৫০১.
Organic substances excreted in urine excludes
PrepBank · বিষয়ভিত্তিক প্রশ্ন
Physiology
Physiology
PrepBank · পাতা ৬ / ৯ · ৫০১–৬০০ / ৮৮৮
৫০২.
Which is not involved in basal gaglia?
ব্যাখ্যা
1. Cortical activation of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
2. Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
3.Substantia nigra activation (via D1) of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
4. Substantia nigra inhibition (via D2) of the indirect pathway leads to increased thalamic output
It is the combination of these pathways that allows for precise control of motor movement, balancing the excitatory direct pathway with the inhibitory indirect pathway.
2. Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
3.Substantia nigra activation (via D1) of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
4. Substantia nigra inhibition (via D2) of the indirect pathway leads to increased thalamic output
It is the combination of these pathways that allows for precise control of motor movement, balancing the excitatory direct pathway with the inhibitory indirect pathway.
৫০৩.
Not true about type-1 DM
৫০৪.
Differential cyanosis is found in
ব্যাখ্যা
Dr Abdullah Short Case
৫০৫.
Which one is acidic?
৫০৬.
Lesion of left optic radiation results in
৫০৭.
DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is responsible for
৫০৮.
Lipid layer of cell membrane is impermeable for:
৫০৯.
The average blood volume of adults is about ... of body weight?
ব্যাখ্যা
The average blood volume of adults is about 7% of body weight, or about 5 litres. About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is red blood cells, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on sex, weight, and other factors.
৫১০.
Mantle cell lymphoma is associated with translocation in
৫১১.
Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (mmHg)
৫১২.
Half life of cobalt
৫১৩.
Which pair is correct regarding working site of buffer
ব্যাখ্যা
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P:345
৫১৪.
Sleep patern Changes in elderly
৫১৫.
Synonym of clotting factor IX
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Synonyms for Factor IX are
Plasma thromboplastin component(PTC);
Christmas factor;
Antihemophilic factor B
৫১৬.
Can be measured by spirometry
ব্যাখ্যা
Volume, which cannot be measured by spirometry, is the residual volume. Capacities, which include residual volume also cannot be measured. Capacities that include residual volume are functional residual capacity and total lung capacity.
৫১৭.
Receptor organ in otoliths is known as -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Receptor organ in semicircular canal is called crista ampullaris and that in otolith organ is called macula. These receptor organs contain the proprioceptors.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 921)
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 921)
৫১৮.
Which hormone directly control cellular function?
ব্যাখ্যা
Insulin & GH directly control cellular function
৫১৯.
Substance that increase salivary secretion
ব্যাখ্যা
Substances which increase salivary secretion
• Sympathomimetic drugs like adrenaline and ephedrine.
• Parasympathomimetic drugs like acetylcholine, pilocarpine, muscarine and physostigmine.
• Histamine.
Substances which decrease salivary secretion
• Sympathetic depressants like ergotamine and dibenamine.
• Parasympathetic depressants like atropine and scopolamine.
• Anesthetics such as chloroform and ether stimulate the secretion of saliva. However, deep anesthesia decreases the secretion due to central inhibition.
৫২০.
Normal RBCs exclude:
ব্যাখ্যা
Morphology of RBC
Circular, non- nucleated, biconcave disc
● Diameter 7.8 micrometer
● Thickness 2.5 micrometer at thickest point and 1 micrometer or less in the center
● Surface area 140micrometer2
● Volume 90-95 micrometer3
● Each RBC contains 29 pg of Hb
Circular, non- nucleated, biconcave disc
● Diameter 7.8 micrometer
● Thickness 2.5 micrometer at thickest point and 1 micrometer or less in the center
● Surface area 140micrometer2
● Volume 90-95 micrometer3
● Each RBC contains 29 pg of Hb
৫২১.
Somatostain consists of ----------------- Amino Acids
৫২২.
Hypoglycemia mostly affects which system?
ব্যাখ্যা
Glucose is the only fuel used by brain.
