১৪০ দিনে ৫১তম বিসিএস প্রস্তুতি

• 'The apparition of these faces in the crowd:
Petals on a wet, black bough.' - These lines are written by - Ezra Pound.

• Ezra Pound, in full Ezra Loomis Pound হচ্ছেন একজন American poet and critic.
- তিনি একজন discerning and energetic entrepreneur of the arts who did more than any other single figure to advance a “modern” movement in English and American literature.
- Ezra Pound, English Literature এ exponents of Imagism বা  'Imagism' এর প্রবক্তা হিসাবে সুপরিচিত।
- Imagist Poetry এর উদাহরণ হিসাবে তিনি প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত এই দুই লাইনের একটি কবিতাটি লিখেছিলেন, যার নাম In a Station of the Metro.

Some of Ezra Pounds major writings are - 
- Umbra: Collected Poems
- Literary Essays
- Make it New
- Guide to Kulchur
- Homage to Sextus Properties
- Ripostes
- The Cantos
- Lustra
- Personae
- The Pisan Cantos 
- Trachinian Women, etc.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr M Mofizar Rahman and Britannica.

• 'Willy Loman' is an important character from Arthur Miller's - Death of a Salesman.
- Willy Loman is the protagonist of this play and his misery and tragic death was portrayed in the play.

-'Death of a Salesman' is a paly written by - Arthur Miller.
- Arthur Miller, in full Arthur Asher Miller একজন American playwright, who combined social awareness with a searching concern for his characters’ inner lives.
- ১৯৪9 সালে লেখা 'Death of a Salesman' এর জন্য তিনি সাহিত্য জগতে বিশেষ ভাবে পরিচিত।
- তিনি তাঁর এই সাহিত্যকর্মের জন্য Pulitzer Prize লাভ করেন।
- এই play টিতে তিনি একজন salesman এর tragedy  এর গল্প বলে গেছেন who gave his life, or sold it” in pursuit of the American Dream.

• এই play এর উল্লেখযোগ্য চরিত্র সমূহ - 
- Willy Loman
- Biff Loman
- Linda Loman
- Happy Loman
- Charley
- Bernard
- Ben
- The Woman.

Miller's notable Works -
- A Memory of Two Mondays
- After the Fall
- All My Sons
- Death of a Salesman
- Finishing the Picture
- Incident at Vichy
- Mr. Peters’ Connections
- Resurrection Blues
- The American Clock
- The Archbishop’s Ceiling
- The Crucible
- The Price
- The Ride Down Mount Morgan

Source: Britannica

• The Financial Expert is a novel by Indian writer R. K. Narayan.
-  এই বইয়ের প্রধান চরিত্রের নাম Margayya.
- R K Narayan-এর লেখা বেশিরভাগ কাহিনীর মতই এই উপন্যাসটিও Malgudi নামক একটি স্থানে ঘটে।
- এই কাহিনীর মূল থিম হল অর্থের প্রতি মূল চরিত্রের লোভ এবং এটাকে ঘিরে তার উত্থান ও পতন।

• R. K. Narayan is among the best known and most widely read Indian novelists and one of the finest Indian authors of his generation writing in English.
Her famous works are: -
- A Horse and Two Goats
- Malgudi Days
- Under the Banyan Tree
- Demons and Others
- The Ramayana
- The Mahabharata

Source: Britannica and enotes.com

D.H Lawrance in full, David Herbert Lawrence wrote the novel 'Sons and Lovers'.
- ১৯১৩ সালে প্রকাশিত এটি D.H Lawrence এর semi-autobiographical novel.
- এই novel টিকে Lawrence এর প্রথম mature novel ও বলা হয়।
-  It is a psychological study of the familial and love relationships of a working-class English family.

এই novel এর কেন্দ্রীয় চরিত্র সমূহ - 
- Paul Morel
- mother, Gertrude
- Miriam Leivers,
- Clara Dawes

David Herbert Lawrence well known novels:
- Lady Chatterley's Lover,
- Sons and Loves,
- The White Peacock,
- The Rainbow,
- Women in Love,
- A Modern Lover.


Source: Britannica.

