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Complex Sentence

মোট প্রশ্ন৪৮৪এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Complex Sentence

PrepBank · পাতা / · ১০০ / ৪৮৪

.
'They invested in stocks so that they could build wealth for their retirement.' - Which kind of sentence is this?
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Complex sentence
  3. Compound sentence
  4. Imperative sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী -They invested in stocks so that they could build wealth for their retirement. - এই বাক্যটি হচ্ছে - Complex sentence.
.
No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away. What type of sentence is this?
  1. ক) Optative
  2. খ) Compound
  3. গ) Simple
  4. ঘ) Complex
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যটিতে ২টি Clause আছে।
একটি Principal Clause (No sooner had the thief seen the police) এবং একটি Subordinate Clause (than he ran away) আছে।
তাই বাক্যটি একটি Complex Sentence.
.
Transform the simple sentence "In spite of having many friends, he often feels isolated." into a complex sentence.
  1. Though he had many friends, he often felt isolated.
  2. Though he had many friends, he often feels isolated.
  3. Although he has many friends, he often feels isolated.
  4. Despite of he had many friends, he often feels isolated.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple Sentence: In spite of his having many friends, he often feels lonely.
Complex Sentence: Although he has many friends, he often feels lonely.

In spite of → Though
• In spite of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
→ In spite এর পরিবর্তে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Example:
Simple Sentence: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex Sentence: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.
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The puzzle is too hard to solve. (Make it complex)
  1. The puzzle is so that hard and it can not be solved.
  2. The puzzle is hard that it can not be solved.
  3. The puzzle is too hard that it can not be solved.
  4. The puzzle is so hard that it can not be solved.
ব্যাখ্যা

Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple sentence: The puzzle is too hard to solve.
Complex sentence: The puzzle is so hard that it can not be solved.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

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The complex form of the sentence:
Because of the rain, we canceled the tour.
  1. Although it was raining, we canceled the tour.
  2. Since it was raining, we canceled the tour.
  3. Since it was raining, we should cancel the tour.
  4. As it is raining, we canceled the tour.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Simple: Because of the rain, we canceled the tour.
- Complex: Since it was raining, we canceled the tour.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে since/As বসে,
- subject বসে,
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

• More example:
- Simple: Because of his hard work, he passed the exam.
- Complex: Since he worked hard, he passed the exam.
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She is young, but she is very responsible. [Complex]
  1. While she is young, she is very responsible.
  2. She is young, so that she is very responsible.
  3. Since she is young, she is very responsible.
  4. Although she is young, she is very responsible.
ব্যাখ্যা

Compound: She is young, but she is very responsible.
Complex: Although she is young, she is very responsible.

• Compound Sentence এ but থাকলে Complex Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Though/Although ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- “but” conjunction দ্বারা দুটি বিপরীত বা বৈপরীত্য প্রকাশ করা হয়। Complex sentence-এ একই অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে আমরা ব্যবহার করি although/though.

More Examples:
Compound sentence: He is poor but he is honest.
Complex Sentence: Though he is poor, he is honest.

Compound Sentence: The weather was gloomy, but the atmosphere was cheerful. 
Complex Sentence: Though the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.

Other options,
ক) While she is young, she is very responsible. → সাধারণত “while” temporal বা contrast হিসেবে ব্যবহার হয়, কিন্তু এই context-এ “although” ভালো মানায়।

খ) She is young, so that she is very responsible. → purpose বোঝায়, এখানে সম্পর্ক নেই।

গ) Since she is young, she is very responsible. → কারণ বোঝায়, কিন্তু মূল বাক্যে contrast আছে।

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We eat to live. (complex)
  1. We eat and want to live.
  2. We eat so that we may live.
  3. We eat so that we could live.
  4. Although we eat, we live.
ব্যাখ্যা
'We eat to live.'- এটি একটি Simple Sentence. 

• Simple Sentence এ  infinitive to থাকলে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম: 
-  to এর স্থলে In order that অথবা So that যুক্ত sub-ordinate clause ব্যবহৃত হয়
- এরপর noun phrase + may/might বসবে। 
- Present tense এর ক্ষেত্রে may এবং Past tense এর ক্ষেত্রে might বসে। 

• নিয়মানুসারে সঠিক উত্তর - We eat so that we may live.

Examples: 
Simple: We earn money in order to live a happy life. 
Complex: We earn money so that we may live a happy life. 

Simple: He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 
Complex: He studied hard so that he might pass the exam. 

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.
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The writer was poor and could not taste the caviar. (Complex)
  1. ক) Despite the writer was poor, he could not taste the caviar.
  2. খ) Since the writer was poor, he could not taste the caviar.
  3. গ) Because of the writers being poor, he could not taste the caviar.
  4. ঘ) As though the writer was poor, he could not taste the caviar.
ব্যাখ্যা

And যুক্ত Compound Sentence এর একটি clause যদি অন্যটির কারণ বা সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত compound Sentence টিকে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে নীচের নিয়মটি অনুসরণ করতে হয়-

প্রথম Sentence-এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে + প্রথম sentence বসে + and এর পরিবর্তে comma (,) কমা বসে + দ্বিতীয় Sentence বসে।

বিঃ দ্রঃ- কারণ বুঝালে since /as বসে এবং সময় বুঝালে when বসে। Complex Sentence এর দুটি Clause-এ Subject বসাতে হয়।

Compound: The writer was poor and could not taste the caviar.
Complex: Since the writer was poor, he could not taste the caviar.

.
Which one is a complex sentence?
  1. ক) You know me to be straightforward.
  2. খ) You know that I am straightforward
  3. গ) I am straightforward and you know that.
  4. ঘ) I am straightforward yet you know that.
ব্যাখ্যা

A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. It works best when you need to provide more information to explain or modify your sentence's main point.
আমরা দেখতে পাচ্ছি যে, অপশন B-তে You know একটি Independent Clause এবং that I am straightforward একটি Dependent clause। তাই, এটি Complex Sentence।

১০.
Change into a complex sentence:
Besides being a teacher, he is a writer.
  1. He is a teacher, he is a writer.
  2. He is not only a teacher but also a writer.
  3. Though he is a teacher, he is a writer.
  4. He is both a writer and a teacher.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Correct Answer: গ) "Though he is a teacher, he is a writer."

• Besides being a teacher, he is a writer.
- মূল বাক্যটি একটি simple sentence, যেখানে "Besides being a teacher" একটি prepositional phrase.
- একটি complex sentence হলো এমন বাক্য যাতে একটি প্রধান clause ও একটি subordinate clause থাকে।
- Option গ) "Though he is a teacher, he is a writer." - এখানে "Though he is a teacher" একটি subordinate clause এবং বাকিটুকু main clause.
- এটি মূল বাক্যের অর্থ ঠিকভাবে প্রকাশ করে - যে ব্যক্তি শিক্ষক হলেও লেখক হিসেবেও পরিচিত।
- তাই option গ) একটি যথার্থ complex sentence এবং সঠিক উত্তর।

• Other options:
ক) He is a teacher, he is a writer.
- ভুল, কারণ এটি দুটি simple sentence - এটি compound বা complex নয়।

খ) He is not only a teacher but also a writer.
- ভুল, কারণ এটি একটি compound sentence, complex sentence নয়।

ঘ) He is both a writer and a teacher.
- ভুল, কারণ এটি একটি simple sentence এবং complex নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১১.
Which one is a complex sentence?
  1. The writer took a cabin and it was small.
  2. The writer took a cabin but it was small.
  3. The writer took a cabin to have a small one.
  4. The writer took a cabin that was small.
ব্যাখ্যা
ব্যাখ্যা:
যে Sentence-এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে তাকে Complex Sentence বলে। এই বাক্যে that was small অংশটি Subordinate clause এবং পূর্ববর্তী অংশটি Principal Clause।
১২.
Fight confidently, otherwise you cannot defeat them. (Make complex)
  1. ক) If you fight confidently, you cannot defeat them.
  2. খ) If you not fight confidently, you cannot defeat them.
  3. গ) Unless you fight confidently, you cannot defeat them.
  4. ঘ) Unless you don’t fight confidently, you cannot defeat them.
ব্যাখ্যা
Imperative Sentence এর পর or/ otherwise থাকলে Complex Sentence এ If not/ Unless বসে।
Unless নিজেই negative হওয়ায় এর পর আর কোনো no/not ইত্যাদি বসানো যাবে না।  
১৩.
Taslima wants to learn piano. (Make it complex)
  1. Taslima wants so that she will learn piano.
  2. Taslima wants that she will be learn piano.
  3. As Taslima wants, she will learn piano.
  4. Taslima wants so therefore she will learn piano.
  5. Taslima wants that she will learn piano.
ব্যাখ্যা
• To + Verb - Object বা Object সদৃশ হলে Complex Sentence এ that + Clause বসে।
এখানে To + Verb টি guitar- Noun এর অনন্তর্নিহিত Verb এর Object সদৃশ হয়েছে।

- মূল Clause এর Verb (wants) present Tense হওয়ায়, এ Clause টাও present Tense এ হবে।
- তবে to + verb সাধারণত Future Indicate করে, তাই এখানে Future (will) হবে। 
- তবে মনে রাখতে হবে, to + verb  যদি উদ্দেশ্য বুঝানোর জন্য আসে, তখন সাধারণত so that বা in order that যুক্ত Clause বসে।

• Simple Sentence: Taslima wants to learn piano.
• Complex Sentence: Taslima wants that she will learn piano.
১৪.
The question is too difficult to solve. (Make it complex)
  1. The question is too difficult that it can not be solved.
  2. The question is so difficult that it can not be solved.
  3. The question is so that difficult and it can not be solved.
  4. The question is difficult that it can not be solved.
ব্যাখ্যা
Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

Simple: The question is too difficult to solve.
Complex: The question is so difficult that it can not be solved.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৫.
He is too poor to pay the rent. (Make it Complex).
  1. He is very poor and can not pay the rent.
  2. He is so poor that he can not pay the rent.
  3. He is not rich and can not pay the rent.
  4. He has no money to pay the rent.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Correct Answer: খ) He is so poor that he can not pay the rent.

