ব্যাংক ডেইলি কুইজ [লং কোর্সের অংশ]

• Direct: Liya said, "I must leave for the territory."
• Indirect: Liya said that she had to leave for the territory.

• Direct speech থেকে Indirect speech এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb এর subject বসে।
- Reporting verb হিসেবে say/said, tell/told (যদি থাকে) বসে।
- Inverted comma উঠে that বসে।
- Reported speech -এর first person 'I' - Reporting verb এর subject অনুযায়ী 'she' হবে।
- Direct speech এ must থাকলে Indirect speech এ 'had to' হয়।
- to এর পর verb এর base form বসে।
- বাকি অংশ বসে।

Source: A Passage to the English Language by S. M. Zakir Hussain.

Active: He made us clean the kitchen.
Passive: We were made to clean the kitchen by him.

• Need, bid, dare, make, hear, feel, let, know, behold, watch ইত্যাদি verb গুলোর পর Active voice এর উহ্য থাকে। 
- তবে passive করার সময় তাদের পর 'to' বসে। 

• নিয়মানুযায়ী,
- Object -কে Subject করতে হবে।
-  Tense ও subject অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb (was) বসে।
- তারপর মূল Verb -এর Past Participle বসবে।
- তারপর Active voice -এ  উহ্য থাকা to বসবে।
- তারপর বাকি অংশ বসবে।
- শেষে by + Active voice -এর Subject টি Object হবে।

Active: He made me do the work.
- এখানে Active voice এ 'made' থাকায় passive করার সময় 'to' বসবে। 
Passive: I was made to do the work by him. 

Source: Advanced Learner's English Grammar & Composition.

- Passive: By whom was the casement broken?
- Active: Who broke the casement?

• By whom যুক্ত Passive Voice-কে Active Voice করার নিয়ম:
- প্রথমে Subject হিসেবে Who বসে।
- Tense অনুযায়ী verb বসে।
- Passive Voice -এর Subject - Object হয়ে বসবে।

• More examples:
- Passive: By whom was this picture painted?
- Active: Who painted this picture?

- Passive: By whom was the decision made?
- Active: Who made the decision?

• Indirect: She said that she had left the premises long before.
• Direct: She said, "I left the premises long ago."

• Narration এর নিয়মানুযায়ী,
• Indirect এ before থাকলে direct এ তা পরিবর্তিত হয়ে ago হয়।
- আর long ago থাকলে verb এর past indefinite tense হয়।

• Structure:
- Indirect: Subject + said + that + past perfect (sub + had + past participle) + long before.
- Direct: Subject + said, + past indefinite (sub + past form) + long ago.

- Active: I decided to write a memo.
- Passive: I decided that a memo should be written.

• Agree/ be anxious/ arrange/ determine/ be determined/ decide/ demand + infinitive + object যুক্ত Active voice কে passive করার নিয়ম:
- প্রদত্ত Active voice এর subject ও verb বসে।
- that বসে।
- infinitive এর পরের Object (direct object) বসে।
- should be বসে।
- infinitive এর পরের verb এর past participle বসে।

• More examples:
- Active: She decided to repair the car.
- Passive: She decided that the car should be repaired.

- Active: They agreed to sign the contract.
- Passive: They agreed that the contract should be signed.

Source:
1. A Passage to the English Language by S M Zakir Hussain.
2. Advanced Learner's Communicative English Grammar and Composition by Chowdhury and Hossain.

• Direct: The manager said, "Who solved the obstacle?"
• Indirect: The manager asked who had solved the obstacle.

• Interrogative Sentence -এর Direct Speech কে Indirect Speech করার নিয়ম:
- Reporting verb হিসেবে ask/asked, demand of, enquired of, want to know ইত্যাদি বসে।
- Reported speech টি যদি Wh word দ্বারা শুরু হয় তাহলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। অর্থাৎ, সেই Wh - question word টিই conjunction হিসেবে বসবে।
- Reporting verb এবং reporting speech উভয়েই past indefinite থাকলে, indirect করার সময় reported speech কে past perfect tense এ রূপান্তরিত করতে হবে।
- has এর past participle form 'had' বসবে। 
- মূল verb এর past participle form বসবে। 
- তারপর object বসবে। 

• More Examples:
- Direct: They said, "Why are you late?"
- Indirect: They asked why I was late.

→[39th BCS Preliminary] 

Active voice: Do you know them?
Passive form: Are they known to you?

• Active voice কে Passive voice- এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
- Active Voice এর object‌ টি Passive voice এর subject হয়,
- Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb,
- মূল verb এর past participle,
- Active voice এর subject টি Passive voice এর object হয় এবং তার পূর্বে Preposition (By, with, at, to ,in) বসে।
- আর known এর পর preposition to ব্যবহৃত হয়।

• Direct narration: My father said, "Water is wet."
• Indirect narration: My father said that water is wet.

- Universal truth বা habitual fact প্রকাশ করায় বাক্যটির indirect narration গঠনের সময় verb-এর রূপ পরিবর্তন হবে না।

More Example:
Direct narration: My father said, "All that glitters is not gold."
Indirect narration: My father said that all that glitters is not gold.