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Electrolyte Imbalances

মোট প্রশ্ন৩০এই পাতা৩০প্রতি পাতা১০০
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
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উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Electrolyte Imbalances

PrepBank · পাতা ১ / ১ · ১–৩০ / ৩০

১.
Which of the following is a most common cause of hypocalcaemia?
  1. ক
    ক) Alkalosis
  2. খ
    খ) Hypoalbuminaemia
  3. গ
    গ) Vitamin D deficiency
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hypomagnesaemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation: The most common cause of hypocalcaemia is a low serum albumin with normal ionised calcium concentration. For details, please see Davidson 23rd, Box-18.33
২.
Cause of euvolaemic hyponatraemia is?
  1. ক
    ক) Vomiting
  2. খ
    খ) Diarrhoea
  3. গ
    গ) SIADH
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Burns
৩.
Severe hyponatremia is termed when serum sodium level less than cutoff value of
  1. ক
    ক) 135
  2. খ
    খ) 124
  3. গ
    গ) 120
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) 115
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-358
৪.
Diagnostics criteria of SIADH excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Low plasma sodium concentration
  2. খ
    খ) Low plasma osmolarity
  3. গ
    গ) Urine osmolarity not minimally low
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Urine sodium concentration minimally low
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-357
৫.
Site of action of aldosterone
  1. ক
    ক) Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. খ
    খ) Loop of Henle
  3. গ
    গ) Early distal tubule
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Late distal tubule
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-351
৬.
Electrolyte imbalance in long QT syndrome excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Hypokalaemia
  2. খ
    খ) Hyponatremia
  3. গ
    গ) Hypomagnesemia
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hypocalcaemia
৭.
Causes of euvolemic hyponatremia excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Primary polydipsia
  2. খ
    খ) SIADH
  3. গ
    গ) Hypothyroidism
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) CCF
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-357
৮.
Non metastatic extra pulmonary effect that is usually associated with small-cell lung cancer
  1. ক
    ক) Carcinoid syndrome
  2. খ
    খ) Gynaecomastia
  3. গ
    গ) SIADH
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hypercalcaemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-601
৯.
The earliest sign of hyperkalaemia is associated with
  1. ক
    P
  2. খ
    Q
  3. গ
    S
  4. ঘ
    T
১০.
Conditions decrease renin secretion
  1. ক
    Na Depletion
  2. খ
    Diuretics
  3. গ
    Cardiac failure
  4. ঘ
    increased osmolarity
১১.
VIPoma is related to following electrolyte
  1. ক
    Na
  2. খ
    Ca
  3. গ
    Mg
  4. ঘ
    K
১২.
Cause of euvolaemic hyponatraemia?
  1. ক
    Burn
  2. খ
    Nephrotic syndrome
  3. গ
    Hypothyroidism
  4. ঘ
    Diuretic therapy
১৩.
Drug causes Hyperkalemia
  1. ক
    Eplerenone
  2. খ
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  3. গ
    β-blockers
  4. ঘ
    All
ব্যাখ্যা
Hyperkalemia
Drug causes
β-blockers
·Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
·Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs)
·Spironolactone
·Eplerenone
·Calcineurin inhibitors: Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus
১৪.
Which of the following drug causes hypokalaemia?
  1. ক
    ক) ACE inhibitors
  2. খ
    খ) Spironolactone
  3. গ
    গ) Insulin
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Heparin
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation: Insulin causes hypokalaemia, option A,B,D Drugs causes hyperkalaemia
১৫.
1st step in treatment of severe hyperkalemia should be
  1. ক
    ক) IV calcium gluconate
  2. খ
    খ) IV glucose
  3. গ
    গ) IV frusemide
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Inhaled beta-2 agonist
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-363
১৬.
Both Renin & aldosterone level is low in
  1. ক
    ক) Liddle’s syndrome
  2. খ
    খ) Renal artery stenosis
  3. গ
    গ) Barter’s syndrome
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Conn’s syndrome
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-674
১৭.
