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Neurophysiology

মোট প্রশ্ন১৫১এই পাতা১০০প্রতি পাতা১০০
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Neurophysiology

PrepBank · পাতা ১ / ২ · ১–১০০ / ১৫১

১.
Which of the following areas is predominantly concerned with thermoregulation?
  1. ক
    ক) Hypothalamus
  2. খ
    খ) Anterior pituitary
  3. গ
    গ) Cerebellum
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Brain stem
ব্যাখ্যা
The hypothalamus is primarily concerned with thermoregulation. It may relay to the cerebral cortex to induce behavioral adaptation to facilitate the thermoregulatory process.
২.
Which is not a part of Cushing reflex
  1. ক
    hypertension
  2. খ
    bradycardia
  3. গ
    Papilloedema
  4. ঘ
    respiratory depression
ব্যাখ্যা
Cushing reflex-triad of hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory depression in response to ↑ ICP.
৩.
Which of the followings is included in axonotmesis?
  1. ক
    ক) First degree nerve injury
  2. খ
    খ) Second degree nerve injury
  3. গ
    গ) Third drgree nerve injury
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Fourth degree nerve injury
ব্যাখ্যা

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 770)
Explanation : First degree of injury is called Seddon neuropraxia. Second degree of injury is called axonotmesis. . Third, fourth and fifth degrees of injury are called neurotmesis.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 770)
৪.
Which of the followings is not a superficial cutaneous reflex?
  1. ক
    ক) Scapular reflex
  2. খ
    খ) Finger flexion reflex
  3. গ
    গ) Gluteal reflex
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Bulbocavernous reflex
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Superficial cutaneous reflexes are Scapular reflex, Upper abdominal reflex, Lower abdominal reflex, Cremasteric reflex, Gluteal reflex, Plantar reflex, Bulbocavernous reflex, Anal reflex.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 142.2)
৫.
Post ganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic division
  1. ক
    ক) Acetylcholine
  2. খ
    খ) Adrenalin
  3. গ
    গ) Noradrenalin
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Serotonin
৬.
Which nucleus of hypothalamus controls circadian rhythm?
  1. ক
    ক) Supraoptic
  2. খ
    খ) Paraventricular
  3. গ
    গ) Anterior
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Suprachiasmatic
৭.
Which of the following This region is concerned with setting posture at the start of a planned movement
  1. ক
    Motor Cortex
  2. খ
    PREMOTOR CORTEX
  3. গ
    Supplimentary Motor Cortex
  4. ঘ
    Parietal Cortex
ব্যাখ্যা
PREMOTOR CORTEX
The premotor cortex is located anterior to the precentral gyrus, on the lateral and medial cortical surface; it contains a somatotopic map.
This region receives input from sensory regions of the parietal cortex and projects to M1, the spinal cord, and the brainstem reticular formation.
This region is concerned with setting posture at the start of a planned movement and with getting the individual prepared to move.
It is most involved in control of proximal limb muscles needed to orient the body for movement.
৮.
Buckling shoe is controlled by
  1. ক
    S1 S2
  2. খ
    C2 C3 C4
  3. গ
    C5 C6
  4. ঘ
    L1
৯.
Most important characteristic of synaptic transmission-
  1. ক
    ক) Excitation
  2. খ
    খ) Synaptic delay
  3. গ
    গ) Summation
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) One-way conduction
ব্যাখ্যা
Most important characteristic of synaptic transmission is one way conduction
১০.
Which is the function of satellite cells in PNS?
  1. ক
    ক) Regulation of chemical environment of ECF around the PNS neurons
  2. খ
    খ) Provide myelination around the nerve fibers in PNS
  3. গ
    গ) Play important role in nerve regeneration
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Remove cellular debris during regeneration by phagocytic activity
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Schwann cells Provide myelination (insulation) around the nerve fibers in PNS , Play important role in nerve regeneration , Remove cellular debris during regeneration by their phagocytic activity. Satellite cells Provide physical support to the PNS neurons , help in regulation of chemical environment of ECF around the PNS neurons.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th Edition (Page- 774)
১১.
In the pain pathway-?
  1. ক
    ক) The principal receptor is the Meissner's corpuscle
  2. খ
    খ) The first order neuron is the pain receptor
  3. গ
    গ) The third order neuron projects from the thalamus
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Perception occurs in the secondary cortex
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation-
Pain pathway-
- slow pain is carried by A-delta Fiber and fast pain is carried by C fiber and they form 1st order neuron
-Pain receptor is free nerve endings