- "He is too poor to pay the rent" একটি Simple Sentence.
- "Too...to" কাঠামোটি Complex করার নিয়ম হলো:

→ so + adjective + that + subject + cannot + verb এর বাকি অংশ।

তাই সঠিক রূপ হবে:
- "He is so poor that he can not pay the rent."
- সে এতটাই গরিব যে ভাড়া দিতে পারে না।

• Other options:

ক) He is very poor and cannot pay the rent. → Compound sentence, not complex.

গ) He is not rich and can not pay the rent. → অর্থ ভিন্ন ও compound.

ঘ) He has no money to pay the rent. → অর্থ কাছাকাছি, কিন্তু কাঠামো ভিন্ন (Simple sentence).

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
১৬.
The thief entered my room and at that very moment I woke up. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) When the thief entered my room, I woke up.
  2. খ) If the thief entered my room, I woke up.
  3. গ) After the thief entered my room, I woke up.
  4. ঘ) As soon as the thief entered my room, I woke up.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound Sentence এ and at that very moment (এবং ঠিক ঐ মুহুর্তেই) থাকলে Complex Sentence এ As soon as (করতে না করতেই/ হতে না হতেই) বসে। 
তাই উপরোক্ত বাক্যটির complex form হবে:  As soon as the thief entered my room, I woke up.
১৭.
A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others. [complex]
  1. A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
  2. A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
  3. A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
  4. A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
Complex: A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে।

Example:
Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex: A boy who is industrious can shine in life.

১৮.
The robin sings in spring. (Complex) 
  1. The robin sings at spring. 
  2. It is spring, the robin sings. 
  3. At the age of spring while robin sings.
  4. The robin sings when it is spring.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple to complex:
• Simple sentence-এ in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon, at night, in the spring, in winter, in autumn ইত্যাদি থাকে,
তাহলে tense অনুযায়ী উপরের phrases গুলোর পূর্বে when it is/was বসে + যে phrase টি দেয়া থাকে সে phrase টি বসে।
যেমন-
Simple: The robin sings in spring.
Complex: The robin sings when it is spring.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain.
১৯.
They had helped us a lot and we just tried to return their benevolence. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) When they had helped us a lot, we just tried to return their benevolence.
  2. খ) We just tried to return their benevolence, for they had helped us a lot.
  3. গ) Since they had helped us a lot, we just tried to return their benevolence.
  4. ঘ) If they had helped us a lot, we just tried to return their benevolence.
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যের অর্থ : তারা আমাদেরকে অনেক সাহায্য করেছে; আর আমরা শুধু চেষ্টা করেছি তাদের উদারতার প্রতিদান দিতে। 
উভয় Clause এর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক হচ্ছে কারণ- ফলাফল এর। অর্থাৎ তারা আমাদের অনেক সাহায্য করেছিল এ কারণেই আমরা তাদের প্রতিদান দিতে চেষ্টা করেছি। 
Complex Sentence এ কারণ বর্ণনাকারী Clause এর আগে ‍As/Since/Because বসবে।  তাই সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।
খ- কারণ অর্থে for -Conjunction হিসেবে ব্যবহার করলে সেটা Compound Sentence হয়, Complex নয়।
২০.
The sentence which has a relative pronoun is-
  1. ক) Simple
  2. খ) Compound
  3. গ) Complex
  4. ঘ) None of them
ব্যাখ্যা

Relative Pronoun:
Who, whom, which, that, whose ইত্যাদি। এর পূর্বে সবসময় ‍antecedent থাকতে হবে।
কোন বাক্যে Relative Pronoun থাকলে তা নিঃসন্দেহে complex sentence.
উৎসঃ Advanced Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain & A passage to the English Language- S.M. Jakir Hussain & English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy

২১.
The complex form of:
The task was difficult, but they completed it on time.
  1. If the task was difficult, they completed it on time.
  2. Since the task was difficult, they completed it on time.
  3. Although the task was difficult, they completed it on time.
  4. The task was difficult, and they completed it on time.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Compound Sentence: The task was difficult, but they completed it on time.
- Complex Sentence: Although the task was difficult, they completed it on time.

• But যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার এর ক্ষেত্রে,
- প্রথমে Though/Although ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- তারপর ১ম clause টি বসে।
- but উঠে গিয়ে ২য় clause টি বসে।

• More Examples:
- Compound Sentence: The journey was challenging, but the destination was rewarding.
- Complex Sentence: Though the journey was challenging, the destination was rewarding.

• Complex Sentence: 
→ যে sentence- এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
→ Complex Sentence এর Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
→ but দ্বারা দুইটি clause -এর contraction বোঝায়, তাই though, although (contraction) ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
→ Since/as/if দ্বারা contraction বোঝায় না।
২২.
I fell asleep at the time of listening to the lecture. (Make it complex)
  1. I fell asleep when I am listening to the lecture.
  2. I fell asleep when I was listening to the lecture.
  3. I fell asleep and I was listening to the lecture.
  4. I fell asleep when I listened to the lecture.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Simple sentence এ যদি at the time of থাকে তাহলে simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- at the time of এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।
- প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause টি I was listening to the lecture. হয়েছে। 

• Simple Sentence: I fell asleep at the time of listening to the lecture.
• Complex Sentence: I fell asleep when I was listening to the lecture.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

২৩.
Rafique called me at the time of swimming. (Make it complex)
  1. Rafique called me when I am swimming.
  2. Rafique called me when I was swimming.
  3. Rafique called me and I was swimming.
  4. Rafique called me when I was swam.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple sentence- এ যদি at the time of থাকে তাহলে simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।
- at the time of এর পরিবর্তে when বসে।
- প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause টি I was swimming হয়েছে। 

Simple Sentence: Rafique called me at the time of swimming.
Complex Sentence: Rafique called me when I was swimming.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
২৪.
Make the following sentence into a complex sentence:
"Because of their playing well, they won the game."
  1. Since they play well, they won the game.
  2. Though they played well, they won the game.
  3. Since they played well, they won the game. 
  4. They played well so that they won the game.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: গ) Since they played well, they won the game.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- “Because of” সাধারণত noun phrase বা gerund নিয়ে শুরু হয়।
- “Because of” সরিয়ে Since বসাতে হয়।
- তারপরে subject + verb বসাতে হয়।
- বাক্যের শেষে comma দিয়ে মূল clause বসাতে হয়।
Structure: Since + subject + verb + (adjective/noun/phrase), + main clause.

Given Sentence (Simple): "Because of their playing well, they won the game."
Correct Complex Form: Since they played well, they won the game.
 
Other Options:
ক) Since they play well, they won the game.
- Tense mismatch: “play” (present) + “won” (past)। Tense mismatch-এর কারণে এটি সঠিক নয়।
খ) Though they played well, they won the game.
- “Though” ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে → contrast বোঝায়, কিন্তু here it’s a reason/cause. তাই সঠিক নয়।
ঘ) They played well so that they won the game.
- “so that” ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে → এটি purpose বোঝায়, কিন্তু original meaning শুধু কারণ বোঝাচ্ছে। তাই সঠিক নয়।

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.

২৫.
Murphy knows Mr. Rashid. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) Mr. Rashid is known to Murphy.
  2. খ) Murphy knows who is Mr. Rashid.
  3. গ) Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
  4. ঘ) Murphy knows that who Mr. Rashid is.
ব্যাখ্যা
** If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you have to find a word which you can expand into a clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb.

Example:
Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocent.  
এখানে আমরা innocence শব্দটিকে সিলেক্ট করে একটি verb এনে আরেকটি clause তৈরি করেছি। innocence একটি noun, তাই এই clause  টি একটি noun clause.

More Examples of noun clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.

Simple: I prayed for your job.
Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job.
২৬.
When I was reading a book, he came. It is a ____.
  1. ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ) Complex Sentence
  3. গ) Compound sentence
  4. ঘ) Exclamatory sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রদত্ত বাক্যে ‘When I was reading a book’ একটি sub-ordinate clause থাকায় বাক্যটি Complex Sentence. এর অর্থ - সে এসেছিল যখন আমি একটি বই পড়ছিলাম।
২৭.
Which is the correct complex form of the sentence?
'A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.'
  1. A man who is corrupt cannot respect others.
  2. A man does not respect others who are corrupt.
  3. A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
  4. A man who can win the respect of others cannot be corrupt.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

• Example:
Simple - An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex - A boy who is industrious can shine in life. 

- তাই, সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে - A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
২৮.
Identify the complex sentence from below.
  1. ক) They went for a walk in the park
  2. খ) Although she was tired, she stayed up to finish her project
  3. গ) Read attentively.
  4. ঘ) He went to the store and bought some groceries
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী -Although she was tired, she stayed up to finish her project হচ্ছে complex sentence.

• অন্য অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে - 
ক) They went for a walk in the park - Simple sentence.
গ) Read attentively - Imperative sentence.
ঘ) He went to the store and bought some groceries - Compound sentence.

