স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Islets of Langerhans consist of four types of cells:
 A cells or α-cells, which secrete glucagon
 B cells or β-cells, which secrete insulin
 D cells or δ-cells, which secrete somatostatin
 F cells or PP cells, which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

Explanation : Horner syndrome is an eye disorder caused by damage to cervical sympathetic nerve. It is also called Bernard-Horner syndrome, Claude- Bernard-Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy. Symptoms of Horner syndrome appear on the affected side. The symptoms are:
1. Ptosis (drooping of upper eyelid)
2. Swelling of lower eyelid
3. Miosis (abnormal constriction of pupil)
4. Enophthalmos (sinking of eyeball into its cavity)
5. Absence of sweating on affected side of the face.

Following can be taken as a measure of GFR:
1. Inulin clearance
2. Creatinine clearance and
3. Urea clearance
Inulin clearance – the gold standard of physiologists - is not practical or necessary in clinical practice. Clinically creatinine clearance is widely used. Urea clearance is not an accurate measure of GFR

Pulse pressure (PP)
-PP Directly proportional to SV
-PP inversely proportional to compliance/Arterial elasticity

Thirst center is stimulated by-
-Intracellular dehydration
-Hypovolemia
-Angiotensin-2 in circulation

Cardiovascular changes following birth are-
-Increase arterial oxygen tension
-Decreased Pulmonary vascular resistance
-Increased Pulmonary blood flow
-Increased systemic vascular resistance
-Closure of Ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus
-closure Foramen ovale

Explanation:
Bronchopneumonia- Remittent fever
Rheumatic fever- Continued fever
Typhoid fever- Continued fever