_• Chinua Achebe is a Nigerian novelist.
- তিনি নাইজেরিয়ার একজন বিখ্যাত ঔপন্যাসিক হিসেবে সারাবিশ্ব ব্যাপী বিশেষ ভাবে পরিচিত।
- Chinua Achebe wrote some of the most extraordinary works of the 20th century.
- অনেকে তাঁকে 'Father of Modern African Literature' হিসেবে বিবেচনা করে থাকে। 
- Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe এর ইংরেজিতে রচিত প্রথম novel, যা ১৯৫৮ সালে প্রকাশিত হয়।
- Things Fall Apart helped create the Nigerian literary renaissance of the 1960s.

Achebe's best Works - 
- Things Fall Apart (1958)
- No Longer at Ease
- Arrow of God
- A Man of the People
- Anthills of the Savannah.

Source: Britannica.

• ১৯৫৪ সালে The Old Man and The Sea Novel  এর জন্য Ernest Hemingway, Noble Prize লাভ করেন।

- Ernest Hemingway, in full Ernest Miller Hemingway is an American novelist and short-story writer.
- He was noted both for the intense masculinity of his writing and for his adventurous and widely publicized life.
- তাঁর সংক্ষিপ্ত এবং সুস্পষ্ট গদ্যশৈলী ২0 শতকে American and British কথাসাহিত্যে একটি শক্তিশালী প্রভাব ফেলেছিল।

তাঁর বিখ্যাত novel সমূহ - 
- The Sun Also Rises,
- The old man and The Sea
- A Farewell to Arms,
- Green Hills of Africa ইত্যাদি
- The Sun Also Rises তার প্রথম novel যা Novelist হিসেবে ইংরেজি সাহিত্যে তাকে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হতে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেছে।

অন্যদিকে, প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত অপশন গুলোর মধ্যে - 
- 1923 সালে Noble Prize লাভ করেন W.B Yeats.
- 1948 সালে T.S Eliot Noble Prize লাভ করেন।
- 1936 সালে Noble Prize লাভ করেন  Eugene O'Neill.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr M Mofizar Rahman and Britannica.

• Edgar Allan Poe, American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor who is famous for his cultivation of mystery and the macabre.
- তাঁকে the father of modern detective stories বলা হয়ে থাকে।
- তাঁর “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” আধুনিক গোয়েন্দা গল্পের সূচনা করেছিল এবং  the atmosphere in his tales of horror is unrivaled in American fiction.
- His “The Raven” (1845) numbers among the best-known poems in the national literature.

তাঁর উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যকর্ম সমূহ - 
- Annabel
- LeeEleonora
- Eureka
- Lenore
- Ligeia
- MS. Found in a Bottle
- Morella
- Tamerlane, and Other Poems
- The Bells
- The Black Cat
- The Cask of Amontillado
- The Fall of the House of Usher
- The Masque of the Red Death
- The Murders in the Rue Morgue
- The Mystery of Marie Roget
- The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym
- The Pit and the Pendulum
- The Premature Burial
- The Purloined Letter
- The Raven
- The Tell-Tale Heart
- The Valley of Unrest
- To Helen
- To One in Paradise
- Ulalume

Source: Britannica.

• George Bernard Shaw is related to 'Drama of ideas'.
- তিনি সর্বপ্রথম এই term টি ব্যবহার করেন।
- Drama of Ideas এক ধরণের নাটক যা সামাজিক ও ব্যক্তিগত নৈতিকতার সবথেকে তীব্র সমস্যা গুলোর ধারণা প্রকাশ করে।
- George Bernard Shaw রচিত You Never Can Tell, Arms and The Man এই Drama গুলো Drama of ideas এর অন্যতম উদাহরণ।
- George Bernard Shaw is an Irish comic dramatist, literary critic, and socialist propagandist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925.

Source: Britannica.

• Mark Twain was an American humorist, novelist, and travel writer.
Born:
-Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri.

Famous Works:
During his lifetime Mark Twain wrote more than 20 novels. His most famous novels included:
- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 
- Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)

Source: Britannica.com

• J.K. Rowling, in full Joanne Kathleen Rowling, pen name of Joanne Rowling, is a British author, creator of the popular and critically acclaimed Harry Potter series.
- Harry Potter series এ মোট ৭টি খন্ড রয়েছে যা সারাবিশ্বে অত্যধিক জনপ্রিয়। 
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series.
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the second novel in the harry Potter series.

Harry Potter books - 
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.
- Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.
- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.
- Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.

Source: Britannica.