১২.
Disturbance of taste sensation
  1. ক
    ক) Ageusia
  2. খ
    খ) Hypogeusia
  3. গ
    গ) Dysgeusia
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hypergeusia
১৩.
What is the feature of lower motor neuron lesion?
  1. ক
    ক) Spastic type of paralysis
  2. খ
    খ) Clonus absent
  3. গ
    গ) Fascicular twitch in EMG is absent
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Groups of muscles are affected
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table-144.3)
১৪.
Cerebellum contain ______________ % of brain mass
  1. ক
    9
  2. খ
    10
  3. গ
    11
  4. ঘ
    12
১৫.
Octopetrin 1 is associated with__________ taste
  1. ক
    Sweet
  2. খ
    Umami
  3. গ
    Bitter
  4. ঘ
    Sour
ব্যাখ্যা
Sweet-tasting compounds are detected by a combination of two closely related G-protein-coupled taste receptors, T1R2 and T1R3.
The receptors responsible for umami taste is believed to be a complex of T1R1 and T1R3 proteins. Thus, T1R3 appears to function as a co- receptor for sweet and umami tastes.
Bitter taste is sensed by another family (T2R) of approximately 30 different G-protein coupled receptors. Individual bitter-sensing taste receptor cells express multiple T2Rs, each of which recognizes a unique set of bitter compounds.
Sour taste, associated with acidic food or drink, is believed to be sensed by ion channels that are opened by hydrogen ions although the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that an acid- sensitive potassium channel (KIR2.1) and a hydrogen ion-selective ion channel (otopetrin 1) may mediate acid responses in taste receptor cells
১৬.
Pathognomic site of MSA
  1. ক
    Ependyma
  2. খ
    Oligodendrocyte
  3. গ
    Microglia
  4. ঘ
    Astrocyte
ব্যাখ্যা
১৭.
Which of the followings is true for neuromodulators?
  1. ক
    ক) Packed in small synaptic vesicles
  2. খ
    খ) Found only in axon terminal
  3. গ
    গ) Chemically they are amino acids,amine or others
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Have diverse actions
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation :

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 141.3)
১৮.
Which one is responsible for pathogenesis of Epilepsy?
  1. ক
    Glycine
  2. খ
    GABA
  3. গ
    Glutamate
  4. ঘ
    Dopamine
১৯.
Climbing fibre is related to
  1. ক
    Pontocerebellar
  2. খ
    Vestibulocerebellar
  3. গ
    Olivocerebellar
  4. ঘ
    Cuneocerebellar
২০.
Substances causing sour or salt tastes are mostly
  1. ক
    ক) Electrolyte
  2. খ
    খ) Non-electrolytes
  3. গ
    গ) Vitamins
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Fats
২১.
Nerves concerned with taste pathway excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Facial
  2. খ
    খ) Glossopharyngeal
  3. গ
    গ) Vagus
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Hypoglossal
২২.
100 % oxygen therapy is highly effective in-
  1. ক
    Hb deficiency
  2. খ
    Hypoventilation
  3. গ
    Shock
  4. ঘ
    Haemorrage
ব্যাখ্যা
Ganong 25th : 648-651
২৩.
In OSA ,which of the following stage time is increased?
  1. ক
    Stage 1 NREM
  2. খ
    Stage 2 NREM
  3. গ
    Stage 3 NREM
  4. ঘ
    Stage 4 NREM
ব্যাখ্যা
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common cause of daytime sleepiness due to fragmented sleep at night; it affects about 24% of middle- aged men and 9% of women in the United States. Breathing ceases for more than 10 s during frequent episodes of obstruction of the upper airway (especially the pharynx) due to a reduction in muscle tone. The apnea causes brief arousals from sleep in order to reestablish upper airway tone. An individual with OSA typically begins to snore soon after falling asleep. The snoring gets progressively louder until it is interrupted by an episode of apnea, which is followed by a loud snort and gasp as the individual tries to breathe.
OSA is not associated with a reduction in total sleep time, but individuals with OSA experience a much greater time in stage 1 non-REM sleep (from an average of 10% of total sleep to 30-50%) and a marked reduction in slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4 non-REM sleep). The pathophysiology of OSA includes both a reduction in neuromuscular tone at the onset of sleep and a change in the central respiratory drive.
২৪.
False about conduction velocity
  1. ক
    Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments
  2. খ
    New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adul
  3. গ
    CV in LL is faster than in UL
  4. ঘ
    In elderly there is slowing of conduction
ব্যাখ্যা
Conduction velocity:
1. It is the speed at which motor and sensory impulses traverse a given segment of nerve (meter/sec)
2. Larger axons & proximal segments conduct faster than smaller ones & distal segments.
3. New born infant's nerves have slower velocities than adult.
4. CV in UL is faster than in LL
In elderly there is slowing of conduction,
in local tissue temperature slows CV.
২৫.
O2 therapy is 100% effective in which form of hypoxia?
  1. ক
    Hypoxic
  2. খ
    Anaemic
  3. গ
    Stagnant
  4. ঘ
    Histotoxic
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference: Guyton 14th; P- 547
২৬.
Which is true for excitatory post synaptic potential?
  1. ক
    ক) It is propagated
  2. খ
    খ) It obeys all-or-none law
  3. গ
    গ) It is transmitted into the axon of postsynaptic neuron
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) It is a graded potential
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : EPSP is confined only to the synapse. It is a graded potential. It is similar to receptor potential and endplate potential. EPSP has two properties: 1. It is nonpropagated 2. It does not obey all or none law. EPSP is not transmitted into the axon of postsynaptic neuron. However, it causes development of action potential in the axon.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 783)
২৭.
Where is taste center situated?
  1. ক
    ক) Posteroventral nucleus of thalamus
  2. খ
    খ) Nucleus of tractus solitarius
  3. গ
    গ) Medial lemniscus
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) opercular insular cortex
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Center for taste sensation is in opercular insular cortex, i.e. in the lower part of postcentral gyrus, which receives cutaneous sensations from face. Thus, the taste fibers do not have an independent cortical projection.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 1025)
২৮.
Neuroglial cell of PNS
  1. ক
    ক) Oligodendrocyte
  2. খ
    খ) Astrocyte
  3. গ
    গ) Ependymal cell
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Schwann cell (Neurolemmocyte)
ব্যাখ্যা
Schwann cell is cell of PNS.
২৯.
Parasympathetic effect present in
  1. ক
    Radial muscle of Iris
  2. খ
    Adipocyte
  3. গ
    Pregnant Uterus
  4. ঘ
    Lacrimal Gland
৩০.
Which of the followings is false regarding source of acetylcholine?
  1. ক
    ক) Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve
  2. খ
    খ) Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve
  3. গ
    গ) Preganglionic sympathetic nerve
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves supplying apocrine sweat glands
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation : Acetylcholine is the transmitter substance at the neuromuscular junction and synapse. It is also released by the following nerve endings:
1. Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve
2. Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve
3. Preganglionic sympathetic nerve
4. Postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic nerves:
  i. Nerves supplying eccrine sweat glands
  ii. Sympathetic vasodilator nerves in skeletal muscle
5. Nerves in amacrine cells of retina
6. Many regions of brain.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 789)
৩১.
Where does feedforward synaptic inhibition occur?
  1. ক
    ক) Spinal cord
  2. খ
    খ) Cerebellum
  3. গ
    গ) Antagonistic muscles
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Thalamus
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Presynaptic inhibition is mediated by axoaxonal synapses. It is prominent in spinal cord. Negative feedback inhibition is the type of synaptic inhibition, which is caused by Renshaw cells in spinal cord. Feedforward synaptic inhibition occurs in cerebellum and it controls the neuronal activity in cerebellum. Inhibition of antagonistic muscles when a group of muscles are activated is called reciprocal inhibition. It is because of reciprocal innervation.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 783, 784)
৩২.
Which of the followings is not the feature of oculosympathetic palsy?
  1. ক
    ক) Ptosis
  2. খ
    খ) Swelling of lower eyelid
  3. গ
    গ) Miosis
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Exophthalmos
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation : Horner syndrome is an eye disorder caused by damage to cervical sympathetic nerve. It is also called Bernard-Horner syndrome, Claude- Bernard-Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy. Symptoms of Horner syndrome appear on the affected side. The symptoms are:
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Swelling of lower eyelid
3. Miosis (abnormal constriction of pupil)
4. Enophthalmos (sinking of eyeball into its cavity)
5. Absence of sweating on affected side of the face.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 998)
৩৩.
Gunylin Receptor is not found in
  1. ক
    Intestine
  2. খ
    Male reproductive tract
  3. গ
    Kideny
  4. ঘ
    Female reproductive tract
৩৪.
Direct stimulation of RVLM done by
  1. ক
    Cortex
  2. খ
    Pain sensation
  3. গ
    Brain stem
  4. ঘ
    Hypoxia
৩৫.
Thirst and hunger control center-
  1. ক
    ক) Medial hypothalamic area
  2. খ
    খ) Lateral hypothalamic area
  3. গ
    গ) Anterior hypothalamic area
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Posterior hypothalamic area
ব্যাখ্যা
Thirst and hunger control center in lateral hypothalamic area
৩৬.
Which of the following is a property of C fibers?
  1. ক
    ক) Have the smallest diameter of any nerve fiber type
  2. খ
    খ) Are afferent nerves from muscle spindles
  3. গ
    গ) Are afferent nerves from Golgi tendon organs
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Are preganglionic autonomic fibers
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : C fibers (slow pain) are the smallest nerve fibers and therefore have the slowest conduction velocity.
Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition (Table-2.5)
৩৭.
Receptors for Taste sensation (Taste bud) is -
  1. ক
    ক) Mechanoreceptors
  2. খ
    খ) Photoreceptors
  3. গ
    গ) Thermoreceptors
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Chemoreceptor
ব্যাখ্যা
Receptors for Taste sensation (Taste bud) is chemoreceptors.
৩৮.
Largeset dural fold is
  1. ক
    The falx cerebri
  2. খ
    The cerebelli
  3. গ
    The tentorium cerebelli
  4. ঘ
    The diaphragma sellae
ব্যাখ্যা
The falx cerebri is Largeset dural fold which seperates two separtes two cerebral hemisphere

