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Neurons

মোট প্রশ্ন৪৭এই পাতা৪৭প্রতি পাতা১০০
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Neurons

PrepBank · পাতা ১ / ১ · ১–৪৭ / ৪৭

১.
Which of the followings is included in axonotmesis?
  1. ক
    ক) First degree nerve injury
  2. খ
    খ) Second degree nerve injury
  3. গ
    গ) Third drgree nerve injury
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Fourth degree nerve injury
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Second degree nerve injury
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Second degree nerve injury
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 770)
Explanation : First degree of injury is called Seddon neuropraxia. Second degree of injury is called axonotmesis. . Third, fourth and fifth degrees of injury are called neurotmesis.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 770)
২.
Which is the function of satellite cells in PNS?
  1. ক
    ক) Regulation of chemical environment of ECF around the PNS neurons
  2. খ
    খ) Provide myelination around the nerve fibers in PNS
  3. গ
    গ) Play important role in nerve regeneration
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Remove cellular debris during regeneration by phagocytic activity
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Regulation of chemical environment of ECF around the PNS neurons
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Regulation of chemical environment of ECF around the PNS neurons
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Schwann cells Provide myelination (insulation) around the nerve fibers in PNS , Play important role in nerve regeneration , Remove cellular debris during regeneration by their phagocytic activity. Satellite cells Provide physical support to the PNS neurons , help in regulation of chemical environment of ECF around the PNS neurons.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th Edition (Page- 774)
৩.
In the pain pathway-?
  1. ক
    ক) The principal receptor is the Meissner's corpuscle
  2. খ
    খ) The first order neuron is the pain receptor
  3. গ
    গ) The third order neuron projects from the thalamus
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Perception occurs in the secondary cortex
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) The third order neuron projects from the thalamus
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) The third order neuron projects from the thalamus
গ
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation-
Pain pathway-
- slow pain is carried by A-delta Fiber and fast pain is carried by C fiber and they form 1st order neuron
-Pain receptor is free nerve endings

৪.
False about conduction velocity
  1. ক
    Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments
  2. খ
    New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adul
  3. গ
    CV in LL is faster than in UL
  4. ঘ
    In elderly there is slowing of conduction
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
CV in LL is faster than in UL
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
CV in LL is faster than in UL
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Conduction velocity:
1. It is the speed at which motor and sensory impulses traverse a given segment of nerve (meter/sec)
2. Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments.
3. New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adult.
4. CV in UL is faster than in LL
In elderly there is slowing of conduction,
in local tissue temperature slows CV.
৫.
Neuroglial cell of PNS
  1. ক
    ক) Oligodendrocyte
  2. খ
    খ) Astrocyte
  3. গ
    গ) Ependymal cell
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Schwann cell is cell of PNS.
৬.
Which of the followings is not the feature of oculosympathetic palsy?
  1. ক
    ক) Ptosis
  2. খ
    খ) Swelling of lower eyelid
  3. গ
    গ) Miosis
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Exophthalmos
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Exophthalmos
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Exophthalmos
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation : Horner syndrome is an eye disorder caused by damage to cervical sympathetic nerve. It is also called Bernard-Horner syndrome, Claude- Bernard-Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy. Symptoms of Horner syndrome appear on the affected side. The symptoms are:
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Swelling of lower eyelid
3. Miosis (abnormal constriction of pupil)
4. Enophthalmos (sinking of eyeball into its cavity)
5. Absence of sweating on affected side of the face.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 998)
৭.
Which of the following is a property of C fibers?
  1. ক
    ক) Have the smallest diameter of any nerve fiber type
  2. খ
    খ) Are afferent nerves from muscle spindles
  3. গ
    গ) Are afferent nerves from Golgi tendon organs
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Are preganglionic autonomic fibers
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Have the smallest diameter of any nerve fiber type
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Have the smallest diameter of any nerve fiber type
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : C fibers (slow pain) are the smallest nerve fibers and therefore have the slowest conduction velocity.
Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition (Table-2.5)
৮.
Vagus nuclei are
  1. ক
    Nucleus tractus solitarius
  2. খ
    Nucleus ambiguus
  3. গ
    Dorsal motor nucleus
  4. ঘ
    All
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
All
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
All
ঘ
৯.
The development of thermoanesthesis below the level of T4 is due to
  1. ক
    Blockage of Posterior Spinal artery
  2. খ
    Cerebral Hemorrhage
  3. গ
    Blockage of Anterior Spinal artery
  4. ঘ
    Collapse of T4
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Blockage of Anterior Spinal artery
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Blockage of Anterior Spinal artery
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Block of ASA- block blood supply of Ant 2/3rd of Spinal Cord-Bilateral Thermoanesthesia

