৪৮তম বিশেষ বিসিএস [স্বাস্থ্য] ⎯ মডেল টেস্ট [Archived]

বাংলা কৃৎ প্রত্যয়যোগে শব্দ গঠন:

অ:
- √কাঁদ্ + অ = কাঁদ,
- √ধর্ + অ = ধর,
- √চল্ + অ = চল,
- √পড়্‌ + অ = পড়।

অন> ওন:
- √নাচ্ + অন = নাচন,
- √ কাঁদ্ + অন = কাঁদন।
 
অন্যদিকে,
সংস্কৃত কৃৎ প্রত্যয়যোগে শব্দ গঠন:

অ(অচ্)
√পট্ + অ = পাঠ,
√জি + অ = জয়,
√কৃ + তব্য = কর্তব্য ইত্যাদি।

উৎস: বাংলা ব্যাকরণ ও নির্মিতি, সপ্তম শ্রেণি এবং বাংলা ভাষার ব্যাকরণ, নবম-দশম শ্রেণি (২০১৯-সংস্করণ)।

• উপজেলা পরিষদ:
- উপজেলা পরিষদ বাংলাদেশের স্থানীয় সরকার ব্যবস্থার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ স্তর।
- স্থানীয় জনগণের অংশগ্রহণ ও স্বায়ত্তশাসনের অধিকার নিশ্চিত করার উদ্দেশ্যে এটি গঠিত হয়।
- বর্তমানে দেশের ৬৪টি জেলায় মোট ৪৯৫টি উপজেলা রয়েছে।

• ইতিহাস ও আইনগত ভিত্তি:
- উপজেলা ব্যবস্থা প্রথম চালু হয়: ১৯৮২ সালে
- স্থায়িত্ব না পাওয়ায় পরবর্তীতে এটি বিলুপ্ত হয়।
- পুনরায় প্রবর্তনের জন্য: উপজেলা পরিষদ (রহিত আইন পুনঃপ্রচলন ও সংশোধন) আইন, ২০০৯ পাশ হয় (তারিখ: ৬ এপ্রিল ২০০৯)

• উপজেলা পরিষদের গঠন:
- আইন অনুযায়ী উপজেলা পরিষদ নিম্নোক্ত সদস্যদের নিয়ে গঠিত হয়:
- চেয়ারম্যান – সরাসরি নির্বাচিত
- ২ জন ভাইস চেয়ারম্যান – একজন পুরুষ ও একজন নারী, সরাসরি নির্বাচিত।
- ইউনিয়ন পরিষদের সকল চেয়ারম্যান
- পৌরসভার মেয়র (যদি উপজেলা এলাকায় পৌরসভা থাকে)
- সংরক্ষিত নারী সদস্যগণ – ইউনিয়ন ও পৌরসভার নারী প্রতিনিধিদের মধ্য থেকে নির্বাচিত

- নারীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত আসন:
- ইউনিয়ন পরিষদ ও পৌরসভার মোট সদস্য সংখ্যার এক-তৃতীয়াংশ নারীদের জন্য সংরক্ষিত।
- সংশ্লিষ্ট নারী সদস্য বা কাউন্সিলরগণ নিজেদের মধ্য থেকে এসব আসনে নির্বাচন করেন।

উৎস: বাংলাদেশ ও বিশ্বপরিচয়, নবম-দশম শ্রেণি।

প্রশ্ন: log6 + log36 + log216 + ………. (প্রথম ২০টি পদের সমষ্টি) =?

সমাধান:
দেওয়া আছে,
=  log6 + log36 + log216 + ……….
= log6 + log6² + log6³ + ……….
= log6 + 2log6 + 3log6 + ……….
= (1 + 2 + 3 +.....)log6

আমরা জানি,
1 + 2 + 3 +..... ধারাটির n পদের সমষ্টি = n(n + 1)/2
∴ ধারাটির 20 টি পদের সমষ্টি = 20(20 + 1)/2
= 210

সুতরাং প্রদত্ত ধারাটির সমষ্টি = 210log6

Pressures on the venous side of the circulation (e.g., central vein, right atrium, renal vein) are lower than pressures on the arterial side. Pressure in the pulmonary artery (and all pressures on the right side of the heart) are much lower than
their counterparts on the left side of the heart. In the systemic circulation, systolic pres sure is actually slightly higher in the downstream arteries (e.g., renal artery) than in the aorta because of the reflection of pressure waves at branch points.

