স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য)

Explanation :
Causes of bronchiactasis :
Congenital or hereditary conditions
Infections
Bronchial obstruction
Rheumatoid arthritis,SLE,Inflammatory bowel disease,COPD,Post transplantation

Walls of vessel consist of all of the three tunics.

• Colorectal cancer incidence peaks at 60 to 70 years of age, with fewer than 20% of cases occuring before age 50.

Explanation :
Coagulative necrosis :
Occurs in solid organ except brain
Example - Infract of heart ( MI),Kidney,Spleen,Gumma of tertiary syphilis. 

Another name is undescend testes

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a significant pulmonary complication of RA, leading to progressive fibrosis and impaired lung function, often presenting as restrictive lung disease. While pericarditis, rheumatoid nodules, and amyloidosis (secondary) are also extra-articular features, ILD directly causes restrictive lung disease.

Autosomal Dominant Disorders
• Disorders of autosomal dominant inheritance are manifested in the heterozygous state, so at least one parent in an index case usually is affected. 
• Both males and females can be affected 
• Both sexes can transmit the condition.
• When an affected person marries an unaffected one, each child has one chance in two of having the disease (50%).
• New mutation can occur
• Variable expressivity
• The age of onset is delayed
• Vertical transmission (consecutive generations are affected)
• No carrier state
• Father-son transmission possible
• Condition usually less severe than autosomal recessive
• Usually associated with structural abnormalities

Autosomal Recessive Disorders 
• They make up the largest group of Mendelian disorders. 
• Manifested in the homozygous state. They occur when both of the alleles at a given gene locus are mutants.
• The trait does not usually affect the parents
• Both the parents are carriers
• Siblings have one chance in four of being affected (i.e., the recurrence risk is 25% for each birth); 
• May be result of a consanguineous marriage. 
• The expression of the defect tends to be more uniform than in autosomal dominant disorders.
• Complete penetrance is common
• Onset is frequently early in life. 
• In many cases, enzymes are affected by the mutation (Metabolic abnormalities).

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-777
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Gallstones and alcohol account for the majority of acute pancreatitis cases. Gallstones are more common in females.

ABC biochem 7th -401

Hyperkalemia
Drug causes
β-blockers
·Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
·Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs)
·Spironolactone
·Eplerenone
·Calcineurin inhibitors: Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus

First Heart Sound: 
Loud: hyperdynamic circulation (anaemia, pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis); mitral stenosis
Soft: heart failure; mitral regurgitation

Explanation :
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a protein made by the liver.
The level of CRP increases when there's inflammation in the body.
Synthesis upregulated by TNF.

Warning Signs
• No clinical improvement or worsening of the situation just before or during the transition to afebrile phase or as the disease progresses.
• Persistent vomiting.
• Severe abdominal pain.
Lethargy and/or restlessness, sudden behavioural changes.
• Bleeding: Epistaxis , black stool, haematemesis, excessive menstrual bleeding, dark colored urine (haemoglobinuria) or haematuria.
Giddiness.
• Pale, cold and clammy hands and feet.
• Less/no urine output for 4-6 hours
• Liver enlargement > 2cm • Haematocrit >20%

Explanations:
Agglutinogens are present on RBC membrane & agglutinins are present on serum.

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-746

Explanation: Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion. Somatostatin, Secretin and GIP inhibits gastric acid secretion.

This fungus can be stuck by rose thorn.

GLUT 5
Fructose transport
Jejunum, sperm, intesti

Reference: Junqueira’s Basic Histology; 14th Edition; Page-370

Ref: Davidson 23rd; P- 924 (Fig-23.10)

Battered child syndrome describes nonaccidental trauma to children, representing a major cause of morbidity and mortality during childhood. The presence of multiple bruises in various stages of healing is characteristic of battered child syndrome, whereas a single bruise is more typical of accidental trauma. (Reddy/Nandy)

The appearance of 'cobblestoning' and 'rose thorn ulcers' are radiological descriptions, seen in Crohn's disease, obtained from barium follow- through investigations of the ileum. Lower GI endoscopy is preferred in establishing a diagnosis of IBD (either Crohn's or UC) because the operator is allowed direct visualization of the bowel and biopsies may be taken; skip lesions can be seen on direct visualization but the appearance of 'rose thorn ulcers' have only been described in barium radiograpy studies.

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Page: 644 , Box : 18.14

Reference: Davidson 23rd, Box-11.35

Explanations: Albumin constitutes 55-65% of total plasma protein.

Explanation: Loud first heart sound, opening snap Mid-diastolic murmur. These are the Auscultation finding of MS

Lamina propria contains gastric glands

কোন ব্যাখ্যা যোগ হয় নি।

Explanation: Features of an acute adrenal crisis include circulatory shock with severe hypotension, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and, in some instances, hypoglycaemia and hypercalcaemia.

Crohn’s disease causes deep & linear ulcer

1 Nerve Fibres served by Cell in Peripheral Nerve

Snell 8th - Table 3.1 - 78

The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord.
Thus, the peripheral nervous system includes
The nerves that connect the head, face, eyes, nose, muscles, and ears to the brain (cranial nerves)
The nerves that connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body, including the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
More than 100 billion nerve cells that run throughout the body

Explanation

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-564
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-856
সলভ ক্লাসের জন্য আলোচনা পোস্ট দেখুন - [আলোচনা পোস্টের লিঙ্ক]

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-644

Davidson 24th

No explanation added.

[Ganong 24th p-659]

Ref : Davidson 23rd ,p - 291

Reference: Davidson 23rd; P-599

Explanation: persistent daily vomiting suggests gastric outlet obstruction

10 mmHg net filtration pressure cause filtration in the glomerulus.

Duodenum is the Fixed part of small intestine

Explanation: heaving apex beat found in: Pressure overload, such as aortic stenosis, hypertension