৫২৩.
Cardiac output is decreased to lowest limit in
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
৫২৪.
Biochemical changes occur following prolonged vomiting are-?
ব্যাখ্যা
Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation
৫২৫.
Neuroglia is non-excitable cell of CNS. Which of the following neuroglia is originated from Bone marrow?
ব্যাখ্যা
Microglia usually inactive in normal CNS. It drives from blood monocyte.
৫২৬.
Which volume remains in the lungs after a tidal volume (TV) is expired?
ব্যাখ্যা
During normal breathing, the volume inspired and then expired is a tidal volume (TV). The volume remaining in the lungs after expiration of a TV is the functional residual capacity (FRC).
৫২৭.
Raw materials for Hb synthesis excludes:
৫২৮.
The Golgi complex-
ব্যাখ্যা
Golgi complex is a membrane bound organelle which helps in post translational modification of protein.
৫২৯.
Calculate colour Index when Hb 53.3, RBC 80
ব্যাখ্যা
৫৩০.
Which of the following not favour RCT
ব্যাখ্যা
Factor favour RCT
1. HDL receptors on peripheral tissue /hepatocytes
2. Apo A
3. LCAT
4. CETP
5. HL
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 221
1. HDL receptors on peripheral tissue /hepatocytes
2. Apo A
3. LCAT
4. CETP
5. HL
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P: 221
৫৩১.
Hypertonic Hypervolemia occur in
ব্যাখ্যা
ABC of Biochemistry 6th - P:310
৫৩২.
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than …. grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood?
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than 5 grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood. A person with anemia almost never becomes cyanotic. Conversely, in a person with Polycythaemia vera frequently has cyanosis, even under otherwise normal conditions.
Definite cyanosis appears whenever the arterial blood contains more than 5 grams of deoxygenated hemoglobin in each 100 ml of blood. A person with anemia almost never becomes cyanotic. Conversely, in a person with Polycythaemia vera frequently has cyanosis, even under otherwise normal conditions.
৫৩৩.
Stages of shock excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
Stages of shock
• A nonprogressive stage (sometimes called the compensated stage)
• A progressive stage
• An irreversible stage
৫৩৪.
Which event occur in skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting exclusively?
ব্যাখ্যা
Events occurring in skeletal muscle during prolonged fasting
➤ Decreased use of ketone body to spare it for brain.
➤ Use of fatty acid almost exclusively.
➤ Decreased protein catabolism with decreased urinary nitrogen loss.
Events occurring in brain
➤ Uptake and utilization of ketone bodies
➤ Decreased use of ketone body to spare it for brain.
➤ Use of fatty acid almost exclusively.
➤ Decreased protein catabolism with decreased urinary nitrogen loss.
Events occurring in brain
➤ Uptake and utilization of ketone bodies
৫৩৫.
The second-order auditory pathway neurons are made up
ব্যাখ্যা
The sequential steps are as follows:
1.The bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion, which are located in the cochlea’s modiolus, are the first-order neurons of the auditory pathway.
2. The second-order auditory pathway neurons are made up of neurons from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
3. Both the superior olivary nuclei and the lateral lemniscus nucleus comprise the third-order neurons.
4.The subcortical auditory centre is formed by the medial geniculate body, where the fibres of third-order neurons terminate.
5.The nerve fibres from the medial geniculate body travel as auditory radiation via the internal capsule to the temporal cortex.
6.In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus of the tectum receives some fibres from the medial geniculate body.
7.The reflex movements in response to auditory stimuli are mediated by the auditory radiation fibres.
8.The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex houses the cortical auditory centres. The perception of auditory impulses, analysis of sound pitch and intensity, and identification of sound source are all concerns of the cortical auditory centres.
1.The bipolar cells of the spiral ganglion, which are located in the cochlea’s modiolus, are the first-order neurons of the auditory pathway.
2. The second-order auditory pathway neurons are made up of neurons from the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in the medulla oblongata.
