স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Dorsalis pedis pulse
Using the pads of your middle three fingers, feel at the origin of the first web space just lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus 

Fate of notochord -Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc

Explanation: Nearly all peptic ulcers are associated with H. pylori infection, NSAIDs or cigarette smoking. Among them H. pylori infection is most common

Sinusoidal capillaries have some gaps between the adjacent endothelial cells (and a thin or absent basement membrane). The gaps are large enough for plasma proteins and some cells to pass through.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-784
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-438

Fibre optic instrument is best sterilized by γ glutaraldehyde

Explanation: Capacitation involves removing the glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins from the head of the sperm, exposing the acrosome and allowing the acrosome reaction to occur. Capacitation occurs within the female genital tract, and without its occurrence, fertilization could not occur.

Explanation: Fever with night sweats is Associated with particular infections (e.g. TB, infective endocarditis)

Factors regulating NaCl reabsorption from ALH:
1. It is increased by large NaCl load presented to ALH, sympathetic activity, angiotensin II & norepinephrine
2. It is decreased by prostaglandin & loop diuretics

Explanation: also transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon.

কোন ব্যাখ্যা যোগ হয় নি।

Free radical activity is checked by catalase

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-565

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-854
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-634

Hypokalemia is the most common electrolyte abnormality associated with prolonged vomiting. Davidson explains that vomiting leads to loss of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid), which triggers renal potassium excretion to maintain acid-base balance. Harrison adds that the body responds to the loss of hydrogen ions by increasing bicarbonate reabsorption, further promoting potassium excretion and hypokalemia.

Autophagy is the function of lysosome.

(Ref: medical examination review anatomy P:52)

Pleural fluid analysis using Light’s criteria is the gold standard to differentiate transudative from exudative effusions. Criteria include pleural fluid/serum protein ratio >0.5, pleural fluid/serum LDH ratio >0.6, or pleural fluid LDH >2/3 the upper limit of normal serum LDH, indicating an exudate.

A negative inotropic effect is one that decreases myocardial contractility. Contractility is the ability to develop tension at a fixed muscle length. Factors that decrease contractility are those that decrease the intracellular [Ca2+]. Increasing heart rate increases intracellular [Ca2+] because more Ca2+ ions enter the cell during the plateau of each action potential. Sympathetic stimulation and norepinephrine increase intracellular [Ca2+] by increasing entry during the plateau and increasing the storage of Ca2+ by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) [for later release]. Cardiac glycosides increase intracellular [Ca2+] by inhibiting the Na+–K+ pump, thereby inhibiting Na+–Ca2+ exchange (a mechanism that pumps Ca2+ out of the cell). Acetylcholine (ACh) has a negative inotropic effect on the atria.

"Langhans" type of giant cell is found in 

Explanation : Functions of the cerebellum-
a. Vestibulocerebellum—control of balance and eye movement.
b. Pontocerebellum—planning and initiation of movement.
c. Spinocerebellum—synergy, which is control of rate, force, range, and direction of movement.

Ref : BRS Physiology 7th edition

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-463
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Explanation:

Explanation -
The Mantoux test or Mendel–Mantoux test or PPD test for purified protein derivative, is a tool for screening for tuberculosis (TB) and for tuberculosis diagnosis. 
Not specific
Many false positive/ negetive results
Is not diagnostic of tuberculosis
Positive 4-6 weeks after infection of tuberculosis.

coli causes diarrhoea

Explanation: the most serious cause of viral encephalitis is herpes simplex which probably reaches the brain via the olfactory nerves. Varicella zoster is also an important cause.

Explanation:

Explanation :
Diabetic ketoacidosis presents as -
excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, stomach pain, weakness or fatigue, shortness of breath, fruity-scented breath, and confusion.

Explanation :
Toxin production by S.aureus -
Enterotoxin
Toxic shock syndrome toxin
Exfoliatin
Leukocidins

Actually anal swab is not actually taken. Anorectal/ rectal swab is taken in case of sodomoy.
When. The q is asked for sample go searching rectal/ anorectal, if not found go for anal if present. This ques is for drawing attention to this issue.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-136

Explanation :
Causes of cirrhosis of liver -
Chronic viral hepatitis ( B or C) (Most common) 
Alcohol
NAFLD
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Harmochromatosis
Wilson disease
Drugs
Idiopathic

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-626

Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) has the greatest clearance of all of the substances because it is both filtered and secreted. Inulin is only filtered. The other substances are filtered and subsequently reabsorbed; therefore, they will have clearances that are lower than the inulin clearance.

Reference: Practical Manual in Clinical Medicine by Professor ABM Abdullah; P-168

Proprioceptive sensations include
•       Position sensations
•       Pressure sensation from the bottom of the foot
•       Sensation of equilibrium
•       Tendon & muscle sensation

Reference: Lange microbiology/14th/P-568

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-412

Explanation :
Morphology of apoptotic cell -
Cell shrinkage
Chromatin condensation
Formation of cytoplasmic blebs and apoptotic body
Phagocytosis 

Lysosomes can digest material into the cell from its environment by phagocytosis. Hence they are known as the suicidal bags of the cell.

[Robbins 9th 59]

Explanation: Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of haematopoietic origin, responsible for bone resorption. Osteoblasts are mononuclear cells

Pleomorphic adenoma:
Benign tumor composed of stromal (e.g., cartilage) and epithelial tissue; most common tumor of the salivary gland. Usually arises in parotid; presents as a mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at the angle of the jaw

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Box-22.38

Explanation

Site of spermatogenesis in male- Seminiferous tubule

The barriers of an oocyte are
1. First barrier is formed by cells of corona radiata
2. Second barrier is formed by zona pellucida made of glycoproteins, ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3.
3. Third barrier is formed by vitelline membrane of oocyte itself

Others are Pathognomonic

Vit A essential for epithelialization, Vit C essential for collagen synthesise , VitD easential for bone formation

Sudden onset of Unilateral pleuritic chest pain with absent breath sound & resonant hemithorax: Tension pneumothorax.

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Box-21.84

Explanation : The center for accommodation lies in frontal eye field (area 8) that is situated in the frontal lobe of cerebral cortex.
Ref : Sembulingam 6th edition (Page- 997)

Explanation: Abdominal pain is the most common symptom and is usually in the right upper quadrant, sometimes with radiation to the right shoulder. The pain may be pleuritic in nature.