Anatomy

Reference-langman’s medical embryology/13th/P-86

Walls of vessel consist of all of the three tunics.

Autosomal Dominant Disorders
• Disorders of autosomal dominant inheritance are manifested in the heterozygous state, so at least one parent in an index case usually is affected. 
• Both males and females can be affected 
• Both sexes can transmit the condition.
• When an affected person marries an unaffected one, each child has one chance in two of having the disease (50%).
• New mutation can occur
• Variable expressivity
• The age of onset is delayed
• Vertical transmission (consecutive generations are affected)
• No carrier state
• Father-son transmission possible
• Condition usually less severe than autosomal recessive
• Usually associated with structural abnormalities

Autosomal Recessive Disorders 
• They make up the largest group of Mendelian disorders. 
• Manifested in the homozygous state. They occur when both of the alleles at a given gene locus are mutants.
• The trait does not usually affect the parents
• Both the parents are carriers
• Siblings have one chance in four of being affected (i.e., the recurrence risk is 25% for each birth); 
• May be result of a consanguineous marriage. 
• The expression of the defect tends to be more uniform than in autosomal dominant disorders.
• Complete penetrance is common
• Onset is frequently early in life. 
• In many cases, enzymes are affected by the mutation (Metabolic abnormalities).

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-370

Lamina propria contains gastric glands

No explanation added.

Duodenum is the Fixed part of small intestine

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-438

[Ref. Junqueira 15th] 

Lamina propria is a loose connective tissue

Spinal cord- Neural tube
Adrenal cortex- Intermediate mesoderm
Ependymal cells- Neural tube

Neuroectoderm derivatives: 
1. Neural Tube: 
   a. Brain
   b. Spinal cord
   c. Neuron
   d. Neuroglia
   e. Ependymal cells

2. Neural Crest:
   a. Craniofacial bones & connective tissue
   b. Dermis in the face and neck
   c. Cranial nerve ganglia
   d. Spinal ganglia
   e. Sympathetic and pre-aortic ganglia
   f. Parasympathetic ganglia of GIT
   g. Glial cell
   h. Schwann cell
   i. C-cells of thyroid gland
   j. Melanocytes
   k. Odontoblast
   l. Adrenal medulla
   m. Leptomeninges (arachnoid & pia matter)
   n. Conotruncal septum in the heart

Posterior limb of the internal capsule is supplied by lateral and medial striate arteries. these are end arteries. blockage or hemorrhage of these arteries cause UMN type of paralysis on the opposite side of the body.

Structures piercing the diaphragm: 
1. Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves pass by piercing the crus of diaphragm on the corresponding side
2. Hemiazygos vein pierces the left crus of the diaphragm
3. Left phrenic nerve pierces left cupola

Explanation: The foramen cecum on the tongue is the point from which the thyroid gland evaginated and began its journey down into the neck It lies at the apex of the V shape terminal sulcus, which divides the tongue into anterior two-thirds, from the lateral lingual swellings and tuberculum imper and posterior one-third, from the copula.

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-236

Adherent or anchoring junctions, formed by interacting proteins of the cadherin family, are points of strong attachment holding together cells of the epithelium.

Horner’s syndrome causes-
Miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, vasodilation of skin arterioles, loss of sweating on the same side of the face(anhydrosis),loss of ciliospinal reflex.

The capillaries are exchange vessel

Bronchodilation is stimulated by sympathetic nerve impulses, adrenalin & noradrenalin. Bronchoconstriction triggered by parasympathetic nerve impulses.

The fibrous skeleton is a dense framework of collagen within the heart that keeps the orifices of the atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valve patent, provides an attachment site of the valve leaflets and cusps, serves as the origin and insertion sites of cardiac myocytes, and forms an electrical “barrier” between the atria and ventricles so that they contract independently.

Parathyroid & pancreas are not under pituitary control.

Broca’s motor speech area (Broadman area)-44, 45

Development of placenta
The placenta is the only organ in the body that develops from two different individuals
     The fetal portion develops from chorion frondosum
     The maternal portion from the decidua basalis

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-438

[Ref. Vishram Sinmgh Clinical Neuroanatomy]

♣ Rima glottidis: The space between two vocal folds is called 'rima glottidis'. It is the narrowest part of the larynx.
♣ Rima vestibuli: The spce between two vestibular folds (false vocal cords) is called rima vestibuli.
♣ Sinus/vestibule of larynx: It is the space between the vocal fold and vestibular folds. 

Reference: Langman’s 13th; P-46

Capillaries have only an endothelium, with no subendothelial layer or other tunics.

The middle ear is a small space placed deep within the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is also called the tympanum.

The process that establishes all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) in the embryo is called- Gastrulation

The middle ear is a small space placed deep within the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is also called the tympanum.

The function of the parasympathetic system is to conserve and restore energy. The heart rate is slowed, pupils are constricted, peristalsis and glandular activity is increased, and the bladder walls are contracted.

During the relative ascent of the kidneys in fetal development, the kidneys rotate 90 degrees medially so that the renal hilus is normally orientated in a medial direction.

Autosomal Recessive Disorders
• They make up the largest group of Mendelian disorders.
• Manifested in the homozygous state. They occur when both of the alleles at a given gene locus are mutants
• The trait does not usually affect the parents
• Both the parents are carriers
• Siblings have one chance in four of being affected (i.e., the recurrence risk is 25% for each birth);
• May be result of a consanguineous marriage.
•The expression of the defect tends to be more uniform than in autosomal dominant disorders.
• Complete penetrance is common
• Onset is frequently early in life.
• In many cases, enzymes are affected by the mutation (Metabolic abnormalities).

Autosomal Dominant Disorders
• Disorders of autosomal dominant inheritance are manifested in the heterozygous state, so at least one parent in an index case usually is affected.
• Both males and females can be affected
• Both sexes can transmit the condition.
• When an affected person marries an unaffected one, each child has one chance in two of having the disease (50%).
• New mutation can occur
• Variable expressivity
• The age of onset is delayed
• Vertical transmission (consecutive generations are affected)
• No carrier state
• Father-son transmission possible
• Condition usually less severe than autosomal recessive
• Usually associated with structural abnormalities

[Ref. BD Chaurasia Vol.3] 

Left gastric artery lies in lesser omentum.

Collections of neuronal cell bodies (somata) outside the central nervous system is Ganglia & inside CNS is Nuclei.

Flagella formation is not a part of spermiogenesis.