২৯.
‘The plane will take off provided that the weather is fine’. This is a –
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Complex sentence
  3. Compound sentence
  4. Imperative sentence
ব্যাখ্যা

Complex sentence গঠিত হয় Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Sub-ordinate clause এর সমন্বয়ে।
আলোচ্য বাক্যে‘The plane will take off’ Principal clause এবং ‘provided that the weather is fine’Sub-ordinate clause হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
অতএব, এটা একটা Complex sentence।

৩০.
They were very thirsty and they could not speak. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) As they were very thirsty, they could not speak.
  2. খ) They were very thirsty so that they could not speak.
  3. গ) They were very thirsty in order that they could not speak.
  4. ঘ) When they were very thirsty, they could not speak.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound sentence এ "কারণ + And + ফলাফল" - এই structure থাকলে Complex করার সময়
"As/ Since/ Because + কারণ + ফলাফল" - structure follow করতে হয়।

সে অনুসারে প্রদত্ত বাক্যের সঠিক Complex form: As they were very thirsty, they could not speak.
৩১.
Which one of the following is a complex sentence?
  1. ক) If I know this before!
  2. খ) Do you not repent for this?
  3. গ) A villain alone can do it
  4. ঘ) I know why he is silent
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex sentence এ সাধারণত একটি প্রধান (principal) clause এবং এক বা একাধিক নির্ভরশীল (subordinate) clause থাকে। অর্থাৎ কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকে। এ ছাড়া Complex Sentence এ Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, As, because, since, for, as if, If, Though, Although, after, before, Where, When, While, How, that, So that, In order that, Till, Until. Lest. Unless, in case, Than ইত্যাদি দ্বারা একাধিক clause যুক্ত থাকে।
৩২.
Change the sentence.
Having done this, he went away. (Complex Sentence)
  1. When he had done this he went away.
  2. He went away so he had done this.
  3. He went away doing this.
  4. Therefore he done this he went away.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence to Complex Sentence: (Having + Verb এর past participle form যুক্ত)
• Structure: Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসে + Subject + had + Verb এর past participle form + বাকী অংশ।

- Simple: Having done this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had done this he went away.
- এ বাক্যে প্রথমেই Having এর পরিবর্তে When বসেছে।
- তারপর Subject - he বসেছে।
- এরপর had + Verb এর past participle form - done বসেছে।
- বাকী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।

• এ জাতীয় আরোও একটি উদাহরণ - 
- Simple: Having told this, he went away.
- Complex: When he had told he went away.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English Grammer & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.
৩৩.
In 1901, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. (Make it complex)
  1. It was in the year 1901 since the first Nobel Prizes were awarded.
  2. When it was 1901, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded.
  3. It was in the year 1901 while the first Nobel Prizes were awarded.
  4. While it was 1901, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence এ ‘In/At the the time of/on/at/ at the very moment’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ When বসে।
- When দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর - When it was 1901, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded. 

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৩৪.
Transform it into a complex sentence:
Without water, plants die.
  1. If there is no water, plants die.
  2. Since there is water, plants grow.
  3. Because of no water, plants grow.
  4. As water is available, plants die.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) If there is no water, plants die.

• Without water, plants die.
- মূল বাক্যটি একটি simple sentence, কারণ এখানে শুধু একটি main idea আছে:
- “Without water, plants die” = জল না থাকলে গাছ মরে।
- Complex sentence করতে হলে subordinate clause ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- “If there is no water, plants die” → এটি একটি complex sentence, কারণ “if” clause subordinate।

• Other options:
খ) Since there is water, plants grow. → এটা বিপরীত অর্থ প্রকাশ করে।

গ) Because of no water, plants grow. → অর্থ অসঙ্গত এবং grammatically awkward.

ঘ) As water is available, plants die. → অর্থ বিরোধপূর্ণ এবং যুক্তিহীন।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৩৫.
Transform into a complex sentence: "An honest man is respected."
  1. The man who is honest is respected. 
  2. The man being honest is respected.
  3. The man is honest and is respected.
  4. The man is so honest that he was respected.
ব্যাখ্যা

Correct Answer: ক) The man who is honest is respected.

• Rule: Adjective + Noun যুক্ত Simple → Complex.
 যদি কোনো বাক্যে Adjective + Noun থাকে (যেমন: An honest man), সেটিকে Complex Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার জন্য:
- প্রথমে article (a/an/the) বসে।
- তারপর adjective-এর পরের noun বসে।
- এরপর relative pronoun (who/which/that) বসাতে হয়।
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে।
- Adjective বসে।
- বাক্যের বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে।
অর্থাৎ যদি কোনো বাক্যে Adjective + Noun থাকে (যেমন: An honest man), সেটিকে Complex Sentence-এ রূপান্তর করার জন্য প্রথমে article (a/an/the) বসাতে হয়। এরপর adjective-এর পরের noun বসে। তারপর noun-এর পরে একটি relative pronoun (who/which/that) বসাতে হয়। Relative pronoun-এর পরে tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে এবং adjective বসানো হয়। সবশেষে বাক্যের বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। 
• Structure: Article + noun + relative pronoun + verb + adjective + বাক্যের বাকি অংশ। 

উল্লিখিত প্রশ্নের মাঝে,
Given Simple Sentence: An honest man is respected.
Correct Complex Sentence: The man who is honest is respected.

Other options:

খ) The man being honest is respected. - এখানে being honest ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, কিন্তু Complex Sentence-এ relative pronoun (who) ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
গ) The man is honest and is respected. - এখানে and ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, যা Compound Sentence তৈরি করেছে, Complex নয়।
ঘ) The man is so honest that he was respected. - এখানে so…that ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে, যা অন্য ধরনের Complex structure, কিন্তু adjective+noun → relative clause নিয়মে নয়।

Example Sentence:
Simple Sentence: A kind person helps others.
Complex Sentence: A person who is kind helps others.
Simple Sentence: The ancient book contains secrets.
Complex Sentence: The book which is ancient contains secrets.

৩৬.
He was hungry and he ate immediately. [Complex]
  1. He was hungry, he ate immediately.
  2. Since he was hungry, so he ate immediately.
  3. As he was hungry, so he ate immediately.
  4. As he was hungry, he ate immediately.
ব্যাখ্যা

Compound: He was hungry and he ate immediately.
Complex: As he was hungry, he ate immediately.

Compound to complex: And যুক্ত Compound কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- Sentence এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে,
- প্রথম Sentence বসে,
- and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে,
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে।
Structure: Since/As/When + প্রথম Sentence + and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী,
Compound: She was tired and could not complete the assignment.
Complex: As she was tired, she could not complete the assignment.

Source: Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain

৩৭.
Fill in the blank: __________ it is small, the apartment is cozy and well-decorated.
  1. Despite
  2. As
  3. Although
  4. Even
ব্যাখ্যা
Complete Sentence: Although it is small, the apartment is cozy and well-decorated.

Although - যদিও, যদ্যপি।
- Although থাকলে দুইটি clause সাধারণত একই tense-এ থাকে এবং দুইি বিপরীতধর্মী ধারণা প্রকাশ করে ।
- Although দ্বারা দুটি clause যুক্ত হয় আর although বাক্যের শুরুতে ব্যবহৃত হলে দুটি clause এর মাঝে comma ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
- Although যুক্ত বাক্য Complex Sentence হয়।

Example Sentence:
1. Although she is tired, she continues to work diligently.
2. Although they are young, they are incredibly skilled.
3. Although the restaurant is crowded, the service is efficient.

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৩৮.
In case of studying regularly, you will do well in the exam. [Complex]
  1. Studying regularly, you will do well in the exam.
  2. Unless you study regularly, you will do well in the exam.
  3. Unless you don't study regular, you will do well in the exam.
  4. If you study regularly, you will do well in the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
Simple: In case of studying regularly, you will do well in the exam.
Complex: If you study regularly, you will do well in the exam.

• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
-  in case of এর পরিবর্তে  if বসে,
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- Adjective /Noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

Simple: In case of working hard, you will prosper in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will prosper in life.

• Unless নিজেই negative অর্থ প্রদান করে বিধায় এর সাথে আর কোনো negative শব্দ বসাতে হয় না।
৩৯.
Make it complex: In case of studying hard, you will pass the exam.
  1. You study hard that you will pass the exam.
  2. You study hard so that you will pass the exam.
  3. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
  4. Studying hard, you will pass the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Simple to complex:

• By/ In case of যুক্ত simple sentence টি যদি Modal auxiliary যোগে গঠিত হয়, তবে তা complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
-  in case of এর পরিবর্তে  if বসে
- Subject বসে 
- Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

Simple: In case of studying hard, you will pass the exam.
Complex: If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
৪০.
Identify the complex sentence.
  1. She bought a new dress, and she wore it to the party.
  2. He is not only a good singer but also a great dancer.
  3. Seeing the police, the thief ran away.
  4. The book that I read last night was interesting.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence:
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
যেমন:
- The book that I read last night was interesting.
- Even though she was tired, she stayed up late to finish her project.

• অন্যদিকে,
• Simple sentence:
- A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে।
- Seeing the police the thief ran away.
- যেমন: The sun shines brightly in the sky.

