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স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

পরীক্ষাস্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্সতারিখতারিখ অনির্ধারিতসময়01 hr 00 mins
মোট প্রশ্ন৪৯
সিলেবাস
Subject Final-05 - Physiology
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৪৯ প্রশ্ন

১.
What is not the example of transcellular fluid-?
  1. ক
    ক) CSF
  2. খ
    খ) Oedema fluid
  3. গ
    গ) Aqueous humor
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Urine
ব্যাখ্যা

Transcellular fluids are-
-CSF
-Synovial fluid
-Peritoneal fluid
-Pleural fluid
-pericardial fluid
-Intraocular fluid (Aqueous humor)
-Fluids in the lumen of GIT
-Fluid in lumen of nephron(urine)&Sweat
Oedema fluid is not transcellular fluid.

২.
Compared with intracellular fluid, extra-cellular fluid has
  1. ক
    ক) a greater osmolarity
  2. খ
    খ) a higher protein concentration
  3. গ
    গ) a lower chloride ion concentration
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) a lower potassium ion concentration
ব্যাখ্যা

Osmolarity is equal both ECF&ICF.
In ICF-protein content is high.
In ECF- High content of Na+, Cl-, Ca++

৩.
Thirst centre is stimulated by-?
  1. ক
    ক) Intracellular dehydration
  2. খ
    খ) Decreased E.C.F tonicity
  3. গ
    গ) Hypervolemia
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Angiotensin-1
ব্যাখ্যা

Thirst center is stimulated by-
-Intracellular dehydration
-Hypovolemia
-Angiotensin-2 in circulation

৪.
Severe Hypotonicity of ECF compared to ICF may lead to-?
  1. ক
    ক) Cellular overhydration
  2. খ
    খ) Cerebral oedema
  3. গ
    গ) Cellular dehydration
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hyperkalemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference-Davidson/23rd/P-435/Fig-16.6
৫.
Substance that increase salivary secretion
  1. ক
    ক) Histamine
  2. খ
    খ) Ergotamine
  3. গ
    গ) Atropine
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Chloroform
ব্যাখ্যা

Substances which increase salivary secretion
• Sympathomimetic drugs like adrenaline and ephedrine.
• Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine, pilocarpine, muscarine and physostigmine.
• Histamine.

Substances which decrease salivary secretion
• Sympathetic depressants like ergotamine and dibenamine.
• Parasympathetic depressants like atropine and scopolamine.
• Anesthetics such as chloroform and ether stimulate the secretion of saliva. However, deep anesthesia decreases the secretion due to central inhibition.

৬.
Increased pressure within the carotid sinus results in -
  1. ক
    ক) Reflex bradycardia
  2. খ
    খ) Reflex hyperpnea
  3. গ
    গ) Increase in sympathetic tone
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Decrease in diameter of blood vessels
ব্যাখ্যা

Increased pressure within carotid sinus causes-
-Decreased Heart rate
-Decreased sympathetic tone/Vasomotor tone
-Increased parasympathetic discharge
-Decreased myocardial contractility
-Causes vasodilation and venodilation
-Decreased TPR

৭.
Compensatory changes in hemorrhage include-
  1. ক
    ক) Increase adrenal medullary secretions
  2. খ
    খ) Bradycardia
  3. গ
    গ) Decrease sympathetic nervous activity
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Increase circulating angiotensin-1
ব্যাখ্যা

Compensatory reactions activated by hemorrhage-
-Vasoconstriction
- Tachycardia
-Venoconstriction
-increase secretion of Catecholamines, vasopressin, EPO, Renin, Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone
-Tachypnoea
-Restlessness

৮.
Heart rate is accelerated by
  1. ক
    ক) Exercise
  2. খ
    খ) Fear
  3. গ
    গ) increased baroreceptor activity
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) increased intracranial pressure
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-580/T-32-3
৯.
Total peripheral resistance is inversely proportional to
  1. ক
    ক) Velocity of blood flow
  2. খ
    খ) Viscosity of blood
  3. গ
    গ) Cross sectional area of blood vessels
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Length of blood vessels
ব্যাখ্যা

★Total peripheral resistance
Directly proportional to
-Velocity
-Viscosity
-Length of blood vessels
Inversely proportional to
-Lumen of blood vessels
-4th power of radius
-Elasticity of arterial wall

১০.
Following cardiovascular changes occurs after birth –
  1. ক
    ক) Decrease in the system vascular resistance
  2. খ
    খ) Pulmonary arterial constriction
  3. গ
    গ) Increased in right ventricular pressure
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Closure of ductus venosus
ব্যাখ্যা

Cardiovascular changes following birth are-
-Increase arterial oxygen tension
-Decreased Pulmonary vascular resistance
-Increased Pulmonary blood flow
-Increased systemic vascular resistance
-Closure of Ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus
-closure Foramen ovale