Snell 8th - 431

 Falx cerebri: separates left and right cerebral hemispheres. Located in the longitudinal cerebral fissure
- Tentorium cerebelli: Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
- Diaphragma sellae: Forms a lid or roof over the hypophysial fossa of sphenoid, covering the pituitary gland.
৩৯.
In smooth muscle acetylcholine bind with___ receptors.
  1. ক
    ক) Muscarinic
  2. খ
    খ) Nicotinic
  3. গ
    গ) D1
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) M2
ব্যাখ্যা
[Ganong 24th p-115]
৪০.
Passive motion of an extremity meets with a dead resistance in Parkinsonism is called
  1. ক
    Lead pipe rigidity
  2. খ
    Cogwheel rigidity
  3. গ
    Akinesia
  4. ঘ
    Tremor at rest
৪১.
Ascending tract of posterior column
  1. ক
    ক) Fasciculus gracillis
  2. খ
    খ) Spinothalamic tract
  3. গ
    গ) Spin0reticular tract
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Spino-olivary tract
৪২.
Corticospinal tract lesion leads to
  1. ক
    ক) Exaggerate knee jerk
  2. খ
    খ) Loss of all tendon reflexes
  3. গ
    গ) Decreased muscle tone
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Weakness of distal group of muscles of hands and feet
ব্যাখ্যা

Corticospinal tract lesion leads to develp features of upper motor neuron lesion.
Features of Upper motor neuron lesion-
-Increased muscle tone with clonus
-Spastic paralysis
-Superficial reflexes are absent
-Deep tendon reflexes are increased
-Planter response extensor

৪৩.
Vagus nuclei are
  1. ক
    Nucleus tractus solitarius
  2. খ
    Nucleus ambiguus
  3. গ
    Dorsal motor nucleus
  4. ঘ
    All
৪৪.
The development of thermoanesthesis below the level of T4 is due to
  1. ক
    Blockage of Posterior Spinal artery
  2. খ
    Cerebral Hemorrhage
  3. গ
    Blockage of Anterior Spinal artery
  4. ঘ
    Collapse of T4
ব্যাখ্যা
Block of ASA- block blood supply of Ant 2/3rd of Spinal Cord-Bilateral Thermoanesthesia

(Damage to Spinothalamic tract lesion in both lateral white columns)

Snell 8th - 487
৪৫.
RMP of Never fiber-
  1. ক
    ক) -65 mv
  2. খ
    খ) -70 mv
  3. গ
    গ) -80 mv
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) -90 mv
ব্যাখ্যা
[Guyton 13th p-65]
৪৬.
Exclusive sympathetic innervation prevail in
  1. ক
    Hair follicle
  2. খ
    Lacrimal muscle
  3. গ
    Ciliary muscle
  4. ঘ
    Nasopharyngeal gland
৪৭.
Golgi tendon organ sensory supply
  1. ক
    Ia
  2. খ
    Ib
  3. গ
    II
  4. ঘ
    None of the above
ব্যাখ্যা
Golgi tendon organ
1.Present in muscle-tendon junction
2. Sensory Supply-Only Ib type
3. Alpha motor only
4. Regulates musle tension
5. Reflexes are inhibitory.
৪৮.
What is the excitatory cell of cerebellum?
  1. ক
    ক) Granule cells
  2. খ
    খ) Basket cells
  3. গ
    গ) Golgi cells
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Purkinje cells
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Climbing & Mossy fibres,Granule cells are excitatory neuron in cerebellum.Stellate,basket,golgi & purkinje cells are inhibitory neuron of cerebellum.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table-150.2)
৪৯.
Which is not a feature of Tabes Paresis
  1. ক
    Lateral Colum Lesion
  2. খ
    Charcot pain
  3. গ
    Shooting pain
  4. ঘ
    ARP
ব্যাখ্যা
Tabes Dorsalis morphology:
DORSALIS
1. Dorsal column degeneration
2. Orthopedic pain (Charcot joints)
3. Reflexes decreased (deep tendon)
4. Shooting pain
5. Argyll-Robertson pupils
6. Locomotor ataxia
7. Impaired proprioception
8. Syphilis
৫০.
Tract carries pain and temperature from opposite side
  1. ক
    ক) Spinothalamic tract
  2. খ
    খ) Dorsal column
  3. গ
    গ) Corticospinal tract
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Geniculocalcarine tract
ব্যাখ্যা
Tract carries pain and temperature from opposite side is spinothalamic tract.
৫১.
Pacinian corpuscles are absent in
  1. ক
    ক) Skeletal muscle
  2. খ
    খ) Tendons
  3. গ
    গ) Skin
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Joint capsule
৫২.
Anemic Hypoxia
  1. ক
    CO poisoining
  2. খ
    CN poisoining
  3. গ
    Narcotics
  4. ঘ
    Hamorrage
ব্যাখ্যা
Anemic Hypoxia
CO poisoining
Stagnant/Ischemic hypoxia
CCF,He,Shock
Histotoxic hypoxia
Cyanide Posoining,Narcotics
৫৩.
Which is not a part of Penile erection initiation
  1. ক
    S2
  2. খ
    S3
  3. গ
    S4
  4. ঘ
    S1
ব্যাখ্যা
In penile erection initial penile vascular engorgement ias controlled by PNS part of ANS( S2,S3,S4 segments of spinal cord)