• Compound sentence:
- এ একের অধিক principal clause থাকে যাদেরকে co-ordinate clause বলা হয়।
- অর্থাৎ Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি coordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
-যেমন:
- He is not only a good singer but also a great dancer.
- She bought a new dress and she wore it to the party.
- The movie was really interesting, but it was quite long.
৪১.
I saw her at the time of playing. (Make it Complex)
  1. I saw her in playing time.
  2. I saw her when he played.
  3. I saw her on playing time.
  4. I saw her when she was playing.
ব্যাখ্যা
• যদি কোনো Simple Sentence এ at the time of থাকে, উক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ রূপান্তরের সময় -
- At the time of এর পরিবর্তে  when বসে।

Simple: I saw her at the time of playing.
Complex: I saw her when she was playing.

- এ বাক্যে প্রথম clause টি অপরিবর্তিত রয়েছে।
- তারপর At the time of এর পরিবর্তে  when বসেছে।
- এরপর প্রথম clause টির tense এর form অনুযায়ী 
- পরবর্তী Clause টি he was playing লিখা হয়েছে।
৪২.
He is too young to join the army. (make it complex)
  1. He is so young that he can not join the army.
  2. He is young that he can not join the army.
  3. He is so young that he could not join the army.
  4. He is too young that he can not join the army.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: He is too young to join the army. 
• Complex sentence: He is so young that he can not join the army.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৪৩.
"Although the weather was chilly, they decided to go for a hike." The sentence is a -
  1. Negative Sentence
  2. Compound Sentence
  3. Complex Sentence
  4. Simple Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• "Although the weather was chilly, they decided to go for a hike." The sentence is a - Complex Sentence.
→ প্রদত্ত বাক্যে 'Although' থাকায়, sentence টি - Complex Sentence.
→ এখানে, they decided to go for a hike = Independent Clause.
→ এবং Although the weather was chilly = Dependent Clause.

• Complex Sentence:
→ যে sentence এ একটি principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে complex sentence বলে।
→ Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
→ Complex Sentence- এ একটি Independent Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Dependent Clause থাকে।
৪৪.
Because of their playing well, they won the game. (Complex)
  1. They played well so that they won the game.
  2. Though they played well, they won the game.
  3. Since they play well, they won the game.
  4. Since they played well, they won the game.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:

• প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Simple: Because of their playing well, they won the game.
Complex: Since they played well, they won the game.

Source: Advanced Learners Communicative English by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৪৫.
In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him. (Complex)
  1. Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.
  2. His behaviour is bad though people mix with him.
  3. Although his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
  4. Though people mix with him, his behaviour is bad.
ব্যাখ্যা

The correct answer is - ক) Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him

• Simple থেকে Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে, 
Simple sentence-এ যদি In spite of ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে Complex sentence করতে হলে Though/Although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
আবার, Complex sentence-এ Though/Although থাকলে, সেটিকে Simple sentence করতে হলে In spite of বসে।

• Example:
Simple: In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
Complex: Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.

• More examples:
Simple: In spite of the bad weather, we went there.
Complex: Though the weather was bad, we went there.

Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

Simple: In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex: Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not happy.

Simple: In spite of his cruelty, I love him.
Complex: Though he is cruel, I love him.

Other options
খ) His behaviour is bad though people mix with him.
এটি ভুল, কারণ “though” clause-এর অবস্থান এমনভাবে বসানো হয়েছে যা মূল বাক্যের অর্থ ঠিকমতো প্রকাশ করছে না।

গ) Although his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
এটি ভুল, কারণ “his bad behaviour” এর সাথে verb missing আছে। “Although his behaviour is bad” হবে।

ঘ) Though people mix with him, his behaviour is bad.
এটি ভুল, কারণ clause-এর ক্রম পরিবর্তিত হয়েছে, ফলে emphasis ও মূল বাক্যের অর্থ বিপরীত হয়েছে।
 
Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.

৪৬.
I know the time of his arrival. (Complex)
  1. I know where he will arrive.
  2. I know how he will arrive.
  3. I know when he will arrive.
  4. I know that he will arrive.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - গ) I know when he will arrive.

- মূল বাক্যে “the time of his arrival” একটি noun phrase।
- এটিকে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে noun phrase (the time of his arrival)-এর পরিবর্তে একটি noun clause ব্যবহার করতে হবে (when he will arrive)।
- এই clause-টি now “the time” শব্দটির কাজ করছে, এবং পুরো বাক্যটি এখন একটি complex sentence।

Objectটি যদি কোন সময় বুঝায় তাহলে তার আগে when বসে।
Examples:
Simple : I know the time of his arrival
Complex : I know when he will arrive.

Other options:
ক) “where he will arrive” - জায়গা নির্দেশ করে, তাই বাক্যটি ভুল।
খ) “how he will arrive” - পদ্ধতি বা উপায় নির্দেশ করে, তাই বাক্যটি ভুল।
ঘ) “that he will arrive” - arrival হওয়ার ব্যাপারে জ্ঞান আছে, কিন্তু সময় নয়, তাই বাক্যটি সঠিক নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.
৪৭.
I saw him and he was reading. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) I saw him reading. 
  2. খ) I saw him as reading.
  3. গ) I saw him when he was reading.
  4. ঘ) I saw him at the time of reading.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound থেকে Complex করতে হলে:
1. Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে;
2. Complex এর Conjunction যোগ করতে হবে;
3. 2টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।

And যুক্ত Compound Sentence এর একটি clause যদি অন্যটির সময় নির্দেশ করে, তবে উক্ত compound Sentence টিকে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তন করার সময় conjunction হিসেবে when বসে।
৪৮.
As soon as I reached the school, the bell rang. (Make it Compound)
  1. I reached the school and the bell rang.
  2. I reached the school and when the bell rang.
  3. I reached the school and at that very moment the bell rang.
  4. I reached the school and at the moment the bell rang.
ব্যাখ্যা
• As soon as যুক্ত Complex Sentence কে Compound Sentence পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- প্রথম clause টি বসে 
- এরপর and + at that very moment বসে (ঠিক ঐ মূহুর্তে অর্থে)
- দ্বিতীয় clause টি বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - I reached the school and at that very moment the bell rang.
৪৯.
If you told me earlier, I could do something for you. (Make it simple)
  1. ক) In case of being told earlier, I could do something for you.
  2. খ) By telling earlier, I could do something for you.
  3. গ) By your telling me earlier, I could do something for you.
  4. ঘ) I could do something for you in spite of your telling me earlier.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence এ If + Affirmative Clause থাকলে Simple করার সময় by/ in case of + Verb+ing বসে। 
in case of = ক্ষেত্রে, (কর)লে/ (হ)লে
by = (ক)রে / (করার) দ্বারা

অন্যদিকে,
in spite of = সত্ত্বেও
প্রদত্ত বাক্যের অর্থ- যদি তুমি আমাকে আগে বলতে তাহলে আমি তোমার জন্য কিছু একটা  করতে পারতাম। 
ক – আমাকে আগে বলা হলে, আমি তোমার জন্য কিছু একটা করতে পারতাম। (এটা Passive আকারে আসলেও অর্থগত দিক দিয়ে এটাই best – Option.)
৫০.
Despite being sick, Jonny went to school. (complex)
  1. Jonny was sick that he went to school.
  2. As though Jonny was sick that he went to school.
  3. Though Jonny was sick that he went to school.
  4. Though Jonny was sick, he went to school.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple to complex:

• Simple sentence এ যদি In spite of/ despite থাকে তাহলে complex sentence এ though/although বসে।

- Though/Although 
- subject 
- person ও number অনুসারে verb 
- 2nd clause (অপরিবর্তিত থাকে)।

Simple: Despite being sick, Jonny went to school.
Complex: Though Jonny was sick, he went to school.
৫১.
Before Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, many people died _______.
  1. ক) infected with simple bacteria
  2. খ) from simple bacterial infections
  3. গ) infections were simple bacteria
  4. ঘ) infecting of simple bacteria
ব্যাখ্যা
Die from হয় কোন রোগে মারা গেলে। সুতরাং সঠিক বাক্যটি হবে - Before Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, many people died from simple bacterial infections.
৫২.
There is no mother but loves her children. The sentence is-
  1. ক) compound
  2. খ) simple
  3. গ) complex
  4. ঘ) complex-compound
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রশ্নে প্রদত্ত বাক্যে but আছে এ কারণে মনে হতে পারে এটি Compound sentence কিন্তু বাক্যে but আসলে negative relative pronounce অর্থাৎ who/that does not অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে তাই sentence টি complex sentence হবে।
৫৩.
Which of the following is not a complex sentence?
  1. ক) Putul had an intense desire so that she could give her husband a worthy gift.
  2. খ) Since Kamal worked hard, I rewarded him.
  3. গ) I have lost the pen, which he gave me.
  4. ঘ) At the very moment of my reaching the airport, the plane flew.
ব্যাখ্যা

একটি principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক sub-ordinate নিয়ে গঠিত sentence কে complex sentence বলে।
শেষ বাক্যটিতে একটি মাত্র finite verb রয়েছে তাই এটি একটি simple sentence.

৫৪.
It was raining and we stayed indoors. [Complex]
  1. Since it was raining so we stayed indoors.
  2. As it was raining, we stayed indoors.
  3. It was raining, we stayed indoors.
  4. It was raining, so that we stayed indoors.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound: It was raining and we stayed indoors.
Complex: As it was raining, we stayed indoors.

• Compound to complex:  And যুক্ত Compound কে Complex করার নিয়ম: 
- Sentence এর প্রথমে since/as/when বসে,
- প্রথম Sentence বসে,
- and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) বসে,
- দ্বিতীয় sentence বসে। 
Structure: Since/As/When + প্রথম Sentence + and এর পরিবর্তে comma(,) + দ্বিতীয় sentence.

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী, 
• Compound: She was tired and could not complete the assignment.
• Complex: As she was tired, she could not complete the assignment.

