Pathology

RBC cast is found in AGN

Severe myalgia seen in Dengue fever is named “break-bone fever”. Other presentations are sudden onset of fever, headache, retroorbital & back pain

Explanation :
Granulomatous inflammation is a form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with necrosis.
Granuloma formation is a cellular attempt to contain an offending agent that is difficult to eradicate. In this attempt there is often strong activation of T lymphocytes leading to macrophage activation, which can cause injury to normal tissues.
Epitheloid cell predominant.

Explanation :
Exfoliative cytology have diagnostic role in -
Lung carcinoma
Bladder carcinoma
Prostate carcinoma
Gastric carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma
Bronchial carcinoma
Endometrial carcinoma

Explanation: Orthotolidine test is used to detect blood in urine

Leishmenia is a hemoglagellete

Explanation :
Examples of distribtive shock :
Septic shock
Anaphylaxis 
Spinal cord injury

Explanation: Klebsiella is responsible for developing penumonia in a chronic alcholic person

Endospore formation is seen in Clostridium difficile

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 72 , Box : 4.4

Explanation: Cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer

“Ground itch,” a pruritic papule or vesicle, can occur at the site of entry of the ancylostoma larvae into the skin.

Explanation -
Reactive arthritis occurs after following infection -
Genitourinary tract ( Chlamydia) 
Gastrointestinal tract ( Shigella,Salmonella,Yersinia,Camphylobacter) 

Explanation: Malaria is caused primarily Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum. Among them Plasmodium vivax is most widely distributed and P. falciparum causes the most serious disease.

Dominant cellular player in chronic inflammation is macrophage

Explanation :
WHO criteria for metabolic syndrome -
Diabetes malitus
Blood pressure >140 /90
Dyslipidemia
Central obesity
Microalbuminuria

[Robbins 9th 43]

Explanation :
Osteoarthritis is an insidious disease 
Patient age over 50 year
Characterizes by deep, achy pain that worsens with use, morning stiffness, crepitus and limitation of range of movement. 

ESR is increased disproportionately to CRP in Bacterial endocarditis

Haematuria occurs in nephritic syndrome

Explanation :
Osteoarthritis is a most common chronic joint condition.

S. hematobium causes bladder cancer

Explanation: Ascariasis causes eosinophilia

Explanation :
Bony metastasis occurs in -
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Breast
Bronchus of lungs
Kisney
Prostrate 
Testes
Ovary

Explanation :
Cytokines are the biologically active molecules, have low molecular weight
Protein or polypertides
Distinct from hormones
Usually not present in serum because they act locally near the producing cell.

Explanation: The most useful tumour marker for pancreatic cancer is CA 19-9, of which the sensitivity and specificity for pancreatic carcinoma are 80% and 90% respectively.

Explanation: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is produced by 60% of HCCs. In HCC patients with elevated AFP levels, serial measurements can be a useful biomarker of disease progression or response to treatment

Candidiasis infection is thick curdy.

Explanation: Ascaris lumbricoides is known as the “giant roundworm.” The adults are the largest intestinal nematodes, often growing to 25 cm or more.

Explanation :
Pre renal cause of acute renal failure :
Cardiac failure
Sepsis
Blood loss
Dehydration
Vascular occlusion 

Explanation :
Causes of CKD -
Diabetes malitus (20-40%)
Interstitial disease (20-30%)
Glomerular disease
Hypertension 
SLE
PCOD
Renal artery stenosis
Unknown (5-20%)

TB is most common cause of Bronchiectasis

Explanation :
Features of innocent or benign murmur -
Soft
Mid- systolic
Heard at left sternal edge
No radiation 
No other cardiac abnormalities 
Present in anaemia,Thyrotoxicosis,Pregnancy. 

Explanation -
Arterial thrombi :
are frequently occlusive; the most common sites in decreasing order of frequency are the coronary, cerebral, and femoral arteries. They typically consist of a friable meshwork of platelets, fibrin, red cells, and degenerating leukocytes. Although these are usually superimposed on a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, other vascular injuries (vasculitis, trauma) may be the underlying cause.

Venous thrombosis (phlebothrombosis)- is almost invariably occlusive, with the thrombus forming a long luminal cast. Because these thrombi form in the sluggish venous circulation, they tend to contain more enmeshed red cells (and relatively few platelets) and are therefore known as red thrombi or stasis thrombi. Venous thrombi are firm, are focally attached to the vessel wall. 

