Medicine

Explanation: Heparin, particularly low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), is the primary treatment for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Davidson explains that heparin acts by potentiating antithrombin III, leading to the inhibition of thrombin and factor Xa. Harrison adds that anticoagulation is continued with warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for long-term management to prevent recurrence.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-51(Box-3.8).

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-658 , box : 18.28

Type II (proximal) RTA is characterized  by
•Hypokalemia
•Hyperphosphaturia
•Aminoaciduria
•Glycosuria
•Rickets and osteomalacia
•Failure to thrive

Explanation: Pityriasis versicolor is a persistent, superficial skin condition caused by various species of the commensal yeast Malassezia, most commonly Malassezia globosa, but sometimes M. sympadialis or M. furfur

Hypothyroidism causes weight gain, all other disorder in the option causes weight loss

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-514

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-839
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Portal hypertension leads to collateral formation, especially esophageal varices, which can bleed massively

Stem Breakdown:

Episodic headaches, palpitations, and sweating: These are the classic "triad" of symptoms for pheochromocytoma, a catecholamine-secreting tumor.
Consistently elevated blood pressure: Pheochromocytoma often causes paroxysmal or sustained hypertension.
Increased metanephrines and normetanephrines in urine: These are metabolites of catecholamines and are diagnostic for pheochromocytoma.
Option Analysis:

A) Hyperthyroidism: Hyperthyroidism can cause palpitations and sweating, but it typically does not cause paroxysmal hypertension or elevated metanephrines.
B) Pheochromocytoma: This is the correct diagnosis. Davidson and Harrison explain that pheochromocytoma is a rare adrenal tumor that secretes excess catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), leading to episodic symptoms of headache, palpitations, sweating, and hypertension. Elevated urine or plasma metanephrines confirm the diagnosis.
C) Primary hyperaldosteronism: Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome) causes hypertension and hypokalemia due to excess aldosterone, but it does not cause episodic symptoms or elevated catecholamine metabolites.
D) Cushing’s syndrome: Cushing’s syndrome can cause hypertension due to excess cortisol, but it is associated with other features such as weight gain, moon face, and purple striae. It also does not cause elevated metanephrines.