পেট্রোবাংলা প্রিলি ও লিখিত সমন্বিত প্রস্তুতি [Archived]

• শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক উত্তর হবে - celebrating.
- Complete Sentence: After months of planning and preparation, we all look forward to celebrating the grand opening of our new community centre next Saturday.

• Look forward to:
- English Meaning: await eagerly.
- Bangla Meaning: সানন্দে প্রতীক্ষা করা।

• Use of Look forward to:
- Look forward এরপর to + verb + ing বসে।

• Example Sentence:
1. We look forward to seeing you at the event next week.
2. They look forward to working together on the project.

• এছাড়াও mind, cannot help, could not help, with a view to, look forward to ইত্যাদি শব্দের পর কোনো verb বসলে সেই verb এর সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।

Complete Sentence: The honesty of the merchant has built trust with customers over the years.

- সাধারণত Abstract noun- এর আগে কোনো article বসে না।
- কিন্তু, যদি noun + of + noun বসে তাহলে প্রথম noun টি abstract noun হওয়া সত্ত্বেও তার আগে The বসে।

- তাই, সঠিক উত্তর The.

Example Sentence:
1. The honesty of the feedback was crucial for our improvement.
2. The honesty of the child was evident in her straightforward answers.

• "Neither of the candidates had the necessary qualifications for the job."
- The word 'Neither' is - Distributive pronoun.
- অপশনে "Distributive pronoun" না থাকায় None of the above উত্তর হবে।

• Distributive Pronoun: একই জাতীয় একাধিক বস্তু বা ব্যক্তিকে পৃথকভাবে বুঝানোর জন্য যেসব pronoun ব্যবহার করা হয় সেগুলোকে Distributive Pronoun বলে। - যেমন - each, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি।

• Pronoun ৮ প্রকার। যেমন:
1. Personal pronoun: (I, we, me, it).
2. Demonstrative pronoun: (this, that).
3. Interrogative pronoun: (what, who).
4. Relative pronoun: (what, who, that).
5. Indefinite pronoun: (one, none some, any, all, many).
6. Distributive pronoun: (each, every, either, neither).
7. Reflexive pronoun: (myself, themself).
8. Reciprocal pronoun: (each other, one another).

• partake (verb)
English Meaning: to take part in or experience something along with others.
Bangla Meaning: অংশগ্রহণ করা।

- "কোথাও অংশগ্রহণ করা" - বোঝাতে partake এরপর preposition 'of বা in' বসে।

Complete Sentence: His work partakes of the prose style of his time.

Example Sentence:
1. Guests are invited to partake in the festivities at the annual town fair.
2. Students were eager to partake in the various workshops offered during the conference.

Source:
1. Oxford Dictionary.
2. Accessible Dictionary Bangla Academy.

• শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক উত্তর হবে - to answer.
- Complete sentence: Despite the difficult questions, he seemed to answer them with confidence.

• কিছু কিছু verb আছে যেগুলোর পর যদি আরেকটি verb ব্যবহার করতে হয় তাহলে, Infinitive (to + verb এর base form) ব্যবহার করতে হয়।
- verb + ing ব্যবহার করা যাবে না।
- We use the to-infinitive after certain verbs (verbs followed by to-infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling.
-  অর্থাৎ,  নির্দিষ্ট কয়েকটি verb যেগুলো কোন thinking বা feeling অর্থ দেয় এর পর infinitive বসে।
- এমন একটি verb হচ্ছে - seem.

• এমন আরো কিছু Verb হচ্ছে - advise, agree, arrange, resemble, demand, propose, suggest, refuse, ask, seem, choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like/love ইত্যাদি।

• Adjective
- সাধারণত noun বা pronoun এর পূর্বে বসে noun বা pronoun কে modify করে।
- এছাড়াও, Article এবং Noun এর মাঝে সাধারণত Adjective বসে।

• Read the above sentence carefully.
- Here 'above' is an Adjective.
- এখানে 'above' Adjective হিসেবে বসেছে।
- এখানে 'above' শব্দটি 'sentence' কে মডিফাই করছে, যা একটি noun.
- তাই এটি Adjective.