Explanation: Although most clinical syndromes are caused by zoonotic transmission of parasites from animals to humans through phlebotomine sandfly vectors

Leishmania is a hemoflagellete

Explanation :
Acute phase proteins :
CRP,Ceruloplasmin,Cryoglobulin
Serum amyloid A protein 
Fibrinogen
Ceruloplasmin
Heptoglobin
Ferritin
Lactoferrin

[Robbins 9th 278]

Submucosal coat forms floor of bacillary ulcer

Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis is a form of necrosis in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for a span of at least some days .
The affected tissue has a firm texture. Presumably, the injury denatures not only structural proteins but also enzymes and so blocks the proteolysis of the dead cells; as a result, intensely eosinophilic cells with indistinct or reddish nuclei may persist for days or weeks.
Ultimately, the necrotic cells are broken down by the action of lysosomal enzymes derived from infiltrating leukocytes, which also remove the debris of the dead cells by phagocytosis. Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to coagulative necrosis of the supplied tissue in all organs except the brain (see next paragraph for explanation).
A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called an infarct.

Explanation: Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis classically involves the apex of the upper lobes of one or both lungs

Explanation :
Obstructive pulmonary disease -
Asthma
COPD

Explanation -
Causes of down syndrome -
Non dysjunction ( 94%)
Mosaicism ( 2%)
Robertsonian translocation ( 4%)

Endogenous pigment that accumulates inside the cell is lipofuscin

Signet ring is present in P. falciparum

Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue is called edema

MS is a demyelinating disease

Explanation -
A hapten is a substance that can combine with a specific antibody but lacks antigenicity of its own.
Many small molecules of Mr < 1000 such as toxins, drugs and hormones are not capable of invoking immune response when injected directly into animals.
Non protein substance
They are thus not immunogenic by themselves, and are called haptens.

Type-1 respiratory failure occurs in lobar collapse

Explanation: Adenocarcinoma is the most common cancers in non-smokers.

Explanation :
Congenital cyanotic heart disease :
Fallot's tetralogy
Transposition of the great vessels
Severe ebstain anomaly
Tricuspid atresia
Pulmonary atresia
Severe pumonary stenosis

Congenital acyanotic heart disease -
ASD
VSD
PDA
Coarctation of aorta
Congenital aoryuc stenosis

The richest source of histamine is mast cell

Explanation: Other causes of Atypical pneumonia are : Psittacosis, Q fever, Legionella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Explanation :
Chronic inflammation is characterized by the
following:
• Infiltration with mononuclear cells, which include macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.
• Tissue destruction, induced by the persistent offending agent or by the inflammatory cells.
• Attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue, accomplished by angiogenesis (proliferation of small blood vessels) and, in particular, fibrosis.

Explanation -
LP is essential or extremely useful in the diagnosis of bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral central nervous system (CNS) infections and, in certain settings, to aid in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), demyelinating diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome and other inflammatory disorders,cerebral abscess,Neurosyphilis, Brain tumor,Acute poliomyelitis. 

Explanation: ‘Oligoclonal Band’ in CSF is a typical feature of Multiple sclerosis

• In lobar pneumonia, four stages of the inflammatory response have classically been described: congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution.

Explanation :
Barr body :
Tightly coiled clump of chromatin
Found microacopically in interphase of cell
Presents in lining of the check ( buccal mucosa)
Absent in normal male

Explanation -
Components of acquired immunity :
B & T lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Macrophage 
NK cell
Cytokine
Complement
CD4 and CD8 T cell

Explanation :
Defect in hormone :
Achondroplasia 
Hypochondroplasia
Osteopetrosis
Thalantophoric dysplasia
Defect in extracellular structural proteins -
Osteogenesis imperfecta

Explanation: Campylobacter species have been linked to GBS & post infectious reactive arthritis.

Explanation :
Signs of cord compression -
Above C5 : Spastic quadriplagia
C5-T1 : LMN signs in in upper arm,UMN sign in lower leg
Thoracic cord : Spastic paraplegia 
Cauda equina : Flaccid paraplegia. 

Cellular swelling, Loss of microvilli, ER swelling, Clumping of nuclear chromatin example of reversible injury.