3. Both the superior olivary nuclei and the lateral lemniscus nucleus comprise the third-order neurons.
4.The subcortical auditory centre is formed by the medial geniculate body, where the fibres of third-order neurons terminate.
5.The nerve fibres from the medial geniculate body travel as auditory radiation via the internal capsule to the temporal cortex.
6.In the midbrain, the inferior colliculus of the tectum receives some fibres from the medial geniculate body.
7.The reflex movements in response to auditory stimuli are mediated by the auditory radiation fibres.
8.The temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex houses the cortical auditory centres. The perception of auditory impulses, analysis of sound pitch and intensity, and identification of sound source are all concerns of the cortical auditory centres.
৫৩৬.
Amount of plasma in blood
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed elements (45%)
Blood = Plasma (55%) + Formed elements (45%)
৫৩৭.
INR in a healthy person -
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The normal range for INR in a healthy person is 0.9 to 1.3. A high INR level (e.g., 4 or 5) indicates a high risk of bleeding, whereas a low INR (e.g., 0.5) suggests that there is a chance of having a clot. Patients undergoing warfarin therapy usually have an INR of 2.0 to 3.0.
The normal range for INR in a healthy person is 0.9 to 1.3. A high INR level (e.g., 4 or 5) indicates a high risk of bleeding, whereas a low INR (e.g., 0.5) suggests that there is a chance of having a clot. Patients undergoing warfarin therapy usually have an INR of 2.0 to 3.0.
৫৩৮.
Leptin gene located on Cromosome no
ব্যাখ্যা
Leptin:
Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning "thin") is derived from the lep gene, located on chromosome 7, which transcribes a 167 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 16 kilodalton (kD).
Leptin, the protein hormone, was first discovered in 1994. It is produced by fat cells-adipocytes, and it signals the brain to tell you when to stop eating.
When leptin is released, it is secreted into the blood, whereby it travels to a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. There then begins a cascade of events that is meant to reduce food intake.
Leptin (from the Greek word leptos, meaning "thin") is derived from the lep gene, located on chromosome 7, which transcribes a 167 amino acid peptide with a molecular weight of 16 kilodalton (kD).
Leptin, the protein hormone, was first discovered in 1994. It is produced by fat cells-adipocytes, and it signals the brain to tell you when to stop eating.
When leptin is released, it is secreted into the blood, whereby it travels to a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. There then begins a cascade of events that is meant to reduce food intake.
৫৩৯.
Tall peaked P wave indicates hypertrophy of
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
'P' wave may become tall peaked or broad and bifid (notched)
Tall, peaked: right atrial hypertrophy
Bifid broad: left atrial hypertrophy
৫৪০.
During strenous exercise which of the following increases ordinarily
ব্যাখ্যা
During strenuous exercise, O2 consumption and CO2 formation can increase as much as 20-fold.
Yet, in the healthy athlete, alveolar ventilation ordinarily increases almost exactly in step with the increased level of oxygen metabolism.
The arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH remain almost exactly normal. In trying to analyze what causes the increased ven-
Yet, in the healthy athlete, alveolar ventilation ordinarily increases almost exactly in step with the increased level of oxygen metabolism.
The arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH remain almost exactly normal. In trying to analyze what causes the increased ven-
৫৪১.
In Lead poisoining which enzyme is afffected
৫৪২.
A-a gradient normal in
৫৪৩.
ICF contains large amount of all of the following except
৫৪৪.
Which of the following factor inhibits GH secretion?
৫৪৫.
Cell membrane is semipermeable because of having
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
The cell and the intracellular organelles are surrounded by semipermeable membranes. Biological membranes have a lipid bilayer core that is populated by structural and functional proteins. These proteins contribute greatly to the semipermeable properties of biological membrane.
The cell and the intracellular organelles are surrounded by semipermeable membranes. Biological membranes have a lipid bilayer core that is populated by structural and functional proteins. These proteins contribute greatly to the semipermeable properties of biological membrane.
