitute a bivalent. A bivalent contains four chromatids in it, forming a tetrad. The two central chromatids become coiled over each other, so that they cross at a number of points (chiasmata). This is called crossing over. 

4. Diplotene: Chromosomes continue to condense and then begin to separate, revealing chiasmata.

5. Diakinesis: The homologous centromeres pull apart and the chromosomes are separated. Meanwhile the nucleolus disappears, as does the nuclear membrane, freeing the chromosomes into the cytoplasm.

• The presence of numerous neutrophils containing the typical gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci supports the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia

Reference-BD Chaurasia’s/7th/vol-4/p-174

First line anti-TB drugs: INH, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Streptomycin

Stages of Mitosis:

1. Prophase: 
- The nucleolus disappears.
- The chromatins become coiled. They condense, shorten, and thicken into discrete chromosomes.
- The microtubules of the mitotic spindle appear between the two centrosomes.

2. Metaphase:
- Chromosomes migrate to the equatorial plane of the cell due to the activity of microtubules.
- Each chromosome divides longitudinally to form two chromosomes called sister chromatids.
- The chromatids attach to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle at centromere

3. Anaphase:
- The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other and migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell.
- The centromeres also move away from the centre, pulling along the remainder of the chromosome.

4. Telophase:
- Nucleoli reappear in the daughter cells.
- The chromosomes become less distinct and a new nuclear envelope appears around each daughter chromosomes.
- A constriction develops at the equatorial plane of the parent cell and progresses until the cytoplasm and its organelles are divided in two.
- Formation of a new plasma membrane between the two portions of the dividing cell completes the two new cells, termed daughter cells.

Primary (ACTH) Addison's disease Common causes
·       Autoimmune
o   Sporadic
o   Polyglandular syndromes
·       Tuberculosis
·       HIV/AIDS
·       Metastatic carcinoma
·       Bilateral adrenalectomy
Rare causes
·       Lymphoma
·        Intra-adrenal hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome following meningococcal sepsis)
·       Amyloidosis
·       Haemochromatosis

Explanation: Blood pressure is higher during the daytime

Explanation :
Seropositive arthritis -
Rheumatoid arthritis 
Systemic lupus erythromatosus ( SLE) 

Pansystolic murmur heard best at apex and left sternal edge (diaphragm), radiates to axilla

Explanation : Stretch reflex is a monosynaptic reflex,Golgi tendon reflex/Clasp-knife reflex is disynaptic reflex,flexor withdrawl reflex is a polysynaptic reflex.
Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition (Table- 2.8)