The Author of the autobiographical novel, "Tropic of Cancer" is - Henry Miller.
- ১৯৩৪ সালে এটি প্রথম প্রকাশিত হয়। 
- কিন্তু censorship এর কারনে ১৯৬১ সালের পূর্বে  United States এ প্রকাশিত হয় নি।
- Written in the tradition of Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau, it relates Miller’s picaresque life as an impoverished expatriate in France in the early 1930s.

• Henry Miller is an American author, U.S. writer and perennial Bohemian whose autobiographical novels achieve a candour—particularly about sex—that made them a liberating influence in mid-20th-century literature.
-  He is also notable for a free and easy American style and a gift for comedy that springs from his willingness to admit to feelings others conceal and an almost eager acceptance of the bad along with the good.

Sone of Miller's best Works - 
- The Air-Conditioned Nightmare
- Tropic of Cancer
- The Rosy Crucifixion, a triology  

Source: Britannica.com

• ‘The Everlasting Mercy’ is a long narrative poem by -John Masefield.
- John Masefield is a British poet.
- He is best known for his long narrative poems, such as The Everlasting Mercy. (1911), shocked literary orthodoxy with its phrases of a colloquial coarseness hitherto unknown in 20th-century English verse.

His other notable works -
- Dauber
- Reynard the Fox
- Salt-Water Ballads
- The Everlasting Mercy
- The MidNight Folk

Source: Britannica.

• ‘Kurtz’ and ‘Marlow’ are characters from the novel - Heart of Darkness written by Joseph Conrad.
- ১৮৯৯ সালে এটি প্রথম প্রকাশিত হয়। 
- Heart of Darkness examines the horrors of Western colonialism, depicting it as a phenomenon that tarnishes not only the lands and peoples it exploits but also those in the West who advance it.

এই novella এর উল্লেখযোগ্য চরিত্র সমূহ হচ্ছে - 
- Marlow
- Kurtz
- General manager
- Brickmaker
- Chief accountant
- Pilgrims
- Cannibals
- Russian trader

• Joseph Conrad, original name Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski is a English novelist and short-story writer of Polish descent।
তাঁর উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্য কর্ম গুলো হচ্ছে -
- Almayer’s Folly
- An Outcast of the Islands
- Chance
- Heart of Darkness
- Lord Jim” “Nostromo
- The Nigger of the “Narcissus
- The Secret Agent
- Typhoon
-  Under Western Eyes
- Victory
- Youth, ইত্যাদি।

Source: Britannica.

• 'Brave New World' is a - dystopian novel.
- 1932 সালে প্রকাশিত Brave New World is a novel by Aldous Huxley.
- এটিকে dystopian novel বলা হয় কারণ the book presents a nightmarish vision of a future society.
- Dystopian literature is a form of speculative fiction that offers a vision of the future.
- Brave New World is also called science fiction.

• Aldous Huxley, in full Aldous Leonard Huxley হচ্ছেন English novelist and critic gifted with an acute and far-ranging intelligence whose works are notable for their wit and pessimistic satire.
- He remains best known for one novel, Brave New World (1932), a model for much dystopian science fiction that followed.

Source: Britannica.

• Fyodor Dostoyevsky is a Russian novelist and short-story writer. 
- His psychological penetration into the darkest recesses of the human heart, together with his unsurpassed moments of illumination, had an immense influence on 20th-century fiction.
- Fyodor Dostoyevsky কে সাধারণত সর্বকালের সেরা ঔপন্যাসিকদের একজন হিসাবে বিবেচনা করা হয়।

উল্লেখযোগ্য সাহিত্যকর্ম সমূহ - 
- Crime and Punishment,
- The Idiot,
- The Brothers Karamazov,
- Poor Folk,
- A Little Hero,
- The Eternal,
- Notes from Underground.

Source: Britannica.com

• William Faulkner is a/an American novelist and short story writers.
- ১৯৪৯ সালে তিনি সাহিত্যে Nobel prize লাভ করেন। 
- এছাড়াও তিনি দুইবার Pulitzer Prize (1955 and1963) লাভ করেন।

His famous literary works:
- The Hamlet (Novel),
- The Sound and the Fury,
- As I Lay Dying,
- Light in August,
- Absalom, Absalom!,
- Go Down Moses etc.

Source: Britannica.