৫৪৬.
Catecholamines are derived from
৫৪৭.
Local factors produce vasoconstriction-
ব্যাখ্যা
[Ganong 24th p-588]
৫৪৮.
The normal dead space air in a young man is about ... ml
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Guyton 14th; P- 498
৫৪৯.
Which of the bond doesnt hold Ag-Ab together
ব্যাখ্যা
When the antibody is highly specific, there are so many bonding sites that the antibody-antigen coupling is exceedingly strong,
held together by (1) hydrophobic bonding; (2) hydrogen bonding; (3) ionic attractions; and (4) Van der Waals forces.
It also obeys the thermodynamic mass action law
held together by (1) hydrophobic bonding; (2) hydrogen bonding; (3) ionic attractions; and (4) Van der Waals forces.
It also obeys the thermodynamic mass action law
৫৫০.
Airway resistance
ব্যাখ্যা
Contraction of the smooth muscle that lines the bronchial airways will increase airway resistance and make breathing more difficult.
৫৫১.
Laboratory findings in Cushing's syndrome
ব্যাখ্যা
Laboratory findings in Cushing's syndrome:
1. Urinary free cortisol excretion increases (normal < 100ug/day).
2. Plasma cortisol increases (normal 10ug/dl, average).
3. Dexamethasone suppression test (DST).
Here synthetic steroid (dexamethasone) is given which is expected to reduce ACTH and cortisol secretion by negative feedback. Normally plasma cortisol decreases, but failure of plasma cortisol reduction following DST suggests Cushing's syndrome.
4. Plasma ACTH (normal = 9.52 pg/L)
Moderately increaed in Cushing's disease, markedly increased in ectopic ACTH and very low or undetectable in adrenal tumor.
1. Urinary free cortisol excretion increases (normal < 100ug/day).
2. Plasma cortisol increases (normal 10ug/dl, average).
3. Dexamethasone suppression test (DST).
Here synthetic steroid (dexamethasone) is given which is expected to reduce ACTH and cortisol secretion by negative feedback. Normally plasma cortisol decreases, but failure of plasma cortisol reduction following DST suggests Cushing's syndrome.
4. Plasma ACTH (normal = 9.52 pg/L)
Moderately increaed in Cushing's disease, markedly increased in ectopic ACTH and very low or undetectable in adrenal tumor.
৫৫২.
Site of samboxa obesity is not seen
৫৫৩.
Key reaction of coagulation in both pathway is
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanations:
Activation of Factor X is pivotal in both pathways.
Activation of Factor X is pivotal in both pathways.
৫৫৪.
Following Which is a Bipolar Neuron-?
ব্যাখ্যা
Examples of Bipolar neuron are-
-Olfactory cells
-Bipolar cells of retina
-Vestibular ganglia
-Hair cells of cochlea
৫৫৫.
Lipophilic hormone
ব্যাখ্যা
Steroid & thyroid hormones arr lipophilic
৫৫৬.
Compensatory changes in hemorrhage include-
ব্যাখ্যা
Compensatory reactions activated by hemorrhage-
-Vasoconstriction
- Tachycardia
-Venoconstriction
-increase secretion of Catecholamines, vasopressin, EPO, Renin, Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone
-Tachypnoea
-Restlessness
৫৫৭.
Which of the following functions of the Sertoli cells mediates negative feedback control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion?
ব্যাখ্যা
Inhibin is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testes when they are stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Inhibin then inhibits further secretion of FSH by negative feedback on the anterior pituitary. The Leydig cells synthesize testosterone. Testosterone is aromatized in the ovaries.
৫৫৮.
ANP has ____________ no of subtype
৫৫৯.
Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion?