Source:  Advanced Learner’s by Chowdhury & Hossain
৫৫.
He worked hard and brought prosperity to his family. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) If he worked hard, he could bring prosperity to his family.
  2. খ) If he worked hard, he brought prosperity to his family.
  3. গ) Since he worked hard, he brought prosperity to his family.
  4. ঘ) He worked hard so that he could bring prosperity to his family.
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রথম Clause টা ২য় Clause এর কারণ বুঝাচ্ছে।
অর্থাৎ কঠোর পরিশ্রম করার কারণেই সে তার পরিবারে উন্নতি আনতে পেরেছিল।
তাই এখানে যেহেতু অর্থে Since বসবে। 
৫৬.
The man stole my money and so he should be punished. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) The man stole my money as he should be punished.
  2. খ) While the man stole my money, he should be punished.
  3. গ) If the man stole my money, he should be punished.
  4. ঘ) As the man stole my money, he should be punished.
ব্যাখ্যা
প্রদত্ত বাক্যটিতে প্রথম Clause দ্বারা ২য় Clause এর কারণ বুঝাচ্ছে।
তাই Complex Sentence করার সময় যে Clause দ্বারা কারণ বুঝাচ্ছে, সেটার পূর্বে As/ Since/ Because বসাতে হবে। তাই সঠিক উত্তর (ঘ)। 
ক- তে কারণের আগে ‘As’ না বসে, ফলাফলের আগে বসেছে, তাই এটা ভুল। 
৫৭.
We could not go out for a walk as the weather was bad. (Make it compound)
  1. ক) We could not go out for a walk because of bad weather.
  2. খ) The weather was bad and we could not go out for a walk.
  3. গ) As the weather was bad and we could not go out for a a walk.
  4. ঘ) Not only the weather was bad but also we could not go out for a walk.
ব্যাখ্যা
সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে - The weather was bad and we could not go out for a walk.

- প্রদত্ত sentence টি complex sentence এ আছে।
- Complex sentence-এর একটি clause এর আগে as থাকলে তাকে compound এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হলে as তুলে দিয়ে তার পরবর্তী clause টি প্রথমে লিখে তারপর and লিখতে হবে এবং অপর clause টি তারপর বসিয়ে দিতে হবে। 
- অতএব সঠিক উত্তরটি হবে: The weather was bad and we could not go out for a walk. 

 Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৫৮.
Which of the following sentences is a Complex Sentence?
  1. He loves to read and he enjoys playing football.
  2. Although it was raining, she went for a walk.
  3. I wanted to buy a new phone but I didn't have enough money.
  4. The children were playing outside so they didn’t hear the bell.
ব্যাখ্যা
Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্য:
-  Complex Sentence বা জটিল বাক্যেতে সাধারণত দুটি Clause থাকে। এর একটি Independent clause, অপরটি Subordinate clause.
- Subordinate clause বাক্যের Object হিসেবে কাজ করে।
- Subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, lest, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, til, unless, when, why, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

Example:
1. The doctor came after the patient had died.
2. Though he was poor, he was honest.

Correct Sentence: Although it was raining, she went for a walk.
- প্রদত্ত sentence এ দুটি clause আছে, যা Although দ্বারা সংযুক্ত করা হয়েছে।

• উল্লিখিত বাকি অপশনগুলো হলো Compound sentence.
- Compound Sentence তৈরিতে যে Conjunctions গুলো ব্যবহার করা হয়:
- and,
- but,
- or,
- so,
- for,
- nor,
- yet.

Source: A Passage To The English Language, S. M. Zakir Hussain.
৫৯.
Identify the correctly transformed sentence of “The mangoes are too cheap to be good”.
  1. ক) The mangoes are very cheap, so they are not good.
  2. খ) The mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good.
  3. গ) The mangoes being cheap cannot be good.
  4. ঘ) As the mangoes are cheap they are not good.
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple Sentence এ Present Tense এ too … to থাকলে, Complex Sentence এ so …. that + sub + can + not + verb-এর base form বসে।
অর্থাৎ, সঠিক বক্যটি হবে - The mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be good.

 
৬০.
In 2015, she graduated from college. (Complex)
  1. It was in the year 2015 since she graduated from college.
  2. When it was in 2015, she graduated from college.
  3. When it was 2015, she graduated from college.
  4. When it was in 2015, so she graduated from college.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence এ ‘In/At the the time of/on/at/ at the very moment’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ When বসে।
- When দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।

Simple: In 2020, they moved to a new city.
Complex: When it was 2020, they moved to a new city.

Simple: In 2015, she graduated from college.
Complex: When it was 2015, she graduated from college.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৬১.
She was too tired to continue working. (Make it complex)
  1. She was too tired that she could not continue working.
  2. She was so tired that she could not continue working.
  3. She was tired that she could not continue working.
  4. She was so that tired and could not continue working.
ব্যাখ্যা

• Too + --- + to যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex sentence এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Subject এরপরে প্রথম too এর জায়গায় so বসে।
- Too + --- + to এর মাঝের Adjective word টি বসে।
- to এর পরিবর্তে that বসে।
- প্রথম subject টির Pronoun form বসে।
- tense অনুযায়ী can not/ could not বসে।
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• Simple sentence: She was too tired to continue working.
• Complex sentence: She was so tired that she could not continue working.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৬২.
Because of her carelessness, she lost the book. [Complex]
  1. Since she was careless, she lost the book.
  2. In order to careless, she lost the book.
  3. Since she was careless, she has lost the book.
  4. She was careless, so she lost book.
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: Because of her carelessness, she lost the book.
Complex: Since she was careless, she lost the book.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence -এ এর পরিবর্তে Since/ as ব্যবহৃত হয়।
-তারপর  Subject বসে + Verb বসে,
- এরপর Adjective /Noun + Comma বসে,
- সবশেষে অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

Example: 
Simple: Because of my illness, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.

Other options,
খ) In order to careless, she lost the book.
- In order to = উদ্দেশ্য বোঝায় (purpose), কারণ নয়।
- to careless ভুল (careless adjective, to-এর পরে verb লাগে)।

গ) Since she was careless, she has lost the book.
- Since ঠিক আছে (কারণ বোঝায়), কিন্তু has lost হলো present perfect tense, মূল বাক্যে lost - simple past, tense মিলছে না তাই এটি ভুল।

ঘ) "She was careless, so she lost book".
- এটি Compound sentence, complex নয়।
- "So" একটি coordinating conjunction। এছাড়া "lost book" এর আগে "the" দরকার।

৬৩.
I know their residence (make it complex)
  1. ক) I know where they reside.
  2. খ) I know where did they reside.
  3. গ) I know where are they residing.
  4. ঘ) None of the above
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple sentence এর verb এর পর যদি এক বা একাধিক word এর একটি object থাকে এবং সেইটা যদি কোন স্থানকে বোঝায় তাহলে  complex করার সময় where বসবে এবং সময় বোঝালে when ব্যবহৃত হয়।
- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক complex sentence হবে - I know where they reside.

• যে sentence এ একটি Independent বা principal clause এবং অন্তত একটি dependent বা subordinate clause থাকে এবং clause গুলোকে সংযুক্ত করতে subordinate conjunction ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাদেরকে Complex sentence বা জটিল বাক্য বলা হয়।
৬৪.
Without working hard, you can’t pass the BCS Preliminary Exam. (Complex)
  1. ক) Though you do not work hard, you can’t pass the BCS Preliminary Exam.
  2. খ) With working hard, you can pass the BCS Preliminary Exam.
  3. গ) If you do not work hard, you can’t pass the BCS Preliminary Exam.
  4. ঘ) With the following smartest idea, you can pass the BCS Preliminary Exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
Without + gerund থাকলে If do not/ does not বা unless বসে। Verb এর ing যুক্ত form মূল verb এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
৬৫.
Saiful wants to earn money. (Make it Complex)
  1. Saiful wants that he will earn money.
  2. As Saiful wants, he will earn money.
  3. Saiful wants and so he will earn money.
  4. Saiful wants so therefore he will earn money.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple: Saiful wants to earn money.
• Complex: Saiful wants that he will earn money.

• To + Verb - Object বা Object সদৃশ হলে Complex Sentence- এ that + Clause বসে।
এখানে To + Verb টি money- Noun এর অনন্তর্নিহিত Verb এর Object সদৃশ হয়েছে।

- মূল Clause এর Verb (wants) present Tense হওয়ায়, এ Clause টাও present Tense এ হবে।
- তবে to + verb সাধারণত Future Indicate করে, তাই এখানে Future (will) হবে। 
- তবে মনে রাখতে হবে, to + verb  যদি উদ্দেশ্য বুঝানোর জন্য আসে, তখন সাধারণত so that বা in order that যুক্ত Clause বসে।
৬৬.
Having locked the door, they left for the program. (make it compound)
  1. They had locked the door and left for the program.
  2. They had locked the door and leave for the program.
  3. They had locked the door and then left for the program.
  4. They had locked the door and go for the program.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple: Having locked the door, they left for the program.
• Compound: They had locked the door and left for the program.