Erection and ejaculation
Erection and ejaculation are regulated by the autonomic innervation of the penis. The parasympathetic stimulation is excitatory for the penis, as it causes the erection. The parasympathetic stimuli relax the smooth musculature of the corpora cavernosa and produce vasodilation in the helicine arteries. The helicine arteries then fill the corpora cavernosa, compressing the venous outflow from the penis. This process is called the veno-occlusive mechanism and it results with penile erection.

On the other hand, the inhibitory sympathetic stimuli cause the ejaculation when the critical level of sexual excitement has been reached. The ejaculation process can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the sympathetic stimuli cause the vasoconstriction of helicine arteries, contraction of the smooth muscle cells within the septa of corpus spongiosum and contraction seminal vesicles and prostate. This results in accumulation of seminal fluid into the proximal part of the urethra. During the second phase, the bulbospongiosus muscle contracts  and expels the seminal fluid through the urethra (ejaculation). When the ejaculation is finished the penis returns into the flaccid state. An individual normally produces 3-5 ml of semen per one ejaculation which contains about 300 million sperm cells.

Snell 8th - 402
৫৪.
ou see a 67-year-old man who has been referred to the chest clinic following a three-month history of weight loss and signs which may suggest a Pancoast's tumour. Which of the following symptoms from the list below is not associated with a Pancoast's tumour?
  1. ক
    Hoarse voice
  2. খ
    Ptosis
  3. গ
    Anhydrosis
  4. ঘ
    Exopthalmos
ব্যাখ্যা
Pancoast's tumours are defined as tumours arising from the lung apex either on the left or right side. As the tumour grows it can compress structures such as the brachiocephalic vein, subclavian artery, recurrent laryngeal nerve (causing voice hoarseness (A), vagus nerve, phrenic nerve or compression of the sympathetic ganglion resulting in a group of symptoms known as Horner's syndrome (pupil constriction, enopthalmos sunken eye, ptosis (B) - drooping eyelid and ipsilateral anhydrosis (C) loss of sweating due to compression of sympathetic supply (thoracic outlet) to the face).
৫৫.
Feature of UMNL
  1. ক
    ক) Spastic paralysis
  2. খ
    খ) Deep reflexes lost
  3. গ
    গ) Clonus absent
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Individual muscles are affected
৫৬.
bulbar Palsy
  1. ক
    Large vessel cortical infarctions
  2. খ
    GBS
  3. গ
    ubcortical lacunar infarctions
  4. ঘ
    Alzheimer's disease
৫৭.
Which is not included in Triad of Horner syndrome
  1. ক
    ptosis
  2. খ
    miosis
  3. গ
    enophthalmos
  4. ঘ
    anhidrosis
৫৮.
Alpha rhythm most marked in
  1. ক
    Occipital lobe
  2. খ
    Frontal lobe
  3. গ
    Temporal dominant
  4. ঘ
    Temporal Non Dominant
ব্যাখ্যা
In adult humans who are awake but at rest with the mind wandering and the eyes closed, the most prominent component of the EEG is a fairly regular pattern of waves at a frequency of 8–13 Hz.

This pattern is the alpha rhythm. It is most marked in the parietal and occipital lobes and is associated with decreased levels of attention. A similar rhythm has been observed in a wide variety of mammalian species.
৫৯.
Histamin signals via
  1. ক
    Ca
  2. খ
    K
  3. গ
    cAMP
  4. ঘ
    cGMP
৬০.
Tigroid substances is absent from -
  1. ক
    ক) Dendrites
  2. খ
    খ) Soma
  3. গ
    গ) Axon hillock
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Dendron
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Nissl bodies or Nissl granules are small basophilic granules found in cytoplasm of neurons and are named after the discoverer. These bodies are present in soma and dendrite but not in axon and axon hillock. Nissl bodies are called tigroid substances.
Ref : Sembullingam 6th edition (Page- 760)
৬১.
Regarding blood supply of spinal cord
  1. ক
    Anastomosis is least efficient at the region of lateral columns
  2. খ
    Cervical and lumbar segments have rich vascular supply
  3. গ
    T1 to T4 segments are least vulnerable to ischemia
  4. ঘ
    Anterior spinal artery thrombosis causes ischemia of anterior 2/3rd of the cord, sparing the posterior column, hence leads to dissociated sensory loss
ব্যাখ্যা
Special points Regarding blood supply of spinal cord
1. Anastomosis is least efficient at the region of lateral columns
2. Cervical and lumbar segments have rich vascular supply
3. T1 to T4 segments are most vulnerable to ischemia
4. Anterior spinal artery thrombosis causes ischemia of anterior 2/3rd of the cord, sparing the posterior column, hence leads to dissociated sensory loss.
৬২.
No of Nerve Fibres served by Cell in Peripheral Nerve
  1. ক
    1
  2. খ
    2
  3. গ
    40
  4. ঘ
    60
ব্যাখ্যা
1 Nerve Fibres served by Cell in Peripheral Nerve