• Refrain from doing
Bangla Meaning: বিরত থাকা।

- অর্থাৎ, refrain- এর পর preposition 'from' বসে এবং তারপর gerund (verb + ing) বসে।
- refrain এর যেহেতু preposition - from বসে, আর অপশনে যেহেতু from নেই, তাই None of the above উত্তর হবে।

Complete Sentence: To promote a peaceful atmosphere, it's necessary to refrain from engaging in arguments or conflicts.

Example Sentence:
1. As a conscientious driver, it's essential to refrain from texting while behind the wheel.
2. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, it's crucial to refrain from consuming excessive amounts of sugary drinks.

Source:
1. Oxford Dictionary.
2. Accessible Dictionary Bangla Academy.

• Already, just, yet, recently, lately, ever, just now, still, etc ইত্যাদি হচ্ছে  present perfect tense indicator বা নির্দেশক। 
- অর্থাৎ বাক্যে already, just, yet, recently, lately, ever, just now, still নির্দেশক শব্দগুলো থাকলে বাক্যটি সাধারণত present perfect  tense এ হয়।

Present perfect tense এর  structure:
- Subject+ has/have +Verb এর past participle + object.
- She has met her mother just now.

• সুতরাং, শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক উত্তর হবে - haven't chosen.
- Complete sentence: We haven't chosen a location for the event yet.
- অপশনে "haven't chosen" না থাকায় None of the above উত্তর হবে।

• Yet যদি 'এখনও' অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে Present Perfect Tense এ Auxiliary verb এবং Principal verb এর মাঝখানে বসে। 
যেমন:
- He has not yet come.
- The tree has not yet born fruit. 

• আর Yet যদি 'তবুও/তথাপি' অর্থে ব্যবহৃত হয় তাহলে সাধারণত বাক্যের শুরুতে অথবা শেষে বসে।
যেমন:
- He did not behave with me well. Yet, I respect him.

• along with, as well as, together with, including, addition to, accompanied by ইত্যাদি দ্বারা দুইটি subject যুক্ত হলে verb হবে প্রথম subject অনুযায়ী। 
- এখানে The scientist এবং her research team "along with" দ্বারা যুক্ত হয়েছে।
- প্রথম subject - The scientist, singular বিধায় verb টি singular হবে। 

• Complete Sentence: The scientist, along with her research team, has been publishing the groundbreaking study.

Example Sentence:
1. Sabera, along with her siblings, is planning a surprise party for their parents.
2. The professor, along with several students, is conducting research on climate change.

• It is time/It is high time এরপর যদি subject থাকে তাহলে verb টি past indefinite tense এ হয়।
- It is high time we prioritized mental health awareness in our community.
- It is high time we invested in renewable energy sources.

• Complete Sentence: It is high time we addressed the systemic inequalities in our society and worked towards creating a more just and equitable world for all.

• It is time/It is high time এরপর যদি subject না থাকে তবে to + verb হয়।
- Example: It is high time to stop corruption.

• Divest someone of something (phrasal verb)
English Meaning: to take something off or away from someone or yourself.
Bangla meaning: - ক্ষমতা কেড়ে নেওয়া, পরিহার করা; পরিত্যাগ করা।

Complete Sentence: They divested themselves of the burdensome responsibilities by delegating tasks to others.

Example Sentence:
1. After the accident, she divested herself of the painful memories by moving to a new city.
2. The politician divested himself of any ties to the scandal to protect his reputation.

Source:
1. Cambridge Dictionary.
2. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.

• প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত Sentence টি একটি 3rd Conditional sentence এর উদাহরণ।

Structure: If + past perfect tense + would/could/might + have + past participle.

• Third conditional এর নিয়মানুযায়ী -
- Conditional-এ subordinate conjunction 'if' এর পর Past Perfect Tense হলে,
তার পরবর্তী Clause- এ would/could/might + have + Verb-এর Past Participle form হবে।

Complete sentence: If they had invested in renewable energy sources a decade ago, they would have significantly reduced their carbon footprint and contributed to a more sustainable future.

Example Sentence:
1. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam.
2. If they had left earlier, they wouldn't have missed the train.

- These are the examples of the Third Conditional.

• Conducive to - হিতকর/ উপকারী।
- Conducive এর পরে appropriate preposition হিসেবে to বসে।
- If one thing is conducive to another thing, it makes the other thing likely to happen.

Complete Sentence: The quiet environment in the library is conducive to studying and concentration.

