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Cardiac Output

মোট প্রশ্ন১৬এই পাতা১৬প্রতি পাতা১০০
প্রশ্ন দেখুনঅনুশীলন
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

Cardiac Output

PrepBank · পাতা ১ / ১ · ১–১৬ / ১৬

১.
Myocardial contractility is best correlated with the intracellular concentration of?
  1. ক
    ক) Na+
  2. খ
    খ) K+
  3. গ
    গ) Ca2+
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Cl−
ব্যাখ্যা
Contractility of myocardial cells depends on the intracellular [Ca2+], which is regulated by Ca2+ entry across the cell membrane during the plateau of the action potential and by Ca2+ uptake into and release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Ca2+ binds to troponin C and removes the inhibition of actin–myosin interaction, allowing contraction (shortening) to occur.
২.
Factors That Cause a Hypereffective Heart
  1. ক
    Increased arterial pressure against which the heart must pump
  2. খ
    Nervous excitation of the heart
  3. গ
    Valvular heart disease
  4. ঘ
    An inflammation of the heart muscle
ব্যাখ্যা
Factors That Cause a Hypoeffective Heart
► (1) Increased arterial pressure against which the heart must pump, such as in hypertension.
► (2) Inhibition of nervous excitation of the heart.
► (3) Pathological factors that cause abnormal heart rhythm or rate of heartbeat.
► (4) Coronary artery blockage, causing a "heart attack”.
► (5) Valvular heart disease.
► (6) Congenital heart disease.
► (7) Myocarditis, an inflammation of the heart muscle.
৩.
Cardiac reserve in Severe Heart Failure
  1. ক
    100-200% of Normal CO
  2. খ
    300-400% of Normal CO
  3. গ
    Infinity
  4. ঘ
    Zero
৪.
Maximum % of total blood that can be removed with almost no effect on cardiac output?
  1. ক
    ক) 5
  2. খ
    খ) 10
  3. গ
    গ) 15
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) 20
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
About 10% of the total blood volume can be removed with almost no effect on arterial pressure or cardiac output, but greater blood loss usually diminishes the cardiac output first and falls to zero when about 40% to 45% of the total blood volume has been removed.
৫.
Most important factor for CO
  1. ক
    VR
  2. খ
    EDV
  3. গ
    ESV
  4. ঘ
    TPR
ব্যাখ্যা
Although heart function is obviously crucial in

determining cardiac output, the various factors of the  peripheral circulation that affect flow of blood into the heart  from the veins, called venous return, are normally the  primary controllers of cardiac output.

(Ref. Guyton & Hall-14th, P-245
৬.
Tissue oxygenation is not dependent on
  1. ক
    Cardiac output
  2. খ
    Hb
  3. গ
    Oxygen saturation
  4. ঘ
    Pulse rate
ব্যাখ্যা
কোন ব্যাখ্যা যোগ হয় নি।
৭.
Heart rate is accelerated by
  1. ক
    ক) Exercise
  2. খ
    খ) Fear
  3. গ
    গ) increased baroreceptor activity
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) increased intracranial pressure
ব্যাখ্যা
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-580/T-32-3
৮.
Cardiac output is increased to highest limit in
  1. ক
    ক) Beriberi
  2. খ
    খ) Anaemia
  3. গ
    গ) MI
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Cardiac shock
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
৯.
Calculate EF % when SV 70 ml ,ESV 120 ml,EDV 50 ml , HR 76 bpm
  1. ক
    50
  2. খ
    55
  3. গ
    58
  4. ঘ
    60
১০.
Direct method of measurement of cardiac output
  1. ক
    ক) Fick method
  2. খ
    খ) Indicator method
  3. গ
    গ) Dye dilution method
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Doppler echocardiography
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation:
Measurement of cardiac output
Cardiac output can be measured using either of the following techniques:
• Direct method: Fick method
• Indirect method: Indicator / dye dilution method
• Doppler echocardiography

১১.
Highest cardiac output occurs in
  1. ক
    Liver
  2. খ
    Heart
  3. গ
    Brain
  4. ঘ
    Kidney
১২.
Effect of exercise on cardiac output excludes
  1. ক
    ক) Positive chronotropism
  2. খ
    খ) Positive inotropism
  3. গ
    গ) Decrease venous return and thus stroke volume
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Decrease in total peripheral resistance
ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation:
Effect of exercise on cardiac output
Exercise increase cardiac output and it is proportionate exercise intensity. The responses to exercise are:
• Positive chronotropism (i.e. increase heart rate)
• Positive inotropism (i.e. increase myocardial contractility)
• Increase venous return and thus stroke volume
• Decrease in total peripheral resistance

১৩.
Cardiac output is decreased to lowest limit in
  1. ক
    Beriberi
  2. খ
    Anaemia
  3. গ
    MI
  4. ঘ
    Cardiac shock
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
১৪.
Which organ receives most percentage of cardiac output from all of the following?
  1. ক
    ক) Kidney
  2. খ
    খ) Adrenal gland
  3. গ
    গ) Thyroid gland
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Brain
ব্যাখ্যা
Explanation:
১৫.
Cardiac output decreases in
  1. ক
    ক) Anxiety
  2. খ
    খ) Eating
  3. গ
    গ) High environmental temperature
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Standing from lying position
ব্যাখ্যা
[Ganong 24th p-524]
১৬.
Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heart?
  1. ক
    ক) Increased heart rate
  2. খ
    খ) Sympathetic stimulation
  3. গ
    গ) Norepinephrine
  4. ঘ
    ঘ) Acetylcholine (ACh)
ব্যাখ্যা
A negative inotropic effect is one that decreases myocardial contractility. Contractility is the ability to develop tension at a fixed muscle length. Factors that decrease contractility are those that decrease the intracellular [Ca2+]. Increasing heart rate increases intracellular [Ca2+] because more Ca2+ ions enter the cell during the plateau of each action potential. Sympathetic stimulation and norepinephrine increase intracellular [Ca2+] by increasing entry during the plateau and increasing the storage of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [for later release]. Cardiac glycosides increase intracellular [Ca2+] by inhibiting the Na+–K+ pump, thereby inhibiting Na+–Ca2+ exchange (a mechanism that pumps Ca2+ out of the cell). Acetylcholine (ACh) has a negative inotropic effect on the atria.