(Damage to Spinothalamic tract lesion in both lateral white columns)

Snell 8th - 487
১০.
RMP of Never fiber-
  1. ক
    ক) -65 mv
  2. খ
    খ) -70 mv
  3. গ
    গ) -80 mv
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) -90 mv
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) -90 mv
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) -90 mv
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
[Guyton 13th p-65]
১১.
What is the excitatory cell of cerebellum?
  1. ক
    ক) Granule cells
  2. খ
    খ) Basket cells
  3. গ
    গ) Golgi cells
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Purkinje cells
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Granule cells
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Granule cells
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Climbing & Mossy fibres,Granule cells are excitatory neuron in cerebellum.Stellate,basket,golgi & purkinje cells are inhibitory neuron of cerebellum.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table-150.2)
১২.
Tract carries pain and temperature from opposite side
  1. ক
    ক) Spinothalamic tract
  2. খ
    খ) Dorsal column
  3. গ
    গ) Corticospinal tract
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Geniculocalcarine tract
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Spinothalamic tract
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Spinothalamic tract
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Tract carries pain and temperature from opposite side is spinothalamic tract.
১৩.
ou see a 67-year-old man who has been referred to the chest clinic following a three-month history of weight loss and signs which may suggest a Pancoast's tumour. Which of the following symptoms from the list below is not associated with a Pancoast's tumour?
  1. ক
    Hoarse voice
  2. খ
    Ptosis
  3. গ
    Anhydrosis
  4. ঘ
    Exopthalmos
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Exopthalmos
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Exopthalmos
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Pancoast's tumours are defined as tumours arising from the lung apex either on the left or right side. As the tumour grows it can compress structures such as the brachiocephalic vein, subclavian artery, recurrent laryngeal nerve (causing voice hoarseness (A), vagus nerve, phrenic nerve or compression of the sympathetic ganglion resulting in a group of symptoms known as Horner's syndrome (pupil constriction, enopthalmos sunken eye, ptosis (B) - drooping eyelid and ipsilateral anhydrosis (C) loss of sweating due to compression of sympathetic supply (thoracic outlet) to the face).
১৪.
Feature of UMNL
  1. ক
    ক) Spastic paralysis
  2. খ
    খ) Deep reflexes lost
  3. গ
    গ) Clonus absent
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Individual muscles are affected
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Spastic paralysis
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Spastic paralysis
ক
১৫.
bulbar Palsy
  1. ক
    Large vessel cortical infarctions
  2. খ
    GBS
  3. গ
    ubcortical lacunar infarctions
  4. ঘ
    Alzheimer's disease
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
GBS
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
GBS
খ
১৬.
Which is not included in Triad of Horner syndrome
  1. ক
    ptosis
  2. খ
    miosis
  3. গ
    enophthalmos
  4. ঘ
    anhidrosis
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
enophthalmos
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
enophthalmos
গ
১৭.
Tigroid substances is absent from -
  1. ক
    ক) Dendrites
  2. খ
    খ) Soma
  3. গ
    গ) Axon hillock
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Dendron
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Axon hillock
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Axon hillock
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Nissl bodies or Nissl granules are small basophilic granules found in cytoplasm of neurons and are named after the discoverer. These bodies are present in soma and dendrite but not in axon and axon hillock. Nissl bodies are called tigroid substances.
Ref : Sembullingam 6th edition (Page- 760)
১৮.
No of Nerve Fibres served by Cell in Peripheral Nerve
  1. ক
    1
  2. খ
    2
  3. গ
    40
  4. ঘ
    60
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
1
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
1
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
1 Nerve Fibres served by Cell in Peripheral Nerve