• Perfect Participle যুক্ত Simple Sentence -কে Compound Sentence -এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject বসে,
- Perfect Participle -এর past Perfect form বসে,
- and বসে,
- বাকী অংশ বসে।

• প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি Having locked the door, they left for the program.
-  উল্লিখিত বাক্যে প্রথমে Subject বসেছে।
- এ বাক্যে Perfect Participle হচ্ছে - Having locked.
- যার past Perfect form হচ্ছে - had locked.
- এরপর গঠন অনুযায়ী বাক্যের বাকী অংশ বসে।

• More examples:
- Simple Sentence: Having prepared the meal, she set the table.
- Compound Sentence: She had prepared the meal and set the table.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.
৬৭.
What type of sentence is – “The more, the merrier”.
  1. ক) Simple Sentence
  2. খ) Complex Sentence
  3. গ) Compound Sentence
  4. ঘ) Imperative Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যের অর্থ : যত বেশি, তত আনন্দ। 
The more হচ্ছে Adverb Clause of Comparison. Principal Clause এর ‍Statement কে “কোন তুলনায়” দিয়ে প্রশ্ন করলে Adverb Clause of Comparison পাওয়া যায়। প্রধান Clause কে “কোন তুলনায়/ কী হিসেবে বেশি আনন্দ” বলে প্রশ্ন করলে উত্তর আসে: যত বেশি, তত আনন্দ। 
Adverb Clause/Sub-ordinate Clause (The more) এবং Principal Clause (the merrier) মিলে Complex Sentence হয়েছে। 
৬৮.
In case of her failure, you will need to handle the presentation. (Make it complex)
  1. If she failed, you would need to handle the presentation.
  2. Unless she failed, you would need to handle the presentation.
  3. If she fails, you will need to handle the presentation.
  4. If she failed, you will need to handle the presentation.
ব্যাখ্যা
• In case of যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- in case of এর পরিবর্তে if বসে
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।
- আর মূল Clause টি Future/ Present হলে If যুক্ত Clause টি Present Tense হয়।

• সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী:
Simple sentence: In case of her failure, you will need to handle the presentation.
Complex sentence: If she fails, you will need to handle the presentation.
৬৯.
On seeing this horrible sight, their throats became dry and they could not speak. (Make it Complex)
  1. ক) As their throats were dry on seeing this horrible sight, they could not speak.
  2. খ) Their throats were dry on seeing this horrible sight so that they could not speak.
  3. গ) Their throats were dry on seeing this horrible sight in order that they could not speak.
  4. ঘ) When their throats were dry on seeing this horrible sight, they could not speak.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound থেকে Complex করতে হলে আগে দেখতে হবে Compound এর দুটি Clause এর মধ্যে সম্পর্ক কী রকম। নির্দিষ্ট সম্পর্ক অনুযায়ী, Compound থেকে Complex করতে হলে:
1. Compound এর Conjunction বাদ দিতে হবে; 
2. Complex এর Conjunction যোগ করতে হবে;
3. ২টি Clause এর মধ্যে ১টি Clause যেভাবে আছে সেভাবে রেখে দিতে হবে।

এখানে উভয় Clause এর সম্পর্ক হচ্ছে কারণ-ফলাফল। এ হিসেবে ‍and বাদ দিতে হবে এবং As/Since/Because যোগ করতে হবে। এ হিসেবে সঠিক উত্তর (ক)। 
৭০.
Because of his anxiety, he stumbled over his words during the speech. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) Since he was anxious so that he stumbled over his words during the speech
  2. খ) As he was anxious, he stumbled over his words during the speech.
  3. গ) He was anxious therefore he stumbled over his words during the speech.
  4. ঘ) He was anxious so that he stumbled over his words during the speech.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex-এ পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Simple sentence এ because of থাকলে Complex sentence এ because of এর স্থলে As/since ব্যবহৃত হয়
- Subject বসে + Verb বসে
- Adjective /Noun বসে ( প্রশ্ন প্রদত্ত বাক্যে anxiety রয়েছে, এর পরিবর্তে subject এর প্রয়োজন অনুসারে anxious বসবে)
- Comma বসে
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর - As he was anxious, he stumbled over his words during the speech.
৭১.
This is the act that a wise man does. This sentence is a -
  1. ক) Simple sentence
  2. খ) Compound sentence
  3. গ) Principal sentence
  4. ঘ) Complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা

একটি complex sentence এ একটি principal clause এবং একটি subordinate clause থাকে। Subordinate clause টি if, although, before, after, since, that ইত্যাদি দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়।
যেমনঃ If you read, you’ll learn.
This is the act that a wise man does.

৭২.
Abida is too lazy to cook her breakfast. (Make it complex)
  1. Abida is so lazy therefore she cannot cook her breakfast.
  2. Abida is so lazy that she cannot cook her breakfast.
  3. Abida is very lazy therefore she cannot cook her breakfast.
  4. Abida is so lazy so she cannot cook her breakfast.
ব্যাখ্যা
•  too + adjective + to + verb যুক্ত Simple sentence কে Complex এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম -
- প্রথম subject প্রথমে বসে,
-  too এর স্থলে So এবং to এর স্থলে that বসে।
- এরপর বাকি অংশ বসে।

Simple: Abida is too lazy to cook her breakfast. 
complex: Abida is so lazy that she cannot cook her breakfast.
৭৩.
Notwithstanding being a rich man, he treats everyone with respect and kindness. This is an example of -
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Compound sentence
  3. Complex sentence
  4. Compound-complex sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• Notwithstanding being a rich man, he treats everyone with respect and kindness. This is an example of - Simple sentence.

• Simple sentence:
- A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
- Simple sentence সাধারণত In spite of, Despite of, Because of, Without being, Notwithstanding ইত্যাদি দিয়ে শুরু হয়। 
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে,

- যেমন:
- Notwithstanding being a rich man, he treats everyone with respect and kindness.
- এই বাক্যে একটি finite verb (treats) এবং subject (he) আছে, এবং এখানে, "Notwithstanding being a rich man" is not a clause, but a phrase.

• Complex sentence:

- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে।
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

• যেমন:
 Though the class was lengthy, it was enjoyable.

Compound sentence:
- এ একের অধিক principal clause থাকে যাদেরকে co-ordinate clause বলা হয়।
- অর্থাৎ Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি coordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
-যেমন:
- The movie was really interesting, but it was quite long.

Compound-Complex Sentences:
- A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
- যেমন - Although it was raining heavily, they continued their hike, and they eventually reached the summit despite the challenging weather conditions.
৭৪.
Because of the noise, I couldn’t concentrate. (Make it complex)
  1. Since it was noisy, I couldn’t concentrate.
  2. Although it was noisy, yet I could concentrate.
  3. Since it is noisy, I couldn’t concentrate.
  4. As it is noisy, I couldn’t concentrate.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Simple: Because of the noise, I couldn’t concentrate.
- Complex: Since it was noisy, I couldn’t concentrate.

• Because of যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence এ পরিণত করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে since বসে,
- subject বসে,
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে,
- Adjective/noun বসে,
- Comma বসে,
- অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

• More example:
- Simple: Because of his hard work, he passed the exam.
- Complex: Since he worked hard, he passed the exam.
৭৫.
"A rolling stone gathers no moss." - Which of the following is the complex form of the sentence?
  1. Since a stone is rolling, it gathers no moss.
  2. Though a stone rolls, it gathers no moss.
  3. A stone what rolls gathers no moss.
  4. A stone that rolls gathers no moss.
ব্যাখ্যা

→ [37 BCS Preliminary]

• Participle যুক্ত simple sentence-কে complex করতে হলে participle অংশকে subordinate clause-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয় এবং বাকি অংশ main clause হিসেবে অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে ।
- প্রদত্ত বাক্যে 'rolling' হচ্ছে present participle,
- এটিকে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হলে participle ("rolling") অংশটিকে একটি subordinate clause-এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। "Rolling stone" মানে যে পাথর গড়িয়ে যায়, তাই এটি হয় "a stone that/which rolls".
- তাই complex form: A stone that rolls gathers no moss.

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তর হবে -

• Simple: A rolling stone gathers no moss.
• Complex: A stone that rolls gathers no moss.

অন্য অপশনগুলো ভুল:

ক) Since a stone is rolling, it gathers no moss. → এটিও complex, কিন্তু অর্থে সামান্য পরিবর্তন আনে (কারণ-ফলের সম্পর্ক যোগ করে), মূল proverb-এর সরাসরি রূপান্তর নয়।

খ) Though a stone rolls, it gathers no moss. → এটি concession (যদিও...তবুও) যোগ করে, যা মূল অর্থের সাথে মেলে না (মূলে কোনো বৈপরীত্য নেই)।

গ) A stone what rolls gathers no moss. → "What" এখানে ভুল; relative pronoun হিসেবে "that" বা "which" ব্যবহার হয়, "what" নয়।

৭৬.
The correct complex form of: A wise man thinks before he speaks.
  1. A man thinks before speaking who is wise.
  2. A man who speaks first is wise.
  3. A man who is wise thinks before speaking.
  4. A wise man does not speak before thinks.
ব্যাখ্যা

- Simple sentence: A wise man thinks before he speaks.
- Complex sentence: A man who is wise thinks before speaking.

• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে প্রদত্ত article বসে।
- Adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে।
- Relative pronoun হিসেবে who/which/that বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- Adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে।

More example:
- Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
- Complex: A boy who is industrious can shine in life. 

- সুতরাং, নিয়মানুযায়ী সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে- গ) A man who is wise thinks before speaking.

৭৭.
By reading regularly, you can improve your vocabulary. (Make it complex)
  1. If you read regularly, you can improve your vocabulary.
  2. Though you read regularly, you can improve your vocabulary.
  3. Reading regularly and you can improve your vocabulary.
  4. When you read regularly, you can improve your vocabulary. 
ব্যাখ্যা

• Correct Answer: ক) If you read regularly, you can improve your vocabulary.