Snell 8th - Table 3.1 - 78

The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord.
Thus, the peripheral nervous system includes
The nerves that connect the head, face, eyes, nose, muscles, and ears to the brain (cranial nerves)
The nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body, including the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
More than 100 billion nerve cells that run throughout the body
৬৩.
In Red nucleus lesion which of the CN may be involved
  1. ক
    2
  2. খ
    3
  3. গ
    4
  4. ঘ
    5
৬৪.
Locked in syndrome found in which artery stroke
  1. ক
    PICA
  2. খ
    AICA
  3. গ
    MCA
  4. ঘ
    Basilar artery
৬৫.
Which of the followings play important role in blood-brain barrier formation?
  1. ক
    ক) Fibrous astrocyte
  2. খ
    খ) Microglia
  3. গ
    গ) Oligodendrocyte
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Protoplasmic astrocyte
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Fibrous type of astrocytes play an important role in the formation of blood-brain barrier by sending processes to the blood vessels of brain, particularly the capillaries, forming tight junction with capillary membrane. Tight junction in turn forms the blood-brain barrier.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 773, 774)
৬৬.
Arnold Chiari Phenomen is best diagnosed by
  1. ক
    CT brain
  2. খ
    EEG
  3. গ
    MRI
  4. ঘ
    CT angiogram
ব্যাখ্যা
Diagnosis requires patient history, neurological examination and medical imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the best imaging modality for Chiari malformation
Diagnosis of Chiari type II malformation can be made prenatally through ultrasound (J Neurosurg Pediatr 2015;16:159)
৬৭.
Neurotoxic Phenotype of astrocyte
  1. ক
    A1
  2. খ
    A2
  3. গ
    A3
  4. ঘ
    A4
ব্যাখ্যা
Astrocyte phenotypes A1: Neurotoxic
Provide nutrition and energy metabolites to neurons A2: Neuroprotective
৬৮.
Non-REM sleep
  1. ক
    ক) Dreams
  2. খ
    খ) Muscle twitching
  3. গ
    গ) Noradrenalin
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Stable heart rate
৬৯.
Which of the following opening is not situated in greater wing of sphenoid?
  1. ক
    Foramen rotundum
  2. খ
    Foramen lacerum
  3. গ
    Foramen ovale
  4. ঘ
    Foramen spinosum
ব্যাখ্যা
There are three foramina present in the greater wing -
a.the foramen rotundum,
b. foramen ovale
c. foramen spinosum.
They conduct the maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve and middle meningeal vessels respectively.
৭০.
The inability to perform rapidly alternating movement is associated with lesions of the-
  1. ক
    ক) Premotor cortex
  2. খ
    খ) Motor cortex
  3. গ
    গ) Cerebellum
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Substantia nigra
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Coordination of movement (synergy) is the function of the cerebellum. Lesions of the cerebellum cause ataxia, lack of coordination, poor execution of movement, delay in initiation of movement, and inability to perform rapidly alternating movements. The premotor and motor cortices plan and execute movements. Lesions of the substantia nigra, a component of the basal ganglia, result in tremors, lead-pipe rigidity, and poor muscle tone (Parkinson disease).
Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition
৭১.
Primary function of the basal ganglia is-?
  1. ক
    ক) Short term memory
  2. খ
    খ) Planning of voluntary movement
  3. গ
    গ) Neuroendocrine control
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Slow wave sleep
ব্যাখ্যা
Basal ganglia is concerned with planning of voluntary movement.
৭২.
parasomnias are
  1. ক
    night terrors
  2. খ
    somnambulism
  3. গ
    bed-wetting
  4. ঘ
    All
ব্যাখ্যা
Sleepwalking (somnambulism), bed-wetting (nocturnal enuresis), and night terrors are referred to as parasomnias, which are sleep disorders associated with arousal from non-REM and REM sleep. Episodes of sleepwalking are more common in children than in adults and occur predominantly in males. They may last several minutes.
Somnambulists walk with their eyes open and avoid obstacles, but when awakened they cannot recall the episodes.
৭৩.
Neurotransmitter degrading enzyme locate in
  1. ক
    ক) Presynaptic membrane
  2. খ
    খ) Synaptic cleft
  3. গ
    গ) Postsynaptic membrane
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Postganglionic neuron
ব্যাখ্যা
Neurotransmitter degrading enzyme locate in synaptic cleft
৭৪.
Paralysis of lower half of the body
  1. ক
    ক) Monoplegia
  2. খ
    খ) Diplegia
  3. গ
    গ) Hemiplegia
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Paraplegia
৭৫.
Nerve cells in the anterior gray columns
  1. ক
    Multipolar
  2. খ
    Large Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as y-efferents
  3. গ
    Small Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as a-efferents
  4. ঘ
    None
ব্যাখ্যা
Nerve cells in the anterior gray columns
• Large & multipolar and  Axons pass out in the anterior nerve roots as a-efferents
• Smaller nerve cells are multipolar and Axons pass out in anterior roots as y- efferents
৭৬.
Receptor for pain
  1. ক
    ক) Pacinian corpuscle
  2. খ
    খ) Free nerve endings
  3. গ
    গ) Meissner corpuscle
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Muscle spindle
৭৭.
New olfactory area
  1. ক
    Hypothalamus
  2. খ
    Sepyal Nuclei
  3. গ
    Limbic System
  4. ঘ
    Orbitofrontal Cortex
৭৮.
In clonus which of the following motor activity is increased?
  1. ক
    alpha
  2. খ
    beta
  3. গ
    gamma
  4. ঘ
    delta
৭৯.
Root value of knee jerk
  1. ক
    ক) L2-L4
  2. খ
    খ) L2-L5
  3. গ
    গ) L5-S1
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) L5-S2
৮০.
Dandy walker malforamtion is associated with
  1. ক
    1st ventricle
  2. খ
    Lateral ventricle
  3. গ
    3rd ventricle
  4. ঘ
    4th ventricle
৮১.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
  1. ক
    ক) Acetylcholine
  2. খ
    খ) Histamine
  3. গ
    গ) GABA
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) NO
৮২.
Neuromodulator of basal ganglia
  1. ক
    GABA
  2. খ
    Dopamine
  3. গ
    Glycine
  4. ঘ
    Ach
৮৩.
Which acts as final common path of cerebellar cortex?
  1. ক
    ক) Stellate cell
  2. খ
    খ) Basket cell
  3. গ
    গ) Purkinje cell
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Golgi cell
ব্যাখ্যা
Explantion : Purkinje cells are termed as ‘final common path’ of cerebellar cortex. It is because the impulses from different parts of cerebellar cortex are transmitted to other parts of brain only through Purkinje cells.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 866)
৮৪.
Which one is reduced in anaemic hypoxia?
  1. ক
    ক) PO2
  2. খ
    খ) O2 carrying capacity
  3. গ
    গ) Velocity of blood
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Utilization of O2 by tissues
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
৮৫.
What is the resting membrane potential of a nerve fibre?
  1. ক
    ক) -90 mV
  2. খ
    খ) -70 mV
  3. গ
    গ) -55 mV
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) =+35 mV
ব্যাখ্যা