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation-
★ Decreased blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin (because of decreased renal perfusion pressure) and initiates the renin–angiotensinaldosterone cascade. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the cascade by decreasing the production of angiotensin II. Hyperosmolarity stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [not aldosterone] secretion. Hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia, directly stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-348/T-20.6 & BRS physiology/6th/P-244
★ Decreased blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin (because of decreased renal perfusion pressure) and initiates the renin–angiotensinaldosterone cascade. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the cascade by decreasing the production of angiotensin II. Hyperosmolarity stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [not aldosterone] secretion. Hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia, directly stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-348/T-20.6 & BRS physiology/6th/P-244
৫৬০.
GH causes following ion retention
৫৬১.
Substances that freely filtered but not reabsorbed by the kidney -
ব্যাখ্যা
That is why inulin clearance is used for measurement of GFR.
৫৬২.
Genotype for AB blood group
৫৬৩.
Structural and functional unit of nervous system
ব্যাখ্যা
Please Don’t Ask for Explanation! Hahaa
৫৬৪.
What is serum?
ব্যাখ্যা
If whole blood is allowed to clot and the clot is removed the remaining fluid is called serum.
৫৬৫.
Presence of positive benedict's test indicate that there might be a problem in
ব্যাখ্যা
Benedict test is used to detect glucose which is reabsorbed in PCT.
৫৬৬.
Increased vagal tone tends to increase
ব্যাখ্যা
Effects of increased vagal tone
On CVS -
-Negative inotropism
-Negative chronotropism
-Decreases excitability
-Decreases conductivity
On GIT-
-increased secretion of GIT
-increased motility of GIT
৫৬৭.
Gene is a part of
৫৬৮.
Which hormone has receptor on nucleus?
৫৬৯.
What is the way of message transmission in paracrine & autocrine communication?
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Ganong 26th; Figure-2.21
৫৭০.
Which is not a characteristics of ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM?
ব্যাখ্যা
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
The ascending arousal system is a complex polysynaptic pathway comprised of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons that project to the intralaminar and reticular nuclei of the thalamus which, in turn, project diffusely to wide regions of the cortex including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices (Figure 14-3). Collaterals funnel into it not only from the long
The ascending arousal system is a complex polysynaptic pathway comprised of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons that project to the intralaminar and reticular nuclei of the thalamus which, in turn, project diffusely to wide regions of the cortex including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices (Figure 14-3). Collaterals funnel into it not only from the long
৫৭১.
Renin is secreted from
ব্যাখ্যা
JG cells secrets renin.
৫৭২.
Tidal volume is
৫৭৩.
There are ______ type of Retinal bipolar cell
ব্যাখ্যা
There are two types of bipolar cells:
a) OFF-center bipolar cells and
b) ON-center bipolar cells.
These cells respond in opposite ways to the glutamate released by the photoreceptors because they express different types of glutamate receptors. Like photoreceptors, the bipolar cells do not fire action potential and only respond with graded postsynaptic potentials
a) OFF-center bipolar cells and
b) ON-center bipolar cells.
These cells respond in opposite ways to the glutamate released by the photoreceptors because they express different types of glutamate receptors. Like photoreceptors, the bipolar cells do not fire action potential and only respond with graded postsynaptic potentials
৫৭৪.
The duration of Action potential of Skeletal muscle is............
ব্যাখ্যা
1. The resting membrane potential is about -80 to -90 millivolts in skeletal fibers, about 10 to 20 millivolts more negative than in neurons.
2. The duration of the action potential is 1 to 5 milliseconds in skeletal muscle, about five times as long as in large myelinated nerves.
3. The velocity of conduction is 3 to 5 m/sec, about 1/13 the velocity of conduction in the large myelinated nerve fibers that excite skeletal muscle.
2. The duration of the action potential is 1 to 5 milliseconds in skeletal muscle, about five times as long as in large myelinated nerves.
3. The velocity of conduction is 3 to 5 m/sec, about 1/13 the velocity of conduction in the large myelinated nerve fibers that excite skeletal muscle.
৫৭৫.