Example:
- Regular exercise is conducive to good health and overall well-being.
- Open communication among team members is conducive to a collaborative work environment.
- Reading regularly is conducive to improving vocabulary and comprehension skills.
- A balanced diet rich in nutrients is conducive to maintaining optimal physical health.

Source:
1. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.
2. Cambridge Dictionary.

• কিছু কিছু শব্দ যেমন, before, after, since, for, while etc. Preposition এবং Conjunction উভয় ভাবেই ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে।
- since যদি দুইটি Clause কে যুক্ত হতে সাহায্য করে তবে তা Conjunction হবে।

• I've been feeling better since I started exercising regularly.
- এ বাক্যে 'since' is used as a conjunction কারণ এটি I've been feeling better এবং I started exercising regularly এই দুইটি clause কে যুক্ত হতে সাহায্য করেছে।

• Since (followed by a noun), Preposition হিসেবে বিবেচ্য হবে।
- যেমন - It has been snowing since morning.

• Neither .... nor দ্বারা দুইটা Noun/Pronoun যুক্ত হলে শেষের noun/pronoun অনুযায়ী verb বসে।
- যেহেতু প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যের শেষে the players – plural noun আছে, তাই এখানে ‍were হবে।

Complete sentence: Neither the coach nor the players were pleased with the team's performance.

• [Either/neither] + noun + [or/nor] + singular noun + singular verb.
- Neither the salesmen nor the marketing manager is in favour of the system.

• [Either/neither] + noun + [or/nor] + plural noun + plural verb.
- Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.

• Strike someone down (phrasal verb): 
English Meaning - If someone is struck down, they die suddenly or start to suffer from a serious illness. 
Bangla Meaning - আক্রমণপূর্বক ধরাশায়ী করা।

Complete Sentence - She was struck down by a severe flu just before her final exams.

Example Sentence:
- It's a tragedy that these young people were struck down in their prime. 
- Many people were struck down by the sudden outbreak of the virus.
- He was struck down by a heart attack while jogging in the park.

Other options:
Strike on /upon something - হঠাৎ মনে জাগা।
Strike something up - শুরু করা। 
Strike something off - কেটে ফেলা।

Source: 
1. Cambridge Dictionary. 
2. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.

• "The synopsis on the website helped me decide whether to enroll in the course."
- The term 'Synopsis' in plural form is - Synopses.

• Synopsis (noun)
English Meaning: A brief summary or general survey of something.
Bangla Meaning: (বই, নাটক ইত্যাদির) সারাংশ বা রূপরেখা; সারপত্রক; চুম্বক।
- এর plural form হচ্ছে - Synopses.

Example Sentence:
1. Before choosing a book to read, I always check the synopsis on the back cover.
2. The professor asked us to write a brief synopsis of the article.

Source: Bangla Academy Dictionary.

• Sentence এর শুরুতে Would that  থাকলে subject এরপর could বসাতে হয় এবং এরপর verb এর present form হয়।
- প্রশ্নে উল্লিখিত বাক্যটি Would that দিয়ে শুরু হয়েছে এবং এরপর subject হিসেবে 'I' আছে।
- তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী এরপর could বসাতে হবে এবং তারপর verb এর present form হবে
- অবাস্তব ইচ্ছা বা সম্ভাবনা প্রকাশে Would that ব্যবহৃত হয়। 

Complete sentence:
- Would that I could solve all the problems plaguing society and bring about lasting peace.

Example Sentence:
- Would that I could go to college. 
- Would that I could buy the latest car.
- Would that I could be a child again!

Source: Advanced Learners by Chowdhury & Hossain.

Complete Sentence: Fewer students attended the lecture than registered for it.

• Countable noun এর ক্ষেত্রে few/fewer বসে।
- এক্ষেত্রে শূন্যস্থানে Fewer বসবে।

• বাক্যে than থাকাতে শূন্যস্থানে adjective এর comparative form বসবে।
- students যেহেতু countable noun সুতরাং এর পূর্বে countable determiner বসবে।
- অপশনে একমাত্র countable determiner এর comparative form রয়েছে fewer.
- সুতরাং সঠিক উত্তর Fewer.

Source: A passage to the English Language by S.M. Zakir Hussain.

• Adjective-এর নিয়ম অনুযায়ী,
- Many/ a great many/ a good many এর সাথে Noun/pronoun ও verb- plural হয়।
- Many a/an এর পর noun/pronoun ও verb- singular হয়।

• তাই নিয়মানুযায়ী শূন্যস্থানে সঠিক উত্তর - have been written.
- A great many books have been written on the topic of leadership.