১১.
Increased vagal tone tends to increase
  1. ক
    ক) Heart rate
  2. খ
    খ) Decreased peristalsis
  3. গ
    গ) Diameter of blood vessel
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Secretion of HCl
ব্যাখ্যা

Effects of increased vagal tone
On CVS -
-Negative inotropism
-Negative chronotropism
-Decreases excitability
-Decreases conductivity
On GIT-
-increased secretion of GIT
-increased motility of GIT

১২.
The pulse pressure in the large arteries is directly proportional to
  1. ক
    ক) Stroke volume
  2. খ
    খ) Heart rate
  3. গ
    গ) Total peripheral resistance
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Compliance of arterial wall
ব্যাখ্যা

Pulse pressure (PP)
-PP Directly proportional to SV
-PP inversely proportional to compliance/Arterial elasticity

১৩.
Cardiac muscle fibers-
  1. ক
    ক) Have a peripheral nucleus
  2. খ
    খ) Have a T - system of tubules between the A and I band
  3. গ
    গ) Have intercalated discs where there are desmosomes and gap (communicating) Junctions
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Have motor end plates
ব্যাখ্যা

Cardiac muscle fibres-
-Have single, oval, central nucleus.
-T-tubules found at the level of Z-band but in skeletal muscle T-tubules found A-I Junction.
-Intercalated disc acts as motor end in Cardiac muscle.

১৪.
Which acts as microtubule-organizing centre?
  1. ক
    ক) Peroxisome
  2. খ
    খ) Centrosome
  3. গ
    গ) Lysosome
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Ribosome
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) that contain γ-tubulin. The microtubules grow out of this γ-tubulin in the pericentriolar material. When a cell divides, the centrosomes duplicate themselves, and thepairs move apart to the poles of the mitotic spindle, where they monitor the steps in cell division.
১৫.
Cell membrane is semipermeable because of having
  1. ক
    ক) Lipid
  2. খ
    খ) Protein
  3. গ
    গ) Carbohydrate
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Glycolipid
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The cell and the intracellular organelles are surrounded by semipermeable membranes. Biological membranes have a lipid bilayer core that is populated by structural and functional proteins. These proteins contribute greatly to the semipermeable properties of biological membrane.
১৬.
Most important characteristic of synaptic transmission-
  1. ক
    ক) Excitation
  2. খ
    খ) Synaptic delay
  3. গ
    গ) Summation
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) One-way conduction
ব্যাখ্যা
Most important characteristic of synaptic transmission is one way conduction
১৭.
Which is substrate for Lysosomal enzyme cathepsins?
  1. ক
    ক) DNA
  2. খ
    খ) RNA
  3. গ
    গ) Protein
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Collagen
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Ganong 26th; Table-2.1
১৮.
Following which is most important control system under negative feedback mechanism-?
  1. ক
    ক) Blood clotting
  2. খ
    খ) LH surge.
  3. গ
    গ) Regulation of water balance
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Blood pressure control system
ব্যাখ্যা
Blood pressure regulation is the most important Which is regulated by negative feedback mechanism.
১৯.
The Golgi complex-
  1. ক
    ক) is an organelle that participates in the breakdown of proteins and lipids.
  2. খ
    খ) is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins.
  3. গ
    গ) is an organelle that participates in energy production.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) is an organelle that participates in transcription and translation.
ব্যাখ্যা
Golgi complex is a membrane bound organelle which helps in post translational modification of protein.
২০.
Krause end bulb
  1. ক
    ক) Touch
  2. খ
    খ) Pressure
  3. গ
    গ) Cold
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Warmth
২১.
Which of the following would occur as a result of the inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase?
  1. ক
    ক) Decreased intracellular Na+ concentration
  2. খ
    খ) Increased intracellular K+ concentration
  3. গ
    গ) Increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Increased Na+–glucose cotransport
ব্যাখ্যা
Inhibition of Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) leads to an increase in intracellular Na+ concentration. Increased intracellular Na+ concentration decreases the Na+ gradient across the cell membrane, thereby inhibiting Na+–Ca2+ exchange and causing an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Increased intracellular Na+ concentration also inhibits Na+–glucose cotransport.
২২.
Erythropoietin is secreted by-?
  1. ক
    ক) cells in the proximal tubules.
  2. খ
    খ) cells in the distal tubules.
  3. গ
    গ) granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Cells in the peritubular capillary bed.
ব্যাখ্যা
Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial cells in the peritubular capillary bed of the kidneys and by perivenous hepatocytes in the liver.
২৩.
Can be measured by spirometry
  1. ক
    ক) Vital capacity
  2. খ
    খ) Residual volume
  3. গ
    গ) Functional residual volume
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Total lung capacity
ব্যাখ্যা
Volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities, which include residual volume also cannot be measured. Capacities that include residual volume are functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.
২৪.
The average blood volume of adults is about ... of body weight?
  1. ক
    ক) 5%
  2. খ
    খ) 7%
  3. গ
    গ) 9%
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) 10%
ব্যাখ্যা
The average blood volume of adults is about 7% of body weight, or about 5 litres. About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is red blood cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on sex, weight, and other factors.
২৫.
Highest capacity of reabsorption
  1. ক
    ক) PCT
  2. খ
    খ) DCT
  3. গ
    গ) LOH
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) CD
ব্যাখ্যা
PCT has maximum capacity of reabsorption. Most of the reabsorption takes place here.
২৬.
Dehydration increases the plasma concentration of all the following hormones except -?
  1. ক
    ক) Vasopressin.
  2. খ
    খ) Aldosterone.
  3. গ
    গ) Norepinephrine.
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Atrial natriuretic peptide.
ব্যাখ্যা
ANP is called Hypervolemia hormone. It secretion increased during hypervolemia and decreased secretion during dehydration and volume depletion.
২৭.
Which one of following is not a lysosomal enzyme-?
  1. ক
    ক) Cathepsin's
  2. খ
    খ) Coagulase
  3. গ
    গ) Phospholipase
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Arylsulfatases
ব্যাখ্যা