Snell 8th - Table 3.1 - 78

The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord.
Thus, the peripheral nervous system includes
The nerves that connect the head, face, eyes, nose, muscles, and ears to the brain (cranial nerves)
The nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body, including the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
More than 100 billion nerve cells that run throughout the body
১৯.
In Red nucleus lesion which of the CN may be involved
  1. ক
    2
  2. খ
    3
  3. গ
    4
  4. ঘ
    5
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
3
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
3
খ
২০.
Primary function of the basal ganglia is-?
  1. ক
    ক) Short term memory
  2. খ
    খ) Planning of voluntary movement
  3. গ
    গ) Neuroendocrine control
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Slow wave sleep
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Planning of voluntary movement
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Planning of voluntary movement
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Basal ganglia is concerned with planning of voluntary movement.
২১.
Nerve cells in the anterior gray columns
  1. ক
    Multipolar
  2. খ
    Large Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as y-efferents
  3. গ
    Small Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as a-efferents
  4. ঘ
    None
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Multipolar
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Multipolar
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Nerve cells in the anterior gray columns
• Large & multipolar and  Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as a-efferents
• Smaller nerve cells are multipolar and Axons pass out in anterior roots as y- efferents
২২.
Which acts as final common path of cerebellar cortex?
  1. ক
    ক) Stellate cell
  2. খ
    খ) Basket cell
  3. গ
    গ) Purkinje cell
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Golgi cell
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Purkinje cell
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Purkinje cell
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Explantion : Purkinje cells are termed as ‘final common path’ of cerebellar cortex. It is because the impulses from different parts of cerebellar cortex are transmitted to other parts of brain only through Purkinje cells.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 866)
২৩.
What is the resting membrane potential of a nerve fibre?
  1. ক
    ক) -90 mV
  2. খ
    খ) -70 mV
  3. গ
    গ) -55 mV
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) =+35 mV
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) -70 mV
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) -70 mV
খ
ব্যাখ্যা

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 136.1)
Explanation : RMP of a nerve fibre is -70 mV, Firing level of a nerve fibre is -55 mv, End of depolarization of the nerve fibre is at +35 mV.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 136.1)
২৪.
Which is not involved in basal gaglia?
  1. ক
    Cortical activation of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
  2. খ
    Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
  3. গ
    (via D1) activation leads to increased thalamic output
  4. ঘ
    (via D1) activation leads to decreased thalamic output
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
(via D1) activation leads to decreased thalamic output
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
(via D1) activation leads to decreased thalamic output
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
1. Cortical activation of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
2. Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
3.Substantia nigra activation (via D1) of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
4. Substantia nigra inhibition (via D2) of the indirect pathway leads to increased thalamic output
It is the combination of these pathways that allows for precise control of motor movement, balancing the excitatory direct pathway with the inhibitory indirect pathway.
২৫.
Neuroglia is non-excitable cell of CNS. Which of the following neuroglia is originated from Bone marrow?
  1. ক
    ক) Ependymocytes
  2. খ
    খ) Astrocytes
  3. গ
    গ) Oligodendrocytes
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Microglia
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Microglia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Microglia
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Microglia usually inactive in normal CNS. It drives from blood monocyte.
২৬.
Following Which is a Bipolar Neuron-?
  1. ক
    ক) Vestibular Ganglia
  2. খ
    খ) Cranial nerve ganglia
  3. গ
    গ) Cerebral cortex
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Cerebellar cortex
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vestibular Ganglia
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
ক) Vestibular Ganglia
ক
ব্যাখ্যা

Examples of Bipolar neuron are-
-Olfactory cells
-Bipolar cells of retina
-Vestibular ganglia
-Hair cells of cochlea

২৭.
Structural and functional unit of nervous system
  1. ক
    ক) Neurotransmitter
  2. খ
    খ) Neuron
  3. গ
    গ) Neuroglial cell
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Nerve fiber
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Neuron
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
খ) Neuron
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Please Don’t Ask for Explanation! Hahaa
২৮.
Which is not a characteristics of ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM?
  1. ক
    histaminergic
  2. খ
    monoaminergic
  3. গ
    cholinergic
  4. ঘ
    monosynaptic pathway
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
monosynaptic pathway
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
monosynaptic pathway
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
The ascending arousal system is a complex polysynaptic pathway comprised of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons that project to the intralaminar and reticular nuclei of the thalamus which, in turn, project diffusely to wide regions of the cortex including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices (Figure 14-3). Collaterals funnel into it not only from the long
২৯.
Which drug can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
  1. ক
    Propofol
  2. খ
    alcohol
  3. গ
    barbiturates
  4. ঘ
    phenytoin
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Propofol
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Propofol
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Variations in the Alpha Rhythm
In humans, the frequency of the dominant EEG rhythm at rest varies with age. In infants, there is fast, beta-like activity, but the occipital rhythm is a slow 0.5-2-Hz pattern. During childhood this latter rhythm speeds up, and the adult alpha pattern gradually appears during adolescence. The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by low blood glucose levels, low body temperature, low levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, and high arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). It is increased by the reverse conditions. Forced over-breathing to lower the PaCO2 is sometimes used clinically to bring out latent EEG abnormalities. The frequency and magnitude of the alpha rhythm is also decreased by metabolic and toxic encephalopathies including those due to hyponatremia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The frequency of the alpha rhythm is reduced during acute intoxication with alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, phenytoin, and antipsychotics.

