স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

Erythroblastosis fetalis-Hemolytic disease of newborn

Rickets, Fragile-X syndrome—X-linked dominant

Important findings :

1. Bleeding time-Normal
2. Clotting time- prolonged
3. APTT- prolonged
4. Prothrombin time- Normal
5. Platelet count- Normal

1.Phagocytosis
2. Antibody formation by B cell
3. Immunity by T-cell, B cell,macrophage
4. Secretion of heparin by basophil and prevent intravascular blood coagulation 
5. Antihistamine action by eosinophil
6. Eosinophils kill parasites

Vit-k dependent blood clotting factors
 1. Factor ll(prothrombin)
2. Factor Vll
3. Factor IX  
4. Factor X

Common anticoagulants used in laboratory :
1. 3.8% sodium citrate or oxalate 
2. Potassium oxalate
3. Paul Heller's mixture                                   
(1.2 gm ammonium oxalate + 0.8% potassium oxalate+100ml distilled water) 
4. Heparin
5. Warfarin
6. Normal saline
7. Dicumarol
8. EDTA

Hazards in mismatched blood transfusion / ABO/Rh incompatibility
 
A. Immediate effects:
1. Acute hemolytic reaction 
2. Shivering and restlessness
3. Nausea and vomiting 
4. Chest pain and back pain
5. Heart/respiratory rate- increased
6. Blood pressure- decreased
7. Shock

RNA three types

Messenger RNA , Ribosomal RNA, Transfer RNA

Transport processes for macromolecules:
this process also called- Functional system of cell
1.Exocytosis(Neurotransmitters,Hormones,Enzymes,Proteins)
2. Endocytosis
◆ Pinocytosis(cell drinking)-proteins,vitamins
◆ Phagocytosis(cell eating)-bacteria,dead cell, tissue debris.

Membrane must be present.

Myosin-thick filament

1^st four clotting factor are essential

Increased condensation and finally pyknosis of the nucleus

When red cells become older(120days) and fragile, they are destroyed in reticulo-endothelial system. The main destruction occurs in the capillaries of red pulp of spleen because the splenic capillaries diameter is very small. So, spleen is called ‘graveyard of RBCs’.    

Morphology of RBC
Circular, non- nucleated, biconcave disc
● Diameter  7.8 micrometer
● Thickness   2.5 micrometer at thickest point and 1 micrometer or less in the center
● Surface area 140micrometer2
● Volume    90-95 micrometer3 
● Each RBC contains 29 pg of Hb

Conditions with increased ESR

Physiological  
1.Menstruation 
2. Pregnancy 
3. High atmospheric pressure

B. Pathological 
1.Multiple myeloma
2. Malignancy 
3. MI
4. Acute rheumatic fever
5. Rheumatoid arthritis
6. SLE
7. Tuberculosis
8. Severe anemia
9. Hemorrhage

1^st four are essential