★Lysosomal enzymes are-
-Ribonuclease
-Deoxyribonuclease
-Phosphate
-Glycosidases
-Arylsylfatases
-Collagenase
-Cathepsins
-Phospholipase

২৮.
Which one of following is an example of secondary active counter transport-?
  1. ক
    ক) Na+-K+ pump
  2. খ
    খ) Na+-glucose transport
  3. গ
    গ) Na+-Ca+ transport
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Na+-amino acid transport
ব্যাখ্যা

★Examples of Secondary active transport-
-Na+-Ca++ counter transport
-Na+-H+ counter transport
-Chloride shift

২৯.
Which initiates cardiac cycle
  1. ক
    ক) Atrial systole
  2. খ
    খ) Atrial diastole
  3. গ
    গ) Ventricular systole
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Ventricular diastole
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
Atrial systole initiates cardiac cycle because the sinus node (pacemaker) of the heart is located in the right atrium.
৩০.
A person with … frequently has cyanosis?
  1. ক
    ক) Anaemia
  2. খ
    খ) Leukaemia
  3. গ
    গ) Polycythaemia
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Purpura
ব্যাখ্যা
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than 5 grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood. A person with anemia almost never becomes cyanotic. Conversely, in a person with Polycythemia vera frequently has cyanosis, even under otherwise normal conditions.
৩১.
Im absence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is reabsorbed in the-?
  1. ক
    ক) DCT
  2. খ
    খ) PCT
  3. গ
    গ) ALLH
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) DLLH
ব্যাখ্যা
Aquaporin-1 is localized to both the basolateral and apical membrane of the proximal tubules and its presence allows water to move rapidly out of the tubule along the osmotic gradients set up by active transport of solutes, and isotonicity is maintained. 60-70% of filtered water is reabsorbed in PCT.
৩২.
The extrinsic pathway is assessed by...
  1. ক
    ক) BT
  2. খ
    খ) CT
  3. গ
    গ) PT
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) APTT
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The principal haemostatic mechanism is believed to be via extrinsic pathway which is assessed by PT.
৩৩.
INR in a healthy person -
  1. ক
    ক) 1.5 - 1.8
  2. খ
    খ) 0.9 - 1.3
  3. গ
    গ) 4.0 - 5.0
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) 2.0 - 3.0
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The normal range for INR in a healthy person is 0.9 to 1.3. A high INR level (e.g., 4 or 5) indicates a high risk of bleeding, whereas a low INR (e.g., 0.5) suggests that there is a chance of having a clot. Patients undergoing warfarin therapy usually have an INR of 2.0 to 3.0.
৩৪.
Which play an important role in the defence mechanism of the body against the parasites?
  1. ক
    ক) Neutrophil
  2. খ
    খ) Basophil
  3. গ
    গ) Eosinophils
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Monocyte
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Eosinophils play an important role in the defence mechanism of the body against the parasites. During parasitic infections, there is a production of a large number of eosinophils which move towards the tissues affected by parasites. Eosinophil count increases also during allergic diseases like asthma.
৩৫.
Factor decreasing ESR
  1. ক
    ক) Specific gravity of RBC
  2. খ
    খ) Viscosity of blood
  3. গ
    গ) Rouleaux formation
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Increase in size of RBC
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanations:
Factor increasing ESR
• Specific gravity of RBC
• Rouleaux formation
• Increase in size of RBC