• By / In case of / In the event of + gerund যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex Sentence করার নিয়ম:
- By / In case of / In the event of এর পরবর্তী gerund (যেমন: studying, reading, working, etc.) বাদ যাবে এবং If দিয়ে Complex Sentence এর শুরু করতে হবে।
- ২য় clause এর Subject বসবে।
- Verb + ১ম Clause এর বাকী অংশ বসে।
- ২য় Clause- টি অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে।

Simple Sentence: By reading regularly, you can improve your vocabulary.
Complex Sentence: If you read regularly, you can improve your vocabulary.

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar & Composition By Chowdhury & Hossain.

৭৮.
Though, although, because, since, as' implies the-
  1. Compound sentence
  2. Simple sentence
  3. Complex sentence
  4. Imperative sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

সুতরাং, Though, although, because, since, as' implies the - Complex sentence.

Examples:
1. Though it was raining, we went for a walk.
2. Although she was tired, she finished her homework.
3. I stayed home because it was snowing heavily.
4. Since you are here, we can start the meeting. 
5. As it was getting late, they decided to leave.
৭৯.
In spite of the rain, they continued the match. (Complex)
  1. Although they continued the match, though it rained.
  2. Though it was raining, they continued the match.
  3. It was raining but the match continued.
  4. It was raining and they continue the match.
ব্যাখ্যা
- Simple: In spite of the rain, they continued the match. 
- Complex: Though it was raining, they continued the match.

• In spite of/ despite যুক্ত Simple sentence কে complex sentence করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Though/Although বসে।
- Subject বসে।
- Person ও number অনুসারে verb বসে।
- 2nd clause বসে (অপরিবর্তিত থাকে)।

More examples:
- Simple: Despite being sick, Jonny went to school.
- Complex: Though Jonny was sick, he went to school.
৮০.
He is so honest that he will not accept bribe. This sentence is an example of-
  1. ক) Compound sentence
  2. খ) Complex sentence
  3. গ) Imperative sentence
  4. ঘ) Simple sentence
ব্যাখ্যা

• Complex sentence এ সাধারণত একটি প্রধান বাক্য (principal clause) এবং একাধিক নির্ভরশীল বাক্য (subordinate clause) থাকে।
• অর্থাৎ কমপক্ষে দুইটি subject এবং দুইটি finite verb থাকে।
• এছাড়াও Complex Sentence এ That, Who, Whom, Whose, Which, What, As, because, since, for, as if, If, Though, Although, after, before, Where, When, While, How, that, So that, In order that, Till, Until, Lest, Unless, in case, Than ইত্যাদি দ্বারা একাধিক clause যুক্ত থাকে।
• তাই এটি একটি Complex sentence এর উদাহরণ।

৮১.
Go through the text carefully and you can cut a good figure in the exam. ( Make it Complex)
  1. ক) As you go through the text carefully, you can cut a good figure in the exam.
  2. খ) Go through the text carefully if you can cut a good figure in the exam.
  3. গ) You can cut a good figure in the exam provided you go through the text carefully.
  4. ঘ) Go through the text carefully, then you can cut a good figure in the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
বাক্যের অর্থ : পাঠ্যবই ভালোভাবে পড়ো এবং (এতে) তুমি পরীক্ষায় ভালো করতে পারবে। 
Compound Sentence এ বাক্যের প্রথম অংশ Imperative হলে, Complex Sentence এ Imperative Clause এর পূর্বে If/ in case/ provided ইত্যাদি বসে Assertive এ পরিণত হয়। আর মাঝে and থাকলে Clause টা affirmative হয় (or থাকলে Negative হয়)। Complex Sentence এ Clause গুলো আগে-পরে বসালে অর্থের কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। এ হিসেবে সঠিক উত্তর (গ)।
৮২.
Even though it was raining, they went for a walk.
 - This is an example of -
  1. Simple sentence
  2. Complex sentence
  3. Compound sentence
  4. Compound-Complex Sentences
ব্যাখ্যা
Even though it was raining, they went for a walk.
 - This is an example of - Complex sentence.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
যেমন:
- Even though the team was losing, they never gave up hope.

• অন্যদিকে, 
• Simple sentence:
- A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause that expresses a complete thought.
- একটি simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি clause থাকে অর্থাৎ একটি subject এবং একটি finite verb থাকে,
- যেমন: The sun shines brightly in the sky.

• Compound sentence:
- এ একের অধিক principal clause থাকে যাদেরকে co-ordinate clause বলা হয়।
- অর্থাৎ Compound sentence এ দুই বা ততোধিক principal clause বা co-ordinate clause থাকে।
- এছাড়া Compound sentence এ সাধারণত and, or, but, yet, so, therefore, otherwise, else, both --- and , either --- or , neither — nor, not only --- but also ইত্যাদি coordinating conjunction দ্বারা দুইটি principal clause যুক্ত থাকে।
-যেমন: 
- The movie was really interesting, but it was quite long.

• Compound-Complex Sentences:
- A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
- যেমন - Although it was raining heavily, they continued their hike, and they eventually reached the summit despite the challenging weather conditions.
৮৩.
An industrious boy can shine in life. (Change into a complex sentence)
  1. The boy who is industrious can shine in life.
  2. The boy being industrious can shine in life.
  3. The boy is industrious and can shine in life.
  4. The boy is so industrious that he can shine in life.
ব্যাখ্যা

Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex: A/The boy who is Industrious can shine in life.

 • Adjective + noun যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex করার নিয়ম ও
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which / that বসে+
- tense অনুযায়ী সাহায্যকারী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পরের শেষ পর্যন্ত বসে।

Other options:
খ) The boy being industrious can shine in life.
- ভুল কারণ Adjective + noun যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex করার ক্ষেত্রে article + adjective এর পরের noun + relative pronoun বসাতে হয়।

গ) The boy is industrious and can shine in life.
- Clause marker হিসেবে "and" যুক্ত হওয়ায় এটি Compound sentence. Complex sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে "and" ব্যবহার করা হয় না ।তাই এটি সঠিক নয়।
 
ঘ) The boy is so industrious that he can shine in life.
- ভুল কারণ,  Adjective + noun যুক্ত simple sentence কে complex করার ক্ষেত্রে article + adjective এর পরের noun + relative pronoun বসাতে হয়।

Source: Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৮৪.
If you take exercise, you will be healthy. (Make it Simple)
  1. ক) By taking exercise, you will be healthy.
  2. খ) By took exercise, you will be healthy.
  3. গ) By taking exercise, you would be healthy.
  4. ঘ) By taking to exercise, you are be healthy.
ব্যাখ্যা
- উল্লেখিত প্রশ্নের Simple sentence হচ্ছে By taking exercise, you will be healthy.

• Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
Structure: By + verb + ing.......
Example:
Complex sentence: If you take exercise, you will be healthy.
Simple sentence: By taking exercise, you will be healthy.
৮৫.
Despite having a busy schedule, she always makes time for her family. (Make it complex)
  1. Although having a busy schedule, she always makes time for her family.
  2. As though having a busy schedule, she always makes time for her family.
  3. Though having a busy schedule, she always makes time for her family.
  4. Although she has a busy schedule, she always makes time for her family.
ব্যাখ্যা
• In spite of/ Despite / notwithstanding = সত্ত্বেও.
- Simple sentence এ in spite of/ Despite / notwithstanding থাকলে complex করতে হলে, 
- প্রথমে এদের পরিবর্তে though/ although বসে,
- এর পর subject বসে + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + comma বসে + অপর বাক্যটি বসে।

More Example:
Simple Sentence: In spite of his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex Sentence: Although he has riches, he leads a poor life.

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain
৮৬.
He aimed at gaining my favour and started eulogizing me.
  1. ক) When he aimed at gaining my favour, he started eulogizing me.
  2. খ) He started eulogizing me so that he might gain my favour.
  3. গ) He started eulogizing me in order to he might gain my favour.
  4. ঘ) He started eulogizing me so that he aimed at gaining my favour.
ব্যাখ্যা
এটি ২১ নং প্রশ্নের rule এর বিপরীত চিন্তা করলেই হবে। এখানে aim at বাদ যাবে so that বসানোর কারণে। so that এর পরে Past Tense এ could/might বসে।
৮৭.
Finish your dinner, or you won't get any dessert. (Make it Complex)
  1. If you didn't finish your dinner, you won't get any dessert.
  2. If you don't finish your dinner or you won't get any dessert.
  3. If you finish your dinner, you will get any dessert.
  4. If you don't finish your dinner, you won't get any dessert.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound Sentence: Finish your dinner, or you won't get any dessert.
Complex Sentence: If you don't finish your dinner, you won't get any dessert.

• or ↔ If you don't (compound ↔ complex):
• Structure:
→ Or যুক্ত Compound Sentence কে If you do not…. (negative), Sub +…. দ্বারা Complex এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়।

Example :
Compound: Work out the sum or you will be punished.
Complex: If you do not work out the sum, you will be punished.

Compound: Study hard or fail.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
৮৮.
A reckless investor cannot secure the stability of their finances. (Make it complex)
  1. An investor that who is reckless cannot secure the stability of their finances.
  2. An investor who that is reckless cannot secure the stability of their finances.
  3. An investor who is reckless cannot secure the stability of their finances.
  4. An investor that who does reckless investment cannot secure the stability of their finances.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Adjective + noun যুক্ত Simple Sentence কে Complex করার নিয়ম:
- article বসে +
- adjective এর পরের noun টি বসে +
- relative pronoun who/which/that বসে +
- tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে +
- adjective টি বসে +
- প্রদত্ত noun এর পর থেকে শেষ অংশ বসে। 

• তাই, সঠিক উত্তরটি হচ্ছে - 
Simple - A reckless investor cannot secure the stability of their finances
Complex - An investor who is reckless cannot secure the stability of their finances.