Example Sentence:
1. A great many ideas were discussed during the brainstorming session.
2. A great many species are at risk of extinction due to habitat destruction.

• Complete Sentence: Unless you submit your application before the deadline, you won't be considered for the scholarship.
- বাক্যের context অনুযায়ী শূন্যস্থানে 'Unless' বসবে।

• Unless (conjunction + preposition)
English Meaning: except on the condition that: under any other circumstance than + except possibly.
Bangla Meaning: যদি না।

Example Sentence:
1. Unless you study regularly, you won't perform well in the exam.
2. Unless it rains, we'll have our picnic in the park tomorrow.
3. Unless you pay attention to your health, you may face serious consequences later.

Source:
1. merriam-webster.
2. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.

• repugnant (adjective)
English Meaning: exciting distaste or aversion.
Bangla Meaning: বিরক্ত; প্রতিকূল; বিরোধী।

- repugnant এর পর preposition হিসেবে সাধারণত 'to' বসে।

Complete Sentence: The use of child labour in factories is repugnant to international labour laws.

Example Sentence:
1. The taste of the medicine was repugnant to the child, making it difficult for them to take it.
2. Discrimination based on gender is repugnant to the principles of gender equality.

Source:
1. Applied English Grammar and Composition - P.C. Das.
2. merriam-webster.

Complete Sentence: Fifty miles is a long distance.

এখানে, "Expressions of time and distance" কে "single entities" হিসেবে ধরা হয়।
- তাহলে, তাদের পরে Plural Verb বসেনা। যেমন: twenty miles, six days, two minutes, four meters etc.

Example Sentence;
1. Ten minutes is not a lengthy wait for a table at this popular restaurant.
2. Six months is not an extended period for completing this project.

• condole (verb)
English Meaning: to express sympathetic sorrow.
Bangla Meaning: অপরের শোকে শোকপ্রকাশ করা; সমবেদনা জানানো।

- "শোকপ্রকাশ করা" বোঝাতে condole এরপর preposition হিসেবে with বসে।

Complete Sentence: We condole with him on his loss.

Example Sentence:
1. We condole with the entire community on the tragic accident.
2. They went to condole with the bereaved family on their immense loss.

Source:
1. Oxford Dictionary.
2. Accessible Dictionary Bangla Academy.

Personal pronouns:
- A personal pronoun is a short word we use as a simple substitute for the proper name of a person.

Pronoun ৮ প্রকার। যেমন:
1. Personal pronoun: (I, we, me, it),
2. Demonstrative pronoun: (this, that),
3. Interrogative pronoun: (what, who),
4. Relative pronoun: (what, who, that),
5. Indefinite pronoun: (one, some, any, all, many),
6. Distributive pronoun: (each, every),
7. Reflexive pronoun: (myself, themself),
8. Reciprocal pronoun: (each other, one another).

• Fie! I can't believe you'd stoop so low as to cheat on the exam.
- Here, “Fie!” expresses - disgust.

- অপশনে disgust না থাকায় None of the above উত্তর হবে।

• Fie (Interjection)
English meaning: used to express disgust or outrage.
Bangla Meaning: অনুমোদন বা বিরক্তিসূচক অব্যয়বিশেষ- ছিঃ ছিঃ; ধিক্।

Example Sentence;
1. Fie! What a despicable act of dishonesty!
2. Fie! I refuse to tolerate such disrespect.

Source:
1. Oxford Learners Dictionary.
2. Accessible Dictionary Bangla Academy.

Lest এর ব্যবহার:
- Lest একটি conjunction & এর অর্থ হল 'পাছে/যাতে না'।
- মূলত এটি negative অর্থে বাক্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে থাকে।

Structure: Independent clause + lest যুক্ত Dependent clause.
অর্থাৎ, subject + verb + other words + lest + subject + (should/might) + base form of verb + other words.

Complete Sentence: The engineer conducted thorough inspections of the machinery, lest any mechanical failures should occur during production.

Example:
1. Jamil studied diligently lest he should fail the exam.
2. Sarah packed her bags early lest she should miss the train to the conference.
3. Jerin ran fast lest she should miss the class.

Source: Advanced Learner’s Grammar & Composition by Chowdhury & Hossain.