Hyperkalemia is caused by
  1. ক
    Barter syndrome
  2. খ
    Liddle syndrome
  3. গ
    Gettleman syndrome
  4. ঘ
    congenital adrenal Hyperplasia
১৮.
Which of the following conditions can cause hyponatremia?
  1. ক
    ক) Hypothyroidism
  2. খ
    খ) Hyperthyroidism
  3. গ
    গ) Cushing’s disease
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Pheochromocytoma
ব্যাখ্যা
Adrenal insufficiency & hypothyroidism may cause hyponatremia. Hypothyroidism decreases cardiac output and GFR and thus increased AVP secretion leading to hyponatremia.
১৯.
Maximum Na reabsorption occurs in which part of nephron?
  1. ক
    ক) PCT
  2. খ
    খ) Loop of Henle
  3. গ
    গ) DT
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) CD
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation: About 65% of the filtered sodium load is reabsorbed in the proximal renal tubule
২০.
Among the treatment options for severe hyperkalaemia, which one stabilise cell membrane potential?
  1. ক
    Inhaled Beta 2 adrenoceptor agonist
  2. খ
    IV Glucose
  3. গ
    IV calcium gluconate
  4. ঘ
    IV sodium bicarbonate
২১.
Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis occurs in all of the following channel defects except-
  1. ক
    Sodium channel
  2. খ
    Chloride channel
  3. গ
    Calcium channel
  4. ঘ
    Potassium channel
২২.
Which nutrition toxicity can lead to milk alkali syndrome?
  1. ক
    ক) Iodine
  2. খ
    খ) Calcium
  3. গ
    গ) Arsenic
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Zinc
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd , Page : 716
Explanation : Too much calcium can lead to constipation , and toxicity has been observed in ‘milk-alkali syndrome’.
২৩.
A 60 years old active smoker presented with disorientation. His Na level is 115 mmol/L. What is the cause?
  1. ক
    CCF
  2. খ
    NS
  3. গ
    SIADH
  4. ঘ
    Cushing syndrome
২৪.
In which of the following condition euvolaemic hyponatraemia occurs?
  1. ক
    ক) Congestive cardiac failure
  2. খ
    খ) Cirrhosis
  3. গ
    গ) Excessive electrolyte-free water infusion
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Nephrotic syndrome
২৫.
Cause of euvolemic hypernatremia
  1. ক
    ক) Diuretic therapy
  2. খ
    খ) Colonic diarrhoea
  3. গ
    গ) Diabetes insipidus
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) CKD
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-359
২৬.
Complications of nasogastric tube feeding-
  1. ক
    Risk of tumour seeding
  2. খ
    Intestinal perforation
  3. গ
    Refeeding syndrome
  4. ঘ
    Pneumothorax
২৭.
Factors causing K+ influx excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Alkalosis
  2. খ
    খ) Insulin
  3. গ
    গ) Catecholamine
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Beta blockers
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-361
২৮.
ECG changes in Hypokalemia 
  1. ক
    Peaked T waves
  2. খ
    Prolonged QRS duration with bizarre QRS morphology
  3. গ
    Development of a sine wave appearance
  4. ঘ
    Apparent long QT interval
ব্যাখ্যা
ECG changes in Hypokalemia 
T wave flattening and  inversion
·Prominent U wave
·Increased amplitude and  width of the P wave
·Prolongation of the PR  interval
·ST depression
·Apparent long QT interval
(= long QU interval)

·Supraventricular  tachyarrhythmias: AF, atrial  flutter, atrial tachycardia
·life-threatening ventricular  arrhythmias, e.g. VT, VF and  Torsades de Pointes
২৯.
Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most commonly associated with prolonged vomiting?
  1. ক
    Hyperkalemia
  2. খ
    Hypokalemia
  3. গ
    Hypernatremia
  4. ঘ
    Hypocalcemia
ব্যাখ্যা
Hypokalemia is the most common electrolyte abnormality associated with prolonged vomiting. Davidson explains that vomiting leads to loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid), which triggers renal potassium excretion to maintain acid-base balance. Harrison adds that the body responds to the loss of hydrogen ions by increasing bicarbonate reabsorption, further promoting potassium excretion and hypokalemia.
৩০.
Which of the following is the most abundant cation in the body?
  1. ক
    ক) Calcium
  2. খ
    খ) Iron
  3. গ
    গ) Iodine
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Sodium
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation: Calcium is the most abundant cation in the body and powerful homeostatic mechanisms control circulating ionised calcium levels.