• 'Waiting for Godot' by Samuel Beckett is an - Absurd play.
- এটি একটি two-act বিশিষ্ট tragic-comedy too.
- Waiting for Godot is Beckett's translation of his own original French-language play, En attendant Godot.
- ১৯৫২ সালে এটি প্রকাশিত হয়। 
- Waiting for Godot was a true innovation in drama and the Theatre of the Absurd’s first theatrical success.
- ১৯৬৯ সালে এই play টির জন্য Samuel Beckett সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন।

 • The important character of this play:
- Vladimir,
- Estragon,
- Pozzo,
- Lucky etc.

Source: Britannica.

April is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing" - These lines are written by - T.S Eliot.
- T.S. Eliot রচিত বিখ্যাত কবিতা The Waste Land বলতে তিনি বর্তমান পৃথিবীকে বুঝিয়েছেন।
- এই কবিতাটি ১৯২২ সয়ালে 
- তিনি ১৯৪৮ সালে কবিতাটির জন্য নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন।
- এই কবিতায় Hindu myth or allusion of philosophy পাওয়া যায়।

•'The Waste Land' is a 433- lines, Five parted Poem.

The Five Parts are - 
1) 'The Burial of the Dead'
2) 'A Game of Chess'
3) 'The Fire Sermon'
4) 'Death by Water' and
5) 'What the Thunder Said'

Source: Britannica.

• ‘Dream is not that which you see while sleeping; It is something that will not let you sleep’ was stated by - A.P.J Abdul Kalam.
- প্রশ্নে উল্লেখিত উক্তিটি তাঁর autobiography 'Wings of Fire' হতে নেয়া।
- A.P.J Abdul Kalam হচ্ছেন ভারতের সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতি। তিনি ২০০২ সাল থেকে ২০০৭ সাল পর্যন্ত রাষ্ট্রপতির দায়িত্ব পালন করেন এবং ১১ তম রাষ্ট্রপতি ছিলেন।
 
'Wings of Fire' এর আরো বিখ্যাত কিছু উক্তি - 
- “To succeed in life and achieve results, you must understand and master three mighty forces— desire, belief, and expectation.”
- “If you want to leave your footprints On the sands of time Do not drag your feet.”
- “A big shot is a little shot who keeps on shooting, so keep trying.”
- “Adversity always presents opportunities for introspection.”
- “What you are destined to become is not revealed now but it is predetermined.”

Kalam wrote several books, some of his famous books:
- Wings of Fire
- Ignited Mind,
- Inspiring Thought,
- The Luminous Sparks,
- Turning Points,
- You are Born to Bloom,
- Target 3 Billion,
- Indomitable Spirit,
- My Journey.

Source: Britannica and goodreads.com

• Voltaire wrote the book 'Spirit of Nations'.
-  Voltaire হচ্ছেন একজন French historian and philosopher.

• তাঁর কিছু Famous quotation - 
- 'If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him'
- Prejudice is the reason of fools',
- 'I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to death your right to say it'
- "Common sense is not so common" 

• Best Works:
- Candide
- The Age of Louis XIV
- Henriade.

Source: Live MCQ Lecture.

• William Gerald Golding awarded Nobel Prize for his novel - Lord of the Files.
- It was published in 1954.

• William Gerald Golding is a British novelist, dramatist and poet.
His other Notable works - 
- Darkness Visible
- The Pyramid
- Pincher Martin
- Free Fall
- The Inheritors
- The Spire etc.


Source:  Britannica

Alice Munro, original name Alice Ann Laidlaw একজন Canadian short-story writer।
- তিনি তাঁর  exquisitely drawn narratives এর দ্বারা আন্তর্জাতিক স্বীকৃতি অর্জন করেছিলেন।
- ২০১৩ সালে তিনি সাহিত্যে Nobel prize লাভ করেন।
- নোবেল প্রাইজ প্রদানের সময়কালে The Swedish Academy dubbed her a “master of the contemporary short story”.
- Munro’s work was noted for its precise imagery and narrative style, যা একই সাথে lyrical, compelling, economical এবং intense এবং সুনিপুন ভাবে 
 মানুষের মানসিক ও দৈনন্দিনজীবনের গভীরতা এবং জটিলতা প্রকাশ করে।

Some of Alice Munro's notable Works - 
- Dance of the Happy Shades
- Dear Life” “Runaway
- The Bear Came over the Mountain
- The Lives of Girls and Women
- The View from Castle Rock

Source: Britannica