৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ মার্কেটিং [৭২১]

Specialty = narrow line, deep assortment.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retailing—Types of Retailers; Lecture‑10.

EDLP builds a consistent value image versus high-low promotional swings.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Pricing; Lecture‑10.

The “wheel” predicts up-trading over time.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retailing—Retail Life Cycle; Lecture‑10.

Corporate chains own stores; franchises are contractually separate.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Organization; Lecture‑10.

App/web ordering = e-tail.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retailing—Nonstore Retailing; Lecture‑10.

Misaligned policies create conflict and leakage.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Strategy—Omni-channel; Lecture‑10.

Convenience retail trades on proximity and speed.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Place Decisions; Lecture‑10.

Shopper-based categories, not just brand silos.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14th Edition ), Retail—Category Management; Lecture‑10.

Retailers attempt to enhance their bargaining power and the loyalty of customers.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Strategy—Own Brands; Lecture‑10.

Convenience = location/speed orientation.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retailer Types; Lecture‑10.

Merchants buy and sell on their own account.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaling—Types; Lecture‑10.

Brokers arrange deals; no title.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Agents & Brokers; Lecture‑10.

Company-owned distribution units.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaling—Manufacturers’ sales branches; Lecture‑10.

Wholesalers focus on logistics/financing/info; retailer ads are secondary.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaling—Functions; Lecture‑10.

Arbitrage drives parallel channels.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Channel Issues; Lecture‑10.

Customer service is at least the total cost.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Marketing Logistics—Objectives; Lecture‑10.

The logistics mix spans the flow operations.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Logistics—Major Decisions; Lecture‑10.

Short cycles lift service/responsiveness.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Order Processing; Lecture‑10.

Buffer for uncertainty.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Inventory Decisions; Lecture‑10.

Air is fast/costly; sea is slower/cheaper—vital for perishables.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Transportation Modes; Lecture‑10.

Outsourcing adds scale, tech, and agility.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Third-Party Logistics; Lecture‑10.

Return, refurbish, recycle.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Sustainable Logistics; Lecture‑10.

The total cost approach weighs system trade-offs.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Logistics—Total Cost Approach; Lecture‑10.

OTIF captures delivery reliability and completeness.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Logistics KPIs; Lecture‑10.

JIT reduces buffers via tight coordination.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Inventory—JIT; Lecture‑10.

Speed preserves value.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Transport Modes; Lecture‑10.

HL drives traffic with deals.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Pricing—High-Low vs EDLP; Lecture‑10.

Depth = variants within a product line; width = number of lines.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Assortment; Lecture‑10.

Franchise = system + support under contract.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail Organization—Franchises; Lecture‑10.

Core performance drives choice.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaler Strategy; Lecture‑10.

Cold chain preserves quality/shelf life.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Logistics—Cold Chains; Lecture‑10.

Slotting clusters orders to reduce miles per drop.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Last-Mile Logistics; Lecture‑10.

Customers switch or defer.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Inventory—Service Levels; Lecture‑10.

Safety for variability; cycle for planned cycles.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Inventory Basics; Lecture‑10.

4PL orchestrates end-to-end across 3PLs.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Logistics Outsourcing; Lecture‑10.

Loop routes consolidate to raise vehicle fill.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Transport Planning; Lecture‑10.

Design cues alter shopper behavior/time.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retail—Atmospherics; Lecture‑10.

Store inspection → online purchase.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Omni-channel Behavior; Lecture‑10.

Manufacturers pay for initial shelf placement.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retailer-Supplier Terms; Lecture‑10.

Limited service; buyers collect and pay cash.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaling Types; Lecture‑10.

No physical handling; arrange shipment.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaling—Drop Shippers; Lecture‑10.

Own/maintain racks, bill retailers.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Wholesaling—Rack Jobbers; Lecture‑10.

Agents facilitate without owning goods.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Agents/Brokers vs Merchants; Lecture‑10.

 A bonded warehouse allows duty/tax deferral until release; FTZ rules vary; cross-dock doesn’t defer duties.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Marketing Logistics—Warehousing Choices; Lecture-10.

Batch consolidates multiple orders to reduce travel per order line.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Warehousing—Picking Systems; Lecture-10.

Large specialty retailers that “kill” smaller rivals in a category.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Retailing—Store Formats; Lecture-10.

A higher load factor spreads the fixed transport cost over more units.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Transportation—Economies of Density; Lecture-10.

RFID reads tags without line of sight and supports real-time, item-level tracking more effectively than optical codes.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Marketing Logistics—Information Systems (tech in warehousing/inventory); Lecture-10.

Consignment transfers ownership (and inventory risk) to the supplier, easing the retailer’s working capital burden.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (Asian, 2022), Retailer–Supplier Terms & Logistics Coordination; Lecture-10.

Intermodal (containerized) transport links modes seamlessly, reducing re-handling and damage vs break-bulk.

Reference: Kotler & Armstrong (14e), Transportation Modes & Intermodal Systems; Lecture-10.