Which drug can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
ব্যাখ্যা
Variations in the Alpha Rhythm
In humans, the frequency of the dominant EEG rhythm at rest varies with age. In infants, there is fast, beta-like activity, but the occipital rhythm is a slow 0.5-2-Hz pattern. During childhood this latter rhythm speeds up, and the adult alpha pattern gradually appears during adolescence. The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by low blood glucose levels, low body temperature, low levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, and high arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). It is increased by the reverse conditions. Forced over-breathing to lower the PaCO2 is sometimes used clinically to bring out latent EEG abnormalities. The frequency and magnitude of the alpha rhythm is also decreased by metabolic and toxic encephalopathies including those due to hyponatremia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The frequency of the alpha rhythm is reduced during acute intoxication with alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, phenytoin, and antipsychotics.
Propofol, a hypnotic/sedative drug, can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
In humans, the frequency of the dominant EEG rhythm at rest varies with age. In infants, there is fast, beta-like activity, but the occipital rhythm is a slow 0.5-2-Hz pattern. During childhood this latter rhythm speeds up, and the adult alpha pattern gradually appears during adolescence. The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by low blood glucose levels, low body temperature, low levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, and high arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). It is increased by the reverse conditions. Forced over-breathing to lower the PaCO2 is sometimes used clinically to bring out latent EEG abnormalities. The frequency and magnitude of the alpha rhythm is also decreased by metabolic and toxic encephalopathies including those due to hyponatremia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The frequency of the alpha rhythm is reduced during acute intoxication with alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, phenytoin, and antipsychotics.
Propofol, a hypnotic/sedative drug, can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
৫৭৬.
Which of the following activities describes an isotonic muscle contraction?
ব্যাখ্যা
Isotonic Contractions
Isotonic contractions maintain constant tension in the muscle as the muscle changes length. This can occur only when a muscle’s maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle. Isotonic muscle contractions can be either concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens).
Isometric Contractions
In contrast to isotonic contractions, isometric contractions generate force without changing the length of the muscle . This is typical of muscles found in the hands and forearm: the muscles do not change length, and joints are not moved, so force for grip is sufficient. An example is when the muscles of the hand and forearm grip an object; the joints of the hand do not move, but muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped.
Isotonic contractions maintain constant tension in the muscle as the muscle changes length. This can occur only when a muscle’s maximal force of contraction exceeds the total load on the muscle. Isotonic muscle contractions can be either concentric (muscle shortens) or eccentric (muscle lengthens).
Isometric Contractions
In contrast to isotonic contractions, isometric contractions generate force without changing the length of the muscle . This is typical of muscles found in the hands and forearm: the muscles do not change length, and joints are not moved, so force for grip is sufficient. An example is when the muscles of the hand and forearm grip an object; the joints of the hand do not move, but muscles generate sufficient force to prevent the object from being dropped.
৫৭৭.
HCL is secreted from-
ব্যাখ্যা
HCl is secreted from parietal/oxyntic cell of stomach.
৫৭৮.
Narcolepsy associate gene is loacated in chromosome
৫৭৯.
Inability to recognize or detect any odor
৫৮০.
Functions of neocerebellum excludes
৫৮১.
Which one is neuroendocrine structure?
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypothalamus contains neurosecretory cells.
৫৮২.
Cause of PHP
ব্যাখ্যা
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP)
Definition: It is the hypercalcemic disorder due to excessive secretion of PTH.
Causes:
1. Parathyroid adenoma (80 %).
2. Primary hyperplasia of parathyroid gland (15 %). 3.Parathyroid carcinoma.
Definition: It is the hypercalcemic disorder due to excessive secretion of PTH.
Causes:
1. Parathyroid adenoma (80 %).
2. Primary hyperplasia of parathyroid gland (15 %). 3.Parathyroid carcinoma.
৫৮৩.
Intrinsic coagulation pathway starts with
ব্যাখ্যা
Ref: Guyton 14th; P-482
৫৮৪.
Which of the following nucleus is responsible for synthesis of GABA
৫৮৫.
Which organ receives most percentage of cardiac output from all of the following?