Factors decreasing ESR:
• Viscosity of blood
• RBC count

৩৬.
Amino acid required for thyroid hormone synthesis
  1. ক
    ক) Alanine
  2. খ
    খ) Valine
  3. গ
    গ) Tryptophan
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Tyrosine
৩৭.
Tetany occurs when plasma calcium level falls below …mg/dl
  1. ক
    ক) 4
  2. খ
    খ) 5
  3. গ
    গ) 6
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) 9
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, by decreasing the resorption of calcium from bones. Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular hyperexcitability, resulting in hypocalcemic tetany. Normally, tetany occurs when plasma calcium level falls below 6 mg/dL from its normal value of 9.4 mg/dL.
৩৮.
The most active adrenal androgen is
  1. ক
    ক) Dehydroepiandrosterone
  2. খ
    খ) Androstenedione
  3. গ
    গ) Testosterone
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Cortisol
ব্যাখ্যা

Androgens secreted by adrenal cortex:
 Dehydroepiandrosterone
 Androstenedione
 Testosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone is the most active adrenal androgen.

৩৯.
B cell of islets of Langerhans secrete
  1. ক
    ক) Somatostatin
  2. খ
    খ) Insulin
  3. গ
    গ) Glucagon
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) PP
ব্যাখ্যা

Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
 A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
 B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
 D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
 F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

৪০.
A raised blood pH & Bicarbonate level is consistent with-?
  1. ক
    ক) Persistant vomiting of gastric content
  2. খ
    খ) Chronic renal failure with raised PC02
  3. গ
    গ) A reduced PCO2
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Partly compensated respiratory alkalosis
ব্যাখ্যা

Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation

৪১.
Hyposecretion of cortisol produce-
  1. ক
    ক) Cushing's syndrome
  2. খ
    খ) Addison’s disease
  3. গ
    গ) Conn's syndrome
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Phaeochromocytoma
ব্যাখ্যা
In Addison’s disease there is hyposecretion of cortisol.
৪২.
The percentage of TBW is highest in...
  1. ক
    ক) Newborns
  2. খ
    খ) Adult male
  3. গ
    গ) Adult female
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Elderly
ব্যাখ্যা
Total body water (TBW) is approximately 60% of body weight. Body water is inversely proportional to body fat. The percentage of TBW is highest in newborns then in adult males and lowest in adult females and in adults with a large amount of adipose tissue.
৪৩.
Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of
  1. ক
    ক) Galactose
  2. খ
    খ) Leucine
  3. গ
    গ) bile acids
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Vitamin D
ব্যাখ্যা
Micelles provide a mechanism for solubilizing fat-soluble nutrients in the aqueous solution of the intestinal lumen until the nutrients can be brought into contact with and absorbed by the intestinal epithelial cells. Because vitamin D is fat soluble, it is absorbed in the same way as other dietary lipids.
৪৪.
Excess GH secretion during adulthood may result in
  1. ক
    ক) Gigantism
  2. খ
    খ) Acromegaly
  3. গ
    গ) Dwarfism
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) DI
৪৫.
A fall in plasma Na+ concentration -?
  1. ক
    ক) results from excessive production of ADH
  2. খ
    খ) Decreases intracellular fluid volume
  3. গ
    গ) Increases plasma osmolarity
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Is likely to cause thirst
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference- Rodde physiology/6th/Q-48
৪৬.
What is not the endogenous causes of Normochloremic metabolic acidosis-?
  1. ক
    ক) Diabetic ketoacidosis
  2. খ
    খ) Renal tubular acidosis
  3. গ
    গ) Lactic acidosis
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Renal failure
ব্যাখ্যা

Endogenous causes of normochloremic metabolic acidosis are-
-Diabetic ketoacidosis
-Starvation ketosis
-Alcoholic ketoacidosis
-Lactic acidosis
-Kidney disease

৪৭.
Biochemical changes occur following prolonged vomiting are-?
  1. ক
    ক) Metabolic acidosis
  2. খ
    খ) Hypernatremia
  3. গ
    গ) Hypokalemia
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hypoalbuminemia
ব্যাখ্যা

Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation

৪৮.
Hormones responsible for K+ driven into cell excludes-?
  1. ক
    ক) Insulin
  2. খ
    খ) Epinephrine
  3. গ
    গ) Aldosterone
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Glucagon
ব্যাখ্যা

Factors increased influx of K+ -
-Insulin
-Aldosterone
-Acute potassium excess
-Alkalosis
-Epinephrine
-Alpha blocker

৪৯.
Plateau phase in action potential of cardiac muscle due to-
  1. ক
    ক) Is due to efflux of K+
  2. খ
    খ) Is due to fast sodium channel
  3. গ
    গ) Is due to slow Ca+ Na channel
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Coincides with ventricular diastole
ব্যাখ্যা

Plateau phase in action potential of Cardiac muscle due to-
-Slow voltage gated Ca+ channel
-Increase Ca++ influx
-Decrease K+ efflux
-coincides of ventricular systole
-results in prolonged refractory period