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 136.1)
Explanation : RMP of a nerve fibre is -70 mV, Firing level of a nerve fibre is -55 mv, End of depolarization of the nerve fibre is at +35 mV.

Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 136.1)
৮৬.
Which is not a protopathic sensation?
  1. ক
    ক) Kinesthetic sensation
  2. খ
    খ) Pressure sensation
  3. গ
    গ) Pain sensation
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Temparature sensation with wider range
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation : Pressure sensation,pain sensation,temparature sensation with wider range (below 25 degree celcius & above 40 degree celcius) are protopathic sensation. Epicritic sensations are: i. Fine touch or tactile sensation, ii. Tactile localization, iii. Tactile discrimination, iv. Temperature sensation with finer range between 25°C and 40°C.Visceral,vibratory & kinesthetic sensations are deep sensations.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Figure- 144.1)
৮৭.
Which is not involved in basal gaglia?
  1. ক
    Cortical activation of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
  2. খ
    Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
  3. গ
    (via D1) activation leads to increased thalamic output
  4. ঘ
    (via D1) activation leads to decreased thalamic output
ব্যাখ্যা
1. Cortical activation of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
2. Cortical activation of the indirect pathway leads to decreased thalamic output
3.Substantia nigra activation (via D1) of the direct pathway leads to increased thalamic output
4. Substantia nigra inhibition (via D2) of the indirect pathway leads to increased thalamic output
It is the combination of these pathways that allows for precise control of motor movement, balancing the excitatory direct pathway with the inhibitory indirect pathway.
৮৮.
Sleep patern Changes in elderly
  1. ক
    ↑ REM
  2. খ
    ↑ N3,
  3. গ
    decreased early awakenings.
  4. ঘ
    ↑ sleep latency
৮৯.
Neuroglia is non-excitable cell of CNS. Which of the following neuroglia is originated from Bone marrow?
  1. ক
    ক) Ependymocytes
  2. খ
    খ) Astrocytes
  3. গ
    গ) Oligodendrocytes
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Microglia
ব্যাখ্যা
Microglia usually inactive in normal CNS. It drives from blood monocyte.
৯০.
Following Which is a Bipolar Neuron-?
  1. ক
    ক) Vestibular Ganglia
  2. খ
    খ) Cranial nerve ganglia
  3. গ
    গ) Cerebral cortex
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Cerebellar cortex
ব্যাখ্যা