Explanation -
Hyperemia is an active process in which arteriolar dilation (e.g., at sites of inflammation or in skeletal muscle during exercise) leads to increased blood flow. Affected tissues turn red (erythema) because of increased delivery of oxygenated blood. 
Sympathetic activation play a role.

Explanation :
Bacterial spores are small oval or spherical structures that are very resistant to high temperatures, radiation, desiccation, and chemical agents.
When they are formed intracellularly, they are called endospore.
The bacterial cell producing spore is called vegetative cell.

Explanation :
IBS is characterized by chronic,relapsing,abdominal pain,bloating,and changes in bowel habits.
Peak prevalence 20-40 years
Related to menstruation of a women

Explanation -
Features of raised ICP :
Severe headache.
Blurred vision.
Feeling less alert than usual.
Vomiting.
Changes in your behavior.
Weakness or problems with moving or talking.
Lack of energy or sleepiness.
Seizure.

Explanation: Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor in coronary artery disease

Explanation :
Causes of hyperurecemia :
Age : 20-30 years
Genetic predisposition  
Heavy alcohol consumption 
Obesity
Thiazide diuretics
Lead toxicity

Explanation: Others are the features of nephrotic syndrome.

Explanation -
Causes of flaccid paraplegia :
Guillain Barre Syndrome ( GBS) 
Peripheral neuropathy 
Hypokalemic or hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Myopathy
Poliomyelitis 
Rediculopathy
Tabes dorsalis
Cauda equina syndrome 
Myesthenia gravis & Lambert -eaton syndrome 

Explanation: P. vivax and P. ovale may persist in liver cells as dormant forms, hypnozoites, capable of developing into merozoites months or years later.

Common organism of meningitis in neonate is E. coli

Protooncogene is converted to oncogene by translocation

Keloid is excess production of scar tissue that is out of proportion to the wound

Explanation: proteus produces swarming growth. & produces alkaline urine that leads to stone formation.

Explanation :
ECG findings in acute MI -
ST elevation ( most accurate) 
Also, ST depration
   T inversion.

Explanation: RDT-Malaria, NS1-Dengue, rK39 for Kala-azar

Ancylostoma duodenale passes thrpugh lung in its life cycle

Sandfly is vector for kala-azar

Non capsular Organisms - Cryptosporidium spp.

Explanation: Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of coronary artery disease

Explanation :
Complications of peptic ulcer disease -
Bleeding (15-20%) 
Perforation (5%)
Obstruction (2%)

Astrocytoma is commonest glial tumour

The limiting pH of urine is 4.5

• Torpor (noun) [uncountable noun, countable noun]
English Meaning: The state of not being active and having no energy or enthusiasm.
Bangla Meaning: অসাড় অবস্থা।
   
Synonyms: Apathy (উদাসীনতা; অনীহা), Idleness (আলস্য; আলসেমি), Lethargy (আলস্য; তন্দ্রা), Numbness (অসাড়তা), Spiritlessness (নির্জীবতা)।
Antonyms: Vigour (তেজ; বলবত্তা), Energy (কর্মশক্তি), Animation (সজীবতা; প্রাণচঞ্চলতা), Live (প্রাণবন্ত), Heartiness (আন্তরিকতা)।

• অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - 
• Tacit (adjective)
English Meaning: Understood without being expressed directly.
Bangla Meaning: অনুক্ত; নীরব; মৌন; মানস: tacit consent, মানসানুজ্ঞা: tacit agreement, নীরব/মৌনসম্মতি।

• Tortuous (adjective)
English Meaning: Full of twists and turns; not straight or direct.
Bangla Meaning: আঁকাবাঁকা: a tortuous path; (লাক্ষণিক) জটিল, প্যাঁচানো: a tortuous man.

• Toady (Noun)
English Meaning: A person who is too kind or shows too much respect towards somebody more important in order to gain their favour or help.
Bangla Meaning: হীন মোসাহেব; চাটুকার।

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

Explanation -
Painless haematuria :
Glomerulonephritis 
Tumors of the kidney,ureter,bladder or prostate
Tuberculosis
Interstitial nephritis
Coagulation disorder

Painful haematuria :
Urinary tract infections
Renal calculi
Loin pain haematuria syndrome 

All other are lesion in neurosyphilis

Explanation -
Chlamydia trachomatis causes -
Uretheritis,
Pneumonia
Conjunctivitis
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Trachoma.