৪৮তম বিশেষ বিসিএস [স্বাস্থ্য] ⎯ মডেল টেস্ট [Archived]

Secondary hemorrhage usually occurs 7-14 days after injury.

Cause:Sloughing of the wall of a vessel

Precipitating factors:

Circumcision is contraindicated in hypospadias because the foreskin is used to reconstruct the urethra during hypospadias surgery. 

All other options here are indications for circumcision.

In children, long bones are commonly affected. Upper end of tibia, lower end of femur and upper end of femur are the commonest sites. 

In adults, vertebra is commonly affected. 

Explanation:
Permanent cells are cells that have lost the ability to divide (i.e., they are non-proliferative after birth).
Once destroyed, they cannot be replaced through mitosis.
These cells remain in the G₀ phase of the cell cycle permanently.

 Examples of Permanent Cells in the Human Body:
1. Neurons (Nerve cells) – Central nervous system neurons do not divide.
2. Cardiac muscle cells – Myocytes in the heart do not regenerate.
3. Skeletal muscle cells – Multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers are also considered permanent, although satellite cells can aid limited repair.

Explanation :
Oncogenic RNA Viruses:

1. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
– Causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.


2. Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
– Associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).

Explanation :
Examples of distribtive shock :
Septic shock
Anaphylaxis 
Spinal cord injury

Explanation:
The urea breath test is highly sensitive and specific for detecting active H. pylori infection.

Explanation :
Cytokine of acute inflammation :
TNF, IL-1, IL-6, Chemokines
Cytokine of chronic inflammation :
IL-12, Gumma interferon, IL-17, All mediators of acute inflammation 

Explanation:
Gonorrhea can be transmitted during birth, causing severe conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum).

Explanation:
Hydroxychloroquine is the mainstay of long-term therapy, reduces flares, and long term survival against SLE.

Explanation:
Graves’ disease is the most common cause, especially in younger females.
It is an autoimmune condition with TSH receptor-stimulating antibodies.

A common witness gives facts based on what they have seen, heard, or perceived.

Microscopic detection of spermatozoa is crucial in establishing intercourse.

Abrasion is a simple injury; others fall under grievous hurt.

Written reports and scientific findings are considered documentary evidence under the Evidence Act.

Doctors should report injuries and findings but not conclude whether rape occurred — that is a legal decision.

Presence of Barr body (inactive X chromosome) confirms female chromosomal sex (XX).

Respecting informed refusal is a key aspect of autonomy in medical ethics, even in life-threatening cases.

A dying declaration should ideally be recorded by a magistrate. However, in the absence of one, a doctor can record it, ensuring voluntariness and mental fitness.

This doctrine implies that the nature of the injury is so evident that negligence is presumed unless proven otherwise.

Pelvic bones show the most distinct differences between sexes and are considered the most accurate.