১.
Urine volume can be as low as ... L/day in a dehydrated person?
ব্যাখ্যা
306
Urine volume can be as low as 0.5 L/day in a dehydrated person or as high as 20 L/day in a person who has been drinking tremendous amounts of water.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
মোট প্রশ্ন৩১
সিলেবাস
Physiology-03 -
Digestion, Metabolism and Nutrition.
Kidney and body fluid - Mechanism of urine formation and concentration, Renal circulation, Renal function tests, Regulation of body fluids.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৩১ প্রশ্ন
২.
What is the basic differentiating point between plasma & ISF in case of composition?
ব্যাখ্যা
Interstitial fluid is three-fourths of the ECF. Thus, it is one-fourth of TBW. The composition of interstitial fluid is the same as that of plasma except that it has little protein. Thus, interstitial fluid is an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
৩.
Which is not a part of JG apparatus?
ব্যাখ্যা
Juxtaglomerular apparatus is formed by three different structures
• Macula densa
• Extraglomerular mesangial cells
• Juxtaglomerular cells
৪.
The average blood volume of adults is about ... of body weight?
ব্যাখ্যা
The average blood volume of adults is about 7% of body weight, or about 5 litres. About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is red blood cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on sex, weight, and other factors.
৫.
Blood is detected in urine by
ব্যাখ্যা
Orthotolidine test is used to detect blood in urine.
৬.
Which step of urine formation occurs in glomerulus
ব্যাখ্যা
Steps of urine formation
• Glomerular filtration
• Tubular reabsorption
• Tubular secretion.
Among these three processes filtration is the function of the glomerulus. Reabsorption and secretion are the functions of tubular portion of the nephron.
৭.
Secretion of which of the following substances is inhibited by low pH?
ব্যাখ্যা
Gastrin’s principal physiologic action is to increase H+ secretion. H+ secretion decreases the pH of the stomach contents. The decreased pH, in turn, inhibits further secretion of gastrin—a classic example of negative feedback.
৮.
Kidney synthesize glucose by the process of
ব্যাখ্যা
The kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting, a process referred to as gluconeogenesis. The kidneys’ capacity to add glucose to the blood during prolonged periods of fasting rivals that of the liver.
৯.
About what % of human body is fluid?
ব্যাখ্যা
60% of TBW is fluid where 40% is ICF & 20 is ECF
১০.
Net filtration pressure in glomerulas (mmHg)
১১.
To maintain normal H+ balance, total daily excretion of H+ should equal the daily
ব্যাখ্যা
Total daily production of fixed H+ from catabolism of proteins and phospholipids (plus any additional fixed H+ that is ingested) must be matched by the sum of excretion of H+ as titratable acid plus NH4+ to maintain acid–base balance.
১২.
What is the normal value of fluid (ml) we get from metabolism?
১৩.
Clearance rate is maximum for
১৪.
Which part of renal tubule is never permeable to water?
১৫.
What is the value of renal plasma flow (ml/min)?
১৬.
Maximum calories (/g) is derived from
১৭.
Ptyalin is required in digestion of
১৮.
Secretion from which part of GIT lacks digestive enzyme
১৯.
Water content is least in
২০.
Which one is acidic?
২১.
Accessory digestive organs excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
Accessory digestive organs are those which help primary digestive organs in the process of digestion. Accessory digestive organs are:
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Exocrine part of pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder
২২.
Xerostomia means
ব্যাখ্যা
Xerostomia means dry mouth. It is also called pasties or cottonmouth. It is due to hyposalivation or absence of salivary secretion (aptyalism).
২৩.
Pepsinogen is activated by
ব্যাখ্যা
Pepsin is secreted as inactive pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Optimum pH for activation of pepsinogen is below 6.
২৪.
Absence of intrinsic factor of castle may lead to
ব্যাখ্যা
Intrinsic factor of Castle, secreted by parietal cells of gastric glands plays an important role in erythropoiesis. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (which is called extrinsic factor) from GI tract into the blood. Vitamin B12 is an important maturation factor during erythropoiesis. Absence of intrinsic factor in gastric juice causes deficiency of vitamin B12, leading to pernicious anaemia.
২৫.
Factor stimulating the Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid
ব্যাখ্যা
Factors Stimulating the Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid
• Gastrin
• Histamine
• Vagal stimulation
Factors Inhibiting the Secretion of Hydrochloric Acid
• Secretin
• Gastric inhibitory polypeptide
• Peptide YY
২৬.
Source of Pepsinogen
ব্যাখ্যা
Pepsinogen is synthesized from amino acids in the ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum in chief cells. Pepsinogen molecules are packed into zymogen granules by Golgi apparatus. When zymogen granule is secreted into stomach from chief cells, the granule is dissolved and Pepsinogen is released into gastric juice. Pepsinogen is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid.
২৭.
Which of the following substances is released from neurons in the GI tract and produces smooth muscle relaxation?
ব্যাখ্যা
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a gastrointestinal (GI) neurocrine that causes relaxation of GI smooth muscle. For example, VIP mediates the relaxation response of the lower esophageal sphincter when a bolus of food approaches it, allowing passage of the bolus into the stomach.
২৮.
Which of the following is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor?
ব্যাখ্যা
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric fundus (as is HCl). It is absorbed, with vitamin B12, in the ileum.
২৯.
Uric acid is the metabolic waste product of
ব্যাখ্যা
Important waste products excreted by kidneys
Urea from protein
Uric acid from nucleic acids
Creatinine from muscle creatine
Bilirubin from Hemoglobin breakdown
৩০.
Specific gravity of urine is low in
ব্যাখ্যা
Specific gravity of urine is the measure of dissolved solutes (particles) in urine. It is low in diabetes insipidus and high in diabetes mellitus, acute renal failure and excess medications.
৩১.
Digestion of proteins starts in
ব্যাখ্যা
Digestion of proteins does not occur in mouth, since saliva does not contain any proteolytic enzymes. So, the digestion of proteins starts only in stomach