Renal Diseases

RBC cast is found in AGN

Haematuria occurs in nephritic syndrome

Explanation :
Pre renal cause of acute renal failure :
Cardiac failure
Sepsis
Blood loss
Dehydration
Vascular occlusion 

Explanation :
Causes of CKD -
Diabetes malitus (20-40%)
Interstitial disease (20-30%)
Glomerular disease
Hypertension 
SLE
PCOD
Renal artery stenosis
Unknown (5-20%)

Explanation: Others are the features of nephrotic syndrome.

The limiting pH of urine is 4.5

Explanation -
Painless haematuria :
Glomerulonephritis 
Tumors of the kidney,ureter,bladder or prostate
Tuberculosis
Interstitial nephritis
Coagulation disorder

Painful haematuria :
Urinary tract infections
Renal calculi
Loin pain haematuria syndrome 

Explanation: Membranous nephropathy-Middle-aged to older patient, minimal change disease- Children, Primary Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis -Young adults

Explanation: mechanism of developing nephritic syndrome are: Inflammation, Reactive cell proliferation, Breaks in GBM, Crescent formation

Explanation :
Indications of renal replacement therapy -
K+ level >6 mmol/L
Fluid overload
Pulmonary oedema
S.creatinine >6.8 mg/dl
Plasma urea level >30 mmol/L
Metabolic acidosis

Untreated malaria caused by P. falciparum is potentially life-threatening as a result of extensive brain (cerebral malaria) and kidney (blackwater fever) damage.

Pyelonephritis is interstitial disease of kidney

RAS is a pre renal cause of acute renal failure

Non papillary carcinoma is most common cause of RCC

Explanation :
Glomerular syndrome :
Nephritic syndrome
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis 
Nephrotic syndrome 
Chronic renal failure
Isolated urinary abnormalities

“Selective” loss of albumin is seen in minimal change disease. Diabetes & FSGS lead to “nonselective” loss of all plasma proteins. Hypertension, CRF cause increased tubular protein loss.

Minimal change disease is most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

Explanation: Uric acid stone is radio opaque

Uric acid stone is radio opaque

Explanation: anuria is deemed to exist when less than 100 mL of urine is passed per day.

Explanation :
Pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome -
Caused by a derangement in glomerular capillary walls resulting in increased permeability to plasma proteins

Metabolic acidosis occurs in AGN

Explanation :
AGN -
Age group : 6-12 years
Haematuria : Present
Hypertension : Present
Mild to moderate proteiniurea

Explanation -
Lower urinary tract symptoms :
Dysuria,Frequency, Urgency 
Impaired urinary flow,Hesitency,Dribbling of urine,Incomplete emptying of bladder
Urinary retention
Incontinence

Explanation :
Typical feature of nephrotic syndrome -
Generilized oedema
Pitting oedema
Blood pressure : Normal
Proteinuria : 3+/4+ 

Membranous segmental glomerulosclerosis is not a primary nephrotic syndrome