• French historian and philosopher wrote the novel 'Candide'.• তবে উল্লেখ্য যে, 'Candida' নামে মডার্ন পিরিয়ডের সাহিত্যিক G. B Shaw এর একটি play রয়েছে।
• Candide:
- এই satirical novel বা ব্যঙ্গাত্মক উপন্যাসটি ১৭৫৯ সালে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।
- It is a savage denunciation of metaphysical optimism—as espoused by the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz—that reveals a world of horrors and folly.
- লেখকের ৬৫ বছর বয়সে এই উপন্যাসটি প্রকাশিত হয়, যা তাঁর সৃষ্ট কাজগুলোর মধ্যে অন্যতম।
- উপন্যাসটি প্রকাশের পরপরই পুরো ইউরোপ জুড়ে বিভিন্ন রাজনৈতিক গোষ্ঠী এবং দল দ্বারা বিরোধীতার সম্মুখীন হয়েছিল।
- The novel was influenced by various atrocities of the mid-18th century, most notably the devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the outbreak of the horrific Seven Years’ War in the German states, and the unjust execution of the English Admiral John Byng.
- এই দার্শনিক গল্পটিকে প্রায়শই 'paradigmatic text of the Enlightenment' একটি দৃষ্টান্তমূলক পাঠ্য হিসাবে সমাদৃত করা হয়, তবে এটি 'optimistic beliefs of the Enlightenment' এর উপর একটি বিদ্রূপাত্মক আক্রমণও বটে।
- It is considered a satire of the philosophic ideas of extreme optimism summarised by “All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds.
• Major characters: - Candide,
- Pangloss,
- Cunégonde,
- Cacambo,
- The baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh,
- The Old Lady,
- Martin, etc.
• Famous quotations from the novel:
- You see, my dear friend, how fleeting the riches of this world are; there is nothing solid but virtue.
- If this is the best of all possible worlds, what must the others be like?
- Alas!' said Candide, 'it is the mania for insisting that all is well when all is by no means well.
- We must cultivate our own garden.
- Our labour preserves us from three great evils -- weariness, vice, and want.
• Voltaire (1694- 1778)- He is one of the greatest of all French writers.
- Although only a few of his works are still read, he continues to be held in worldwide repute as a courageous crusader against tyranny, bigotry, and cruelty.
• তাঁর কিছু Famous quotation -
- If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.
- Prejudice is the reason of fools.
- I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to death your right to say it.
- Common sense is not so common.
- Life is a shipwreck, but we must not forget to sing in the lifeboats.
• Best Works:
- Candide,
- The Age of Louis XIV,
- Henriade, etc.
Source: Live MCQ Lecture and Britannica.