Propofol, a hypnotic/sedative drug, can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
৩০.
Narcolepsy associate gene is loacated in chromosome
  1. ক
    5
  2. খ
    6
  3. গ
    8
  4. ঘ
    9
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
6
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
6
খ
৩১.
Which of the following nucleus is responsible for synthesis of GABA
  1. ক
    Raphe nuclei
  2. খ
    Nucleus accumbens
  3. গ
    Basal nucleus of Meynert
  4. ঘ
    Locus ceruleus
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Nucleus accumbens
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Nucleus accumbens
খ
৩২.
The largest neurons in the CNS is
  1. ক
    Granule
  2. খ
    Basket
  3. গ
    Stellate
  4. ঘ
    Purkinje
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Purkinje
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Purkinje
ঘ
৩৩.
In Dentatorubral- pallidoluysian atrophy which of the protein is affected
  1. ক
    FMR-1
  2. খ
    Frataxin
  3. গ
    Atrophin
  4. ঘ
    Ataxin
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Atrophin
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
Atrophin
গ
৩৪.
The following statement is true about Wallerian degeneration?
  1. ক
    1st stage occurs during 12 hours after axotomy
  2. খ
    1st stage occurs during 24 hours after axotomy
  3. গ
    1st stage occurs during 36 hours after axotomy
  4. ঘ
    1st stage occurs during 48 hours after axotomy
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
1st stage occurs during 12 hours after axotomy
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
1st stage occurs during 12 hours after axotomy
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
STAGES OF WALLERIAN DEGENERATION
The first stage occurs during the first 12 hr after axotomy at 37°C and is prolonged by low temperatures.
Events during the first stage appear to initiate the process leading to Wallerian degeneration.
The second stage occurs during the period 12-24 hr after axotomy at 37°C.
৩৫.
Which of the followings is not the property of nerve fibre?
  1. ক
    ক) Summation
  2. খ
    খ) Adaptation
  3. গ
    গ) Relative refractory period
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Fatigability
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Fatigability
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
ঘ) Fatigability
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : All-or-none Law, Infatigability, Adaptation, Summation, Refractory period, Conductivity etc are the properties of a nerve fibre.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 768, 769)
৩৬.
Which is not take part in formation of interpeduncular fossa
  1. ক
    Optic Chaisma
  2. খ
    Optic Nerve
  3. গ
    Optic Tract
  4. ঘ
    Pons
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Optic Nerve
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Optic Nerve
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
The interpeduncular fossa
infront by the optic chiasma,
behind by the antero-superior surface of the pons,
antero-laterally by the converging optic tracts,
postero-laterally by the diverging cerebral peduncles.
৩৭.
Myelinated Nerve Fibre
  1. ক
    They appear grey
  2. খ
    They do not have node of Ranvier
  3. গ
    Post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves are myelinated
  4. ঘ
    These are made up of lipid & protein
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
These are made up of lipid & protein
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
These are made up of lipid & protein
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Myelinated Nerve Fibre:

1. The nerves that are insulated by a sheath or myelin called myelinated nere fibre.
2. These are made up of lipid & protein and so, appear white.
3. These have nodes of Ranvier which always constant in number.
4. Nerve fibres outside CNS and myelinated.