Examples of Bipolar neuron are-
-Olfactory cells
-Bipolar cells of retina
-Vestibular ganglia
-Hair cells of cochlea

৯১.
Structural and functional unit of nervous system
  1. ক
    ক) Neurotransmitter
  2. খ
    খ) Neuron
  3. গ
    গ) Neuroglial cell
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Nerve fiber
ব্যাখ্যা
Please Don’t Ask for Explanation! Hahaa
৯২.
Which is not a characteristics of ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM?
  1. ক
    histaminergic
  2. খ
    monoaminergic
  3. গ
    cholinergic
  4. ঘ
    monosynaptic pathway
ব্যাখ্যা
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
The ascending arousal system is a complex polysynaptic pathway comprised of monoaminergic, cholinergic, and histaminergic neurons that project to the intralaminar and reticular nuclei of the thalamus which, in turn, project diffusely to wide regions of the cortex including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital cortices (Figure 14-3). Collaterals funnel into it not only from the long
৯৩.
Which drug can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
  1. ক
    Propofol
  2. খ
    alcohol
  3. গ
    barbiturates
  4. ঘ
    phenytoin
ব্যাখ্যা
Variations in the Alpha Rhythm
In humans, the frequency of the dominant EEG rhythm at rest varies with age. In infants, there is fast, beta-like activity, but the occipital rhythm is a slow 0.5-2-Hz pattern. During childhood this latter rhythm speeds up, and the adult alpha pattern gradually appears during adolescence. The frequency of the alpha rhythm is decreased by low blood glucose levels, low body temperature, low levels of adrenal glucocorticoid hormones, and high arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). It is increased by the reverse conditions. Forced over-breathing to lower the PaCO2 is sometimes used clinically to bring out latent EEG abnormalities. The frequency and magnitude of the alpha rhythm is also decreased by metabolic and toxic encephalopathies including those due to hyponatremia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
The frequency of the alpha rhythm is reduced during acute intoxication with alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, phenytoin, and antipsychotics.

Propofol, a hypnotic/sedative drug, can induce a rhythm in the EEG that is analogous to the classic alpha rhythm.
৯৪.
Narcolepsy associate gene is loacated in chromosome
  1. ক
    5
  2. খ
    6
  3. গ
    8
  4. ঘ
    9
৯৫.
Functions of neocerebellum excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Control of ballistic movements
  2. খ
    খ) Comparator function
  3. গ
    গ) Receiving impulses from visual centers
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Servomechanism
৯৬.
Which of the following nucleus is responsible for synthesis of GABA
  1. ক
    Raphe nuclei
  2. খ
    Nucleus accumbens
  3. গ
    Basal nucleus of Meynert
  4. ঘ
    Locus ceruleus
৯৭.
The largest neurons in the CNS is
  1. ক
    Granule
  2. খ
    Basket
  3. গ
    Stellate
  4. ঘ
    Purkinje
৯৮.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans in REM sleep show decreased activity in
  1. ক
    pontine area
  2. খ
    parietal cortex
  3. গ
    amygdala
  4. ঘ
    anterior cingulate gyrus
ব্যাখ্যা
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans in REM sleep show increased activity in the pontine area, amygdala, and anterior cingulate gyrus, but decreased activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortex. Activity in visual association areas is increased, but activity is decreased in the primary visual cortex. This is consistent with increased emotion and operation of a closed neural system cut off from the areas that relate brain activity to the external world.
৯৯.
Which of the following sign is found in subacute combined degeneration of Spinal Cord
  1. ক
    Hoffmann sign
  2. খ
    L'Hermitte's phenomenon
  3. গ
    Romberg sign
  4. ঘ
    ক+খ+গ
১০০.
Which nuclei of hypothalamus is a part of tuberal group?
  1. ক
    ক) Lateral nuclei
  2. খ
    খ) Mamillary body
  3. গ
    গ) Paraventricular nucleus
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Anterior nuclei
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation : Anterior or Preoptic group- 1. Preoptic nucleus 2. Paraventricular nucleus 3. Anterior nucleus 4. Supraoptic nucleus 5. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Middle or Tuberal group- 1. Dorsomedial nucleus 2. Ventromedial nucleus 3. Lateral nucleus 4. Arcuate (tuberal) nucleus
Posterior or Mamillary group- 1. Posterior nucleus 2. Mamillary body

Ref: Sembulingam 6th edition (Table- 149.1)