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
৫৮৬.
Which of the following explains the suppression of lactation during pregnancy?
ব্যাখ্যা
Although the high circulating levels of estrogen stimulate prolactin secretion during pregnancy, the action of prolactin on the breast is inhibited by progesterone and estrogen. After parturition, progesterone and estrogen levels decrease dramatically. Prolactin can then interact with its receptors in the breast, and lactation proceeds if initiated by suckling.
৫৮৭.
The largest neurons in the CNS is
৫৮৮.
Thyroid hormone excess results in
৫৮৯.
Internal environment
৫৯০.
Which hormone has receptor on cytoplasm?
৫৯১.
Serum is plasma devoid of
৫৯২.
Absorption of amino acid is slower in
ব্যাখ্যা
Absorption of amino acids is faster in duodenum and jejunum and slower in ileum.
৫৯৩.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans in REM sleep show decreased activity in
ব্যাখ্যা
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans in REM sleep show increased activity in the pontine area, amygdala, and anterior cingulate gyrus, but decreased activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. Activity in visual association areas is increased, but activity is decreased in the primary visual cortex. This is consistent with increased emotion and operation of a closed neural system cut off from the areas that relate brain activity to the external world.
৫৯৪.
D cell f islets of Langerhans secrete
ব্যাখ্যা
Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
• A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
• B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
• D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
• F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
৫৯৫.
Im absence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is reabsorbed in the-?
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Aquaporin-1 is localized to both the basolateral and apical membrane of the proximal tubules and its presence allows water to move rapidly out of the tubule along the osmotic gradients set up by active transport of solutes, and isotonicity is maintained. 60-70% of filtered water is reabsorbed in PCT.
৫৯৬.
Amino acid required for thyroid hormone synthesis
৫৯৭.
Find the odd out about Heparin
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• Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan with the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. It is a naturally occurring anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils that plays an important role in vivo in the fine balance of anticoagulant and procoagulant processes. Although it does not break down preformed clots like tissue plasminogen activator, it instead potentiates the progression of the body’s natural clot lysis mechanisms to prevent the formation of clots.
• Heparin is administered parenterally because it is not absorbed in the gut due to its high negative charge and size; intramuscular injections are avoided because of the risk of developing hematomas. Subcutaneous administration is predominantly given for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. In order to maintain its antithrombotic effect throughout the duration of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), heparin must be rebolused or continually infused because of its short half-life.
• Heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulant in the world administered to minimize thrombotic complications during PCI; its onset of action is immediate after intravenous administration. In addition to avoiding thrombotic complications, anticoagulation strategies must be designed to avoid major bleeding complications, as they are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost.
• The combination of heparin and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors has a potent anti-ischemic effect, but also has an increased risk of serious bleeding complications that must be balanced carefully. Although randomized trials have demonstrated the reduction of ischemic events with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients who undergo PCI for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, bleeding complications are also increased.
• Heparin is administered parenterally because it is not absorbed in the gut due to its high negative charge and size; intramuscular injections are avoided because of the risk of developing hematomas. Subcutaneous administration is predominantly given for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis. In order to maintain its antithrombotic effect throughout the duration of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), heparin must be rebolused or continually infused because of its short half-life.
• Heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulant in the world administered to minimize thrombotic complications during PCI; its onset of action is immediate after intravenous administration. In addition to avoiding thrombotic complications, anticoagulation strategies must be designed to avoid major bleeding complications, as they are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and cost.
• The combination of heparin and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors has a potent anti-ischemic effect, but also has an increased risk of serious bleeding complications that must be balanced carefully. Although randomized trials have demonstrated the reduction of ischemic events with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients who undergo PCI for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, bleeding complications are also increased.
৫৯৮.
Which of the following sign is found in subacute combined degeneration of Spinal Cord
৫৯৯.
Pulmonary circulation
৬০০.
Diffusion of gas through respiratory membrane is inversly proportional to
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Guyton 13 th page 522