A. Central control of breathing (brain stem and cerebral cortex)

1. Medullary respiratory center

■ is located in the reticular formation.

a. Dorsal respiratory group
■ is primarily responsible for inspiration and generates the basic rhythm for breathing.
■ Input to the dorsal respiratory group comes from the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The vagus nerve relays information from peripheral chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the lung. The glossopharyngeal nerve relays information from peripheral chemoreceptors.
■ Output from the dorsal respiratory group travels, via the phrenic nerve, to the diaphragm.

b. Ventral respiratory group
■ is primarily responsible for expiration.
■ is not active during normal, quiet breathing, when expiration is passive.
■ is activated, for example, during exercise, when expiration becomes an active process.

2. Apneustic center
■ is located in the lower pons.
■ stimulates inspiration, producing a deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp (apneusis).

3. Pneumotaxic center
■ is located in the upper pons.
■ inhibits inspiration and, therefore, regulates inspiratory volume and respiratory rate.

4. Cerebral cortex
■ Breathing can be under voluntary control; therefore, a person can voluntarily hyperventilate or hypoventilate.
■ Hypoventilation (breath-holding) is limited by the resulting increase in PCO2 and decrease in PO2. A previous period of hyperventilation extends the period of breath holding.

Exercise causes a shift of K+ from cells into blood. The result is hyperkalemia. Hyposmolarity, insulin, β-agonists, and alkalosis cause a shift of K+ from blood into cells. The result is hypokalemia.

Ca2+ deficiency (low Ca2+ diet or hypocalcemia) activates 1α-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hypophosphatemia also
stimulate the enzyme. Chronic renal failure is associated with a constellation of bone diseases, including osteomalacia caused by failure of the diseased renal tissue to produce the active form of vitamin D.

Gastrin is secreted by the G cells of the gastric antrum. HCl and intrinsic factor are secreted by the fundus.

Lesions of the basal ganglia include:

1. Lesions of the globus pallidus
■ result in inability to maintain postural support.

2. Lesions of the subthalamic nucleus
■ are caused by the release of inhibition on the contralateral side.
■ result in wild, flinging movements (e.g., hemiballismus).

3. Lesions of the striatum
■ are caused by the release of inhibition.
■ result in quick, continuous, and uncontrollable movements.
■ occur in patients with Huntington’s disease.

4. Lesions of the substantia nigra
■ are caused by destruction of dopaminergic neurons.
■ occur in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
■ Since dopamine inhibits the indirect (inhibitory) pathway and excites the direct (excitatory) pathway, destruction of dopaminergic neurons is, overall, inhibitory.
■ Symptoms include lead-pipe rigidity, tremor, and reduced voluntary movement.

Cerebellar lesion:
No paralysis
No sensory deficit
No abnormalities at rest (except the changes in stretch reflexes)
Ataxia (drunken gait)
Slurred/scanning speech
Dysmetria (past-pointing)
Intention tremor
Rebound phenomenon Adiadokodinesia
Decomposition of movement

Test for synthetic function :
1. Serum Albumin
2. prothrombin time
3. serum total plasma protein
4. albumin globulin ration 

..

bilirubin forms colloid solution but hydrophobic 
glycogen , starch forms hydrophilic colloid solutions

Tripathi 8e, P7

Enteric coated tablet—the tablet is coated with a material that does not dissolve in the acidic medium of the stomach; the tablet disintegrates only on reaching the duodenum.

Tripathi 8e, P609
Among the drugs, CCB is associated with edema.
Ankle edema that occurs in some patients is due to increased hydrostatic pressure across capillaries of the dependent parts as a result of reflex constriction of post capillary vessels in these vascular beds

Drug might target one or more specific organ, but it is not essential part of rational prescribing.

Doctors give expert evidence based on scientific knowledge and observations. They do not give verdicts — that is the court’s role.

Fine, white or blood-stained froth at mouth and nostrils is typical of drowning — caused by fluid and surfactant in airways.

While external features suggest sex, chromosomal karyotyping (XX/XY) is the most definitive test for sex determination.

Crown–rump length is used for foetal age determination, especially during 1st and 2nd trimesters.

Hearsay evidence, such as oral statements from relatives, is not admissible. Legal documents like certificates are valid.

Measles vaccine is live attenuated and contraindicated in pregnancy due to potential fetal harm.

Tetanus is not spread person-to-person, so herd immunity does not apply.

Dengue is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, not waterborne. The rest are fecal-oral transmitted via contaminated water

High sensitivity = few false negatives, so most actual disease cases are picked up by the test.

Sulphur dioxide, in combination with fog and smoke, leads to classical (London-type) smog, particularly in cold climates.

Explanation:
Liquefactive necrosis, due to enzymatic digestion, is characteristic of bacterial infections, leading to pus and abscess formation.

Explanation:
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis can follow both skin and throat infections caused by S. pyogenes.

Explanation:
The MAC is formed by C5b through C9, leading to cell lysis by creating pores in the target cell membrane.

