স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

Transcellular fluids are-
-CSF
-Synovial fluid
-Peritoneal fluid
-Pleural fluid
-pericardial fluid
-Intraocular fluid (Aqueous humor)
-Fluids in the lumen of GIT
-Fluid in lumen of nephron(urine)&Sweat
Oedema fluid is not transcellular fluid.

Osmolarity is equal both ECF&ICF.
In ICF-protein content is high.
In ECF- High content of Na+, Cl-, Ca++

Thirst center is stimulated by-
-Intracellular dehydration
-Hypovolemia
-Angiotensin-2 in circulation

Substances which increase salivary secretion
• Sympathomimetic drugs like adrenaline and ephedrine.
• Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine, pilocarpine, muscarine and physostigmine.
• Histamine.

Substances which decrease salivary secretion
• Sympathetic depressants like ergotamine and dibenamine.
• Parasympathetic depressants like atropine and scopolamine.
• Anesthetics such as chloroform and ether stimulate the secretion of saliva. However, deep anesthesia decreases the secretion due to central inhibition.

Increased pressure within carotid sinus causes-
-Decreased Heart rate
-Decreased sympathetic tone/Vasomotor tone
-Increased parasympathetic discharge
-Decreased myocardial contractility
-Causes vasodilation and venodilation
-Decreased TPR

Compensatory reactions activated by hemorrhage-
-Vasoconstriction
- Tachycardia
-Venoconstriction
-increase secretion of Catecholamines, vasopressin, EPO, Renin, Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone
-Tachypnoea
-Restlessness

★Total peripheral resistance
Directly proportional to
-Velocity
-Viscosity
-Length of blood vessels
Inversely proportional to
-Lumen of blood vessels
-4th power of radius
-Elasticity of arterial wall

Cardiovascular changes following birth are-
-Increase arterial oxygen tension
-Decreased Pulmonary vascular resistance
-Increased Pulmonary blood flow
-Increased systemic vascular resistance
-Closure of Ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus
-closure Foramen ovale

Effects of increased vagal tone
On CVS -
-Negative inotropism
-Negative chronotropism
-Decreases excitability
-Decreases conductivity
On GIT-
-increased secretion of GIT
-increased motility of GIT

Pulse pressure (PP)
-PP Directly proportional to SV
-PP inversely proportional to compliance/Arterial elasticity

Cardiac muscle fibres-
-Have single, oval, central nucleus.
-T-tubules found at the level of Z-band but in skeletal muscle T-tubules found A-I Junction.
-Intercalated disc acts as motor end in Cardiac muscle.

★Lysosomal enzymes are-
-Ribonuclease
-Deoxyribonuclease
-Phosphate
-Glycosidases
-Arylsylfatases
-Collagenase
-Cathepsins
-Phospholipase

★Examples of Secondary active transport-
-Na+-Ca++ counter transport
-Na+-H+ counter transport
-Chloride shift

Explanations:
Factor increasing ESR
• Specific gravity of RBC
• Rouleaux formation
• Increase in size of RBC

Factors decreasing ESR:
• Viscosity of blood
• RBC count

Androgens secreted by adrenal cortex:
 Dehydroepiandrosterone
 Androstenedione
 Testosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone is the most active adrenal androgen.

Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
 A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
 B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
 D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
 F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation

Endogenous causes of normochloremic metabolic acidosis are-
-Diabetic ketoacidosis
-Starvation ketosis
-Alcoholic ketoacidosis
-Lactic acidosis
-Kidney disease

Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation

Factors increased influx of K+ -
-Insulin
-Aldosterone
-Acute potassium excess
-Alkalosis
-Epinephrine
-Alpha blocker

Plateau phase in action potential of Cardiac muscle due to-
-Slow voltage gated Ca+ channel
-Increase Ca++ influx
-Decrease K+ efflux
-coincides of ventricular systole
-results in prolonged refractory period