• Example:
Simple - An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex - A boy who is industrious can shine in life. 

Simple - A corrupt man cannot win the respect of others.
Complex -  A man who is corrupt cannot win the respect of others.
৮৯.
Transform it into a complex sentence:
He was too tired to walk.
  1. He was so tired that he could not walk.
  2. He was very tired and walked slowly.
  3. He walked but was tired.
  4. He was too tired and walked slowly.
ব্যাখ্যা

• সঠিক উত্তর: ক) He was so tired that he could not walk.

- মূল বাক্যটি হলো: "He was too tired to walk."
- এটি একটি simple sentence যেখানে "too...to" structure ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
- "Too...to" structure-কে complex sentence-এ রূপান্তর করতে হয় "so...that" ব্যবহার করে।
- তাই "He was so tired that he could not walk." হলো সঠিক complex রূপ।
- বাক্যটি এখন একটি complex sentence যেখানে "that he could not walk" একটি subordinate clause.

• Other options:
খ) He was very tired and walked slowly. → এটি একটি compound sentence, অর্থ বদলে গেছে।

গ) He walked but was tired. → এটিও compound sentence, "too tired to walk" ধারণা নেই।

ঘ) He was too tired and walked slowly. → অর্থ ও structure দুটোই ভুল; পরিবর্তনটি সঠিক হয়নি।

Source: A Passage to the English Language, S.M. Zakir Hussain.

৯০.
Akash was delighted he got a part in the school drama, even though the part was a small one. This is an example of -
  1. ক) Complex sentence
  2. খ) Simple sentence
  3. গ) Compound sentence
  4. ঘ) imperative sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, even, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী এটি একটি Complex sentence.
৯১.
Study hard or you will fail. (Make it complex)
  1. If you do not study hard, you will fail.
  2. If you study hard, you will fail .
  3. If you not study hard, you will fail .
  4. In case of study hard, you will fail .
ব্যাখ্যা

Or যুক্ত compound sentence কে complex এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম: If + sub + do not + প্রদত্ত প্রথম clause + কমা + দ্বিতীয় clause বসবে।
সুতরাং If you do not study hard, you will fail সঠিক।

option এর দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে do not নেই।
তৃতীয় option এ do নেই, not একা বসে না ।
or যুক্ত sentence কে complex এ রুপান্তর In case of হয় না।

Source: Advanced Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

৯২.
Which sentence contains adverb clause?
  1. ক) Simple
  2. খ) Complex
  3. গ) Compound
  4. ঘ) None of them
ব্যাখ্যা

Parts of speech এর উপর ভিত্তি করে ‍subordinate clause 3 প্রকার। যথা:
1. Noun clause
2. Adjective clause
3. Adverb clause
‍subordinate clause মূলত থাকে complex sentence এ।
সুতরাং ‍adverb clause যুক্ত বাক্য হলো complex sentence.
উৎসঃ Advanced Learner's Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain & A passage to the English Language- S.M. Jakir Hussain & English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy

৯৩.
Be attentive or you cannot pass the exam. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) If you don’t be attentive, you cannot pass the exam.
  2. খ) If you are attentive, you cannot fail in the exam.
  3. গ) Be attentive so that you cannot pass the exam.
  4. ঘ) When you are not attentive, you cannot pass the exam.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Compound Sentence এর প্রথম অংশ Imperative হলে, Complex Sentence এ If যোগ হয়।
- Or থাকলে If Clause টি Negative হয় আর and থাকলে Affirmative হয়।
- তাই সঠিক উত্তর হবে - If you don’t be attentive, you cannot pass the exam.
৯৪.
In 1947, India gained independence from British rule. (Make it complex)
  1. It was in the year 1947 when India gained independence from British rule.
  2. When it was 1947, India gained independence from British rule.
  3. While it was 1947, India gained independence from British rule.
  4. It was in the year 1947 while India gained independence from British rule.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Simple Sentence এ ‘In/At the time of/on/at/ at the very moment’ থাকলে Complex Sentence এ When বসে।
- When দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু হলে উভয় Clause কে আলাদা করার জন্য কেবল Comma বসে।
- নিয়মানুযায়ী, সঠিক উত্তর -  When it was 1947, India gained independence from British rule.

• Complex sentence: 
- যে sentence এ একটি Principal clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex sentence এর subordinate clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।
৯৫.
In spite of his poverty, he is happy. (Complex)
  1. In spite he is poor, he is happy.
  2. Because his poverty, he is happy.
  3. Though he is poor, he is happy.
  4. Although his poverty, he is happy.
ব্যাখ্যা
The correct answer is - গ) Though he is poor, he is happy.

• Simple থেকে Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে, 
Simple sentence-এ যদি In spite of ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে Complex sentence করতে হলে Though/Although ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
আবার, Complex sentence-এ Though/Although থাকলে, সেটিকে Simple sentence করতে হলে In spite of বসে।

• Example:
Simple: In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.

• More examples:
Simple: In spite of the bad weather, we went there.
Complex: Though the weather was bad, we went there.

Simple: In spite of his bad behaviour, people mix with him.
Complex: Though his behaviour is bad, people mix with him.

Simple: In spite of his honesty, he is not happy.
Complex:Though he is honest, he is not happy.
or, Honest as he is, he is not happy.

Simple: In spite of his cruelty, I love him.
Complex: Though he is cruel, I love him.

More options
ক) In spite he is poor, he is happy.
-  “In spite” এর পর noun phrase বা gerund লাগবে, clause নয়।

খ) Because his poverty, he is happy.
- অর্থ পুরোপুরি বিপরীত এবং “because” অর্থ “কারণ” বোঝায়।

ঘ) Although his poverty, he is happy.
- “Although” এর পর clause লাগবে, noun phrase নয়।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
৯৬.
Change the following sentence into a complex sentence: Huma is very tired and cannot stay awake.
  1. Huma is very tired that she cannot stay awake.
  2. Huma is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
  3. Huma is very tired and so that she cannot stay awake.
  4. Huma is very tired so that she cannot stay awake.
ব্যাখ্যা
• Compound to Complex:

• Very...and যুক্ত compound sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিণত করতে হলে, 
 Complex এ very এর স্থলে so এবং and এর স্থলে that বসে।

Compound sentence: Huma is very tired and cannot stay awake
Complex Sentence: Huma is so tired that she cannot stay awake.
৯৭.
I helped a woman who was helpless. (Simple)
  1. ক) I helped a woman, helpless.
  2. খ) I helped a woman in need of help.
  3. গ) I helped a helpless woman.
  4. ঘ) I helps helpless woman.
ব্যাখ্যা
♦ Complex to simple: 

• অনেক সময় relative pronoun + adjective টি object এর পরে বসে। সেক্ষেত্রে Complex sentence কে Simple করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে subject বসে।
- verb বসে।
- article বসে।
- প্রদত্ত adjective টি বসে।
- object বসে।

• নিয়মানুযায়ী, Subject 'I' + verb 'helped' + article 'a' + প্রদত্ত adjective 'helpless' + object 'woman' বসেছে।
৯৮.
I wanted to join the party, but I had an urgent task. (Complex)
  1. Even though I wanted to join the party, but yet I had an urgent task.
  2. Although I wanted to join the party, but I had an urgent task.
  3. Although I wanted to join the party, I had an urgent task.
  4. Even though I wanted to join the party, but I had an urgent task.
ব্যাখ্যা
Compound: I wanted to join the party, but I had an urgent task.
Complex: Although I wanted to join the party, I had an urgent task.

• Compound Sentence এ but থাকলে Complex Sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে Though/Although ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Complex Sentence: 
- যে sentence- এ একটি Principal Clause এবং এক বা একাধিক Subordinate Clause থাকে, তাকে Complex sentence বলে। 
- Complex Sentence এর Subordinate Clause এর শুরুতে সাধারণত if, though, although, as, because, since, so that, that, until, till, unless, when, why, who, which, where, how, before, after, whether, while বসে।

More Examples:
Compound sentence: He is poor but he is honest.
Complex Sentence: Though he is poor, he is honest.

Compound Sentence: The weather was gloomy, but the atmosphere was cheerful. 
Complex Sentence: Though the weather was gloomy, the atmosphere was cheerful.
৯৯.
The weather was very cold and nobody was outside the home. (Make it complex)
  1. ক) The weather being very cold, nobody was outside the home.
  2. খ) As the weather was very cold, nobody was outside the home.
  3. গ) The weather was very cold, nobody was outside the home.
  4. ঘ) As he weather being very cold, nobody was outside the home.
ব্যাখ্যা

Complex বাক্যে দুটি clause থাকে যাদের মধ্যে একটি principal clause এবং আর একটি subordinate clause.
Subordinate clause টি if, though, as, since ইত্যাদি দ্বারা যুক্ত থাকে।

১০০.
We made him what he wanted to be. This is a/an -
  1. ক) Compound Sentence
  2. খ) Complex Sentence
  3. গ) Conditional Sentence
  4. ঘ) Incomplete Sentence
ব্যাখ্যা
We made him = স্বাধীন Clause 
what he wanted to be = নির্ভরশীল Clause (কারণ এটা him এর Complement হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
যে বাক্য একটা স্বাধীন বা Independent Clause এবং একটা Dependent Clause দিয়ে তৈরি হয়, তাকে Complex Sentence বলে।