স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

Circulating level of Leptin is responsible for food intake regulation. Leptin decreases food intake.
Reference-Ganong/26th/P-481/Figure-26.9

Explanation- pH of pancreatic juice is approximately 8.0.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-454/T-25.3

Explanation- Distension of the stomach by food initiates contractions of the rectum and, frequently, a desire to defecate. The response is called the gastrocolic reflex, and may be amplified by an action of gastrin on the colon. Because of the response, defecation after meals is frequent in children. In adults, habit and cultural factors play a large role in determining when defecation occurs.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-494

Explanation-
★Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. Dopamine, growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH), somatostatin, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) all are secreted by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is secreted by the posterior pituitary. Testosterone is secreted by the testes.
Reference-Guyton & Hall/13rd/P-927 & BRS physiology/6th/P-233/T-7.1

Explanation-
★ Growth hormone is secreted in pulsatile fashion, with a large burst occurring during deep sleep (sleep stage 3 or 4). Growth hormone secretion is increased by sleep, stress, puberty, starvation, and hypoglycemia. Somatomedins are generated when growth hormone acts on its target tissues; they inhibit growth hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary, both directly and indirectly (by stimulating somatostatin release).
Reference-Guyton & Hall/13rd/P-927 & BRS physiology/6th/P-234

Explanation-
★Ca2+ deficiency (low Ca2+ diet or hypocalcemia) activates 1α-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of vitamin D to its active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) and hypophosphatemia also stimulate the enzyme. Chronic renal failure is associated with a constellation of bone diseases, including osteomalacia caused by failure of the diseased renal tissue to produce the active form of vitamin D.
Reference-Vision physiology/9th/P-366/Fig-10.36 & BRS physiology/6th/P-254/Fig-7.14

Explanation-
★ Decreased blood volume stimulates the secretion of renin (because of decreased renal perfusion pressure) and initiates the renin–angiotensinaldosterone cascade. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the cascade by decreasing the production of angiotensin II. Hyperosmolarity stimulates antidiuretic hormone (ADH) [not aldosterone] secretion. Hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia, directly stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-348/T-20.6 & BRS physiology/6th/P-244

Explanation-
★ The insulin receptor in target tissues is a tetramer. The two β subunits have tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylate the receptor when stimulated by insulin.
Reference-Ganong physiology/26th/P-424 &BRS physiology/6th/P-249/Fig-7.3

Explanation-
★Bile salts are recirculated to the liver in the enterohepatic circulation via a Na+–bile acid cotransporter located in the ileum of the small intestine.
Reference-BRS physiology/6th/P-212/Fig-6.12

CCK causes contraction of gallbladder & relaxation of sphincter of Oddi.

Leptin produces satiety

HCl is secreted from parietal/oxyntic cell of stomach.

Hypoparathyroidism leads to hypocalcemia, by decreasing the resorption of calcium from bones. Hypocalcemia causes neuromuscular hyperexcitability, resulting in hypocalcemic tetany. Normally, tetany occurs when plasma calcium level falls below 6 mg/dL from its normal value of 9.4 mg/dL.

GH, Glucagon, cortisol etc. are diabetogenic hormones.

Insulin is major anabolic hormone of the body

The Permissive action of cortisol is on glucagon

Cortisol is stress hormone

Aldosterone is life saving hormone

HGC prevents involution of corpus follicle.

Norepinephrine has shortest half-life.

HCl activates pepsinogen to active pepsin.

Somatostatin inhibits gastrin secretion.