Non-Myelinated nerve fibre:
1. The nerves which lack such sheath are called non-myelinated nerve fibre.
2. They appear grey because of absence of myelin sheath.
3. They do not have node of Ranvier.
4. Post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves are non-myelinated.
৩৮.
Which of the followings is used to treat Parkinson's disease?
  1. ক
    ক) Nerve growth factor
  2. খ
    খ) Brain-derived Neurotrophic Growth Factor
  3. গ
    গ) Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Glial Cell Line-derived Neurotrophic Factor
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : NGF plays an important role in treating many nervous disorders such as Alzheimer disease, neuron degeneration in aging and neuron regeneration in spinal cord injury. Commercial preparation of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Growth Factor is used to treat motor neuron diseases.
GDNF is found in neuroglial cells. It has a potent protective action on dopaminergic neurons. It is used for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
CNTF is secreted in peripheral nerves, ocular muscles and cardiac muscle. It protects neurons of ciliary ganglion and motor neurons.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 763)
৩৯.
Effects of low ionized Ca2+
  1. ক
    Increased excitability of nerve & muscles.
  2. খ
    Increased membrane permeability
  3. গ
    Impaired blood clotting
  4. ঘ
    Essential component of milk
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Essential component of milk
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ঘ
Essential component of milk
ঘ
ব্যাখ্যা
Effects of low ionized Ca2+
1.  Increased excitability of nerve & muscles.
2.  Increased membrane permeability
3.  Impaired blood clotting
4.  Tetany
5.  Rickets (in children)
6.  Osteomalacia (In adult)
৪০.
Hot Sensation is carrried by _______________ Fibre
  1. ক
    A
  2. খ
    B
  3. গ
    C
  4. ঘ
    D
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
C
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
C
গ
৪১.
Nucleus proprius
  1. ক
    Anterior to substantia gelatinosa
  2. খ
    Posterior to substantia gelatinosa
  3. গ
    Main bulk of cells in anterior gray column
  4. ঘ
    Are not associated with proprioception, 2-point discrimination & vibration
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Anterior to substantia gelatinosa
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Anterior to substantia gelatinosa
ক
ব্যাখ্যা
Nucleus proprius
anterior to substantia gelatinosa
present throughout the whole length of spina cord
main bulk of cells in posterior gray column
receives fibers from posterior white column
that are assoc with proprioception, 2-point discrimination & vibration
৪২.
Which is a part of UMN
  1. ক
    ক) Tectospinal tract
  2. খ
    খ) Reticulospinal tract
  3. গ
    গ) Corticospinal tract
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Vestibulospinal tract
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Corticospinal tract
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
গ) Corticospinal tract
গ
৪৩.
Which CN is most suseptible to raised ICP
  1. ক
    4
  2. খ
    5
  3. গ
    6
  4. ঘ
    7
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
6
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
6
গ
ব্যাখ্যা
৪৪.
Which of the following is known as mini brain
  1. ক
    SNS
  2. খ
    PNS
  3. গ
    ENS
  4. ঘ
    Calf muscle
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
ENS
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: গ
ENS
গ
৪৫.
Following statement is correct about neuron
  1. ক
    Mitocondria is found in axons
  2. খ
    Centrioles are not found in mature nerve cell
  3. গ
    Lipofuscin granules tend to disappear with age
  4. ঘ
    Microfilament contain myosin
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Mitocondria is found in axons
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: ক
Mitocondria is found in axons
ক
ব্যাখ্যা

Clue:
1.Mitocondria is found in axons and dendrities
2. Centrioles are found in mature and immature nerve cell
3. Lipofuscin granules tend to accumulate with age
4. Microfilament contain actin

Snell 8th- 70
৪৬.
Following excitatory neuron secrets glutamate
  1. ক
    Parkinje cell
  2. খ
    Spiny stellate cells
  3. গ
    Basket Cell
  4. ঘ
    chandelier cell
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Spiny stellate cells
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Spiny stellate cells
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
The other cortical cell types are local circuit interneurons and are classified based on their shape, pattern of projection, and neurotransmitter. Inhibitory interneurons (basket cells and chandelier cells) release GABA as their neurotransmitter. Basket cells have long axonal endings that surround the soma of pyramidal neurons; they account for most inhibitory synapses on the pyramidal soma and dendrites. Chandelier cells are a powerful source of inhibition of pyramidal neurons because their axonal endings terminate

exclusively on the initial segment of the pyramidal cell axon. Their terminal boutons form short vertical rows that resemble candlesticks, thus accounting for their name. Spiny stellate cells are excitatory neurons that release glutamate; these multipolar interneurons are located primarily in layer IV and are a major recipient of sensory information arising from the thalamus.

In addition to being organized into layers, the cerebral cortex is also organized into columns. Neurons within a column have similar response properties, suggesting they comprise a local processing network (eg, orientation and ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex).
৪৭.
Following statement is true about spinal Nerves
  1. ক
    They are 26 Pairs
  2. খ
    Formed by Union of anterior and Posterior Nerve roots
  3. গ
    The posterior ramus contains only sensory axons
  4. ঘ
    The anterior ramus contains only sensory axons
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Formed by Union of anterior and Posterior Nerve roots
উত্তর
সঠিক উত্তর: খ
Formed by Union of anterior and Posterior Nerve roots
খ
ব্যাখ্যা
Spinal Nerve:
1.They are 31 Pairs
2. Formed by Union of anterior and Posterior Nerve roots
3.The posterior ramus contains both motor and sensory axons
4. The anterior ramus contains only motor axons

Snell 8th -128