Explanation:
Giardiasis leads to fat malabsorption, causing greasy, foul-smelling, pale stools (steatorrhea).

Explanation:
Malignant cells show enlarged, irregular nuclei with prominent nucleoli due to increased transcriptional activity.

Iron deficiency leads to microcytic, hypochromic red cells due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis.

RT-PCR detects viral RNA and is considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. Antigen tests are less sensitive.

Lymph node tuberculosis, especially cervical, is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation, especially in young and HIV+ patients.

ACE inhibitors are preferred in diabetics due to their renal protective effects and ability to reduce proteinuria.

Orthopnea is caused by pulmonary congestion due to left ventricular dysfunction. Pedal edema and JVP are more right-sided features.

Myoglobin rises within 1–2 hours, but it lacks specificity. Troponins rise by 3–6 hours and are more specific for MI.

Sudden focal neurological deficit suggests stroke—either ischemic or hemorrhagic.

Classic symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include weight loss, tremor, palpitations, and heat intolerance. Exophthalmos suggests Graves’ disease.

Anti-CCP antibody is more specific for RA than RF and can help in early diagnosis.

Minimal Change Disease is the most common cause of NS in children and responds well to steroids.

Focal neurological deficits and seizures are more suggestive of encephalitis due to brain parenchymal involvement, unlike meningitis.

The knee joint is the most commonly affected in primary OA, followed by hips and small hand joints.

Schilling test measures vitamin B12 absorption, especially useful in identifying pernicious anemia.

Rome IV criteria are the diagnostic standard for Irritable Bowel Syndrome, based on recurrent abdominal pain and bowel habit changes.

Hepatitis A is transmitted via fecal–oral route, causes acute, self-limiting hepatitis, especially in children and young adults.

H. pylori infection is the leading cause of both duodenal and gastric ulcers, followed by NSAID use.

Bence Jones proteins are free light chains (kappa or lambda) excreted in urine, frequently found in multiple myeloma and light-chain disease.

Burn wounds are most commonly invaded by Pseudomonas. 

Infection with pseudomonas causes greenish tinge in the wound. 

Warfarin is not routinely used for prophylaxis of DVT.

It is used in the treatment of establushed DVT after initial anticoagulation with UF or LMWH. 

Leptospirosis is associated with hepatocellular jaundice. 

Explanation:
FFP contains clotting factors, making it essential in correcting coagulopathy or DIC, commonly seen in massive obstetric hemorrhage.
It is given based on clotting profile (e.g., prolonged PT/aPTT). Cryoprecipitate is for fibrinogen replacement specifically.

Explanation:
The ovarian and uterine arteries anastomose to supply blood to the uterus and ovaries.

Explanation:
Nuchal translucency (NT) is measured between 11–13+6 weeks. Increased NT (>3 mm) is associated with Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and other aneuploidies.
It’s part of first-trimester screening.

Explanation:
Menstruation begins due to the drop in progesterone levels leading to shedding of the endometrial lining.

Explanation:
Neonatal mortality refers to the death of a newborn within 28 days of birth in per thousands live birth.
It is divided into early neonatal mortality (0–7 days) and late neonatal mortality (8–28 days).

Explanation:
Fibromas can cause Meigs syndrome, a triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, and pleural effusion.

Explanation:
Chloramphenicol can accumulate in neonates due to immature liver metabolism and cause grey baby syndrome, which includes vomiting, cyanosis, hypotension, and death.

Explanation:
Always rule out pregnancy first in amenorrhea evaluation.
Pregnancy is the commonest cause of secondary amenorrhoea uless proved otherwise.

 

Explanation:
Cooper’s (suspensory) ligaments are fibrous bands that connect the skin to the deep fascia, helping to support the breast.
Weakening leads to sagging.

Explanation:
Progestin-only pills primarily prevent sperm penetration and implantation; ovulation may not always be suppressed.

Explanation:
Serial β-hCG levels help in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and monitoring response to treatment.
Doubling time of this hormone increased.
Level become decreased according to pregnancy

Explanation:
E. coli, a facultative anaerobe, frequently causes postpartum and post-abortal infections.

Explanation:
HCG usually begins in the first trimester, between 6 and 12 weeks of gestation, coinciding with peak levels of hCG hormone.

Explanation:
Urge incontinence results from detrusor overactivity causing sudden urges.
Urge incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine. It happens because the bladder muscles (detrusor muscles) contract uncontrollably.

Explanation:
Placental separation is often indicated by a sudden gush of blood, lengthening of the umbilical cord, and a rise of the uterus in the abdomen.

Explanation:
GFR increases by about 50%, causing lower serum creatinine and urea levels during pregnancy.