৫১তম বিসিএস ফাইনাল মডেল টেস্ট ও রিভিশন

Cavalier poet, any of a group of English gentlemen poets, called Cavaliers because of their loyalty to Charles I (1625–49) during the English Civil Wars, as opposed to Roundheads, who supported Parliament.
As we know that the 'Caroline Period' is named after the name of King Charles -1.
This group included -
- Richard Lovelace
- Sir John Suckling
- Robert Herrick
- Thomas Carew.

These poets are also called the son of Ben as they were the admirers and followers of Ben Jonson.

Source: Britannica.com

Legend:
A story about a semi-god human figure. In it writer focuses on the greatness of a human being though some supernatural beings may be involved in it.
Beowulf, King Arther, Faust and Rabin Hood are the great legendary figures.

Myth:
An Ancient story about God and Goddesses and their mysterious activities.
Mythology:
Myths are collectively called mythology. Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Indian mythology are well known.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

The 'Prose' was introduced in The Anglo-Saxon/Old English Period.

- Alfred the Great who reigned over England from 871 to 901 encouraged education and supervised the compilation of 'The Anglo Saxon Chronicle'.
- The Anglo Saxon Chronicle is the earliest prose of English Literature.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

Parable: (নীতিগর্ভ রূপককাহিনি; রূপক)
An allegorical story of human characters which teaches a religious moral. There are several famous parables in the Bible.
It teaches God's supremacy and His ways to man.
Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

Revenge Tragedy:
Revenge tragedy is a kind of tragedy that presents a quest for vengeance and results in bloodshed and mutilation.
It is modelled on the Senecan tragedy. Thomas Kyd is considered to be the father of Revenge Tragedy.
It was popular in England during the late 16th century and 17th centuries with the Elizabethan and Jacobean.

Thomas Kyd's Spanish Tragedy; John Webster's Duchess of Malfi and Shakespeare's Hamlet are famous revenge tragedies.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

ইংরেজি সাহিত্যের যুগ বিভাগে সবচেয়ে সমসাময়িক যুগ হচ্ছে - The Post-Modern Period.
এটি ১৯৩৯ সালে শুরু হয়ে এখনো চলমান।

তার আগের যুগটি হচ্ছে - The Modern Period.
Modern Period এর আবার দুটি ভাগ রয়েছে। যথা -
1. The Edwardian Period (1901 - 1910)
2. The Georgian Period (1910 - 1936)
সুতরাং প্রশ্নে প্রদত্ত অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে The Georgian Period হচ্ছে সবচেয়ে সমসাময়িক।

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

Oscar Wilde was a Victorian Writer.
The rest are Modern Period's writer.

So, Oscar Wilde is the odd one here.

Andrew Cecil Bradley (1851-1935):
Andrew is a Modern writer in English Literature.

- He is better known as A. C Bradley, a famous critic on Shakespeare.
- His some literary works are:
1. Shakespearean Tragedy
2. Oxford Lectures on Poetry etc.

Source: An ABC of English Literature by Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.

The Romantic Period (1798 - 1832):
Some literary feature of this Age -
- Creative enthusiasm reached almost the level of the Elizabethan creative force.
- Subjective poetry replaces the objective poetry of the neoclassical period.
- It values common 'natural' man and rejects artificial urban life as the subject of poetry.
- Lyric poetry dominates.
- Myth reflects rebellious views against oppression, restraints, and controls.

Source: Britannica and An ABC of English Literature, Dr M Mofizar Rahman

- Shakespeare had started writing in the Elizabethan Period wrote twelve serious plays in the Jacobean Period.
- Though Shakespeare wrote these serious plays in the Jacobean Age, he is called an Elizabethan dramatist and never the Jacobean.
- The period (1590 - 1616) in which he wrote his plays is called Shakespearean Age.
Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr M Mofizar Rahman.

Main Literary Features of The Middle English Period:
- Poetry serves as the main genre.
- Prose in English gets a strong foundation.
- The English Language reaches a considerable standard though old spelling continues.
- Drama began in the form of 'Mystery Play', 'Morality Play' and 'Interlude'.
Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr M Mofizar Rahman.

The Neo-classical period (1660-1798) comprises three shorter ages:
1. The Restoration Period (1660-1700),
2. The Augustan Age or the Age of Pope (1700-1745) and
3. The Age of Sensibility or The Age of Johnson (1745-1798).

Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman

Literary works of the Old English Period:

'Beowulf' (the earliest epic in English),
'The Wanderer',
'The Seafarer',
'The Husband's Message',
'The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle' (the earliest prose of English literature)
are major literary works of the Old English period.

Confessio Amantis is a literary work of The Middle English Period which is written by John Grower.

Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman

Renaissance began in 1453. Though it's effect on English life and literature was left after 1500.
For this reason, it is generally accepted that the Renaissance Period began with the beginning of the 16th century and continued till the Restoration in 1660.
It means Renaissance English Literary Period began in 1500 and ended in 1660.

Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman

Thomas More is a social philosopher, English lawyer, author and statesman.
He wrote the book named 'Utopia'. It is also known as Kingdom of Nowhere.
The book was originally written in Latin in 1516.

Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman.

Main Literary Features of The Middle English Period:
- Poetry serves as the main genre.
- Prose in English gets a strong foundation.
- The English Language reaches a considerable standard though old spelling continues.
- Drama began in the form of 'Mystery Play', 'Morality Play' and 'Interlude'.
Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr M Mofizar Rahman.

University Wits:
Elizabethan Period - এর একদল নাট্যকার (Dramatist) - কে একত্রে University Wits বলা হয়।
এই নাট্যকারদের প্রায় সবাই Oxford বা Cambridge University এর গ্রাজুয়েট।
তারা তাদের লেখনীতে গতানুগতিক ধারা পরিহার করে বৈচিত্র্য ও সমসাময়িক আধুনিকতা আনায়ন করেন।

University Wits - রা হচ্ছেনঃ
1. Christopher Marlowe - (Cambridge)
2. Robert Greene - (Cambridge)
3. Thomas Nashe - (Cambridge)
4. Thomas Lodge - (Oxford)
5. George Peele- (Oxford)
6. John Lyly - (Oxford)
7. Thomas Kyd (not university-trained)

University Wits - দের মধ্যে Christopher Marlowe কে Father of Tragedy বলা হয়।
তিনি Blank Verse উন্নতি ঘটান যা প্রায় পরবর্তী ৫০ বছর পর্যন্ত English Theatre কে নতুন ধারা তৈরি করে দেয়।

Source: Britannica.com ও An ABC of English Literature - Dr. M Mofizar Rahman।

Campaspe is an Elizabethan era stage play, a comedy by John Lyly based on the life of Campaspe.
John Lyly is a University Wit.
His other famous works-
- Campaspe,
- Sapho and Phao,
- Midas etc.
Source: An ABC of English Literature, Dr. M Mofizar Rahman and Britannica.com

'Lovewit' is an important character of the play 'The Alchemist' which is written by Ben Jonson.

The Alchemist is a comedy in five acts by Ben Jonson, performed in 1610 and published in 1612.
The play concerns the turmoil of deception that ensues when “Lovewit” leaves his London house in the care of his scheming servant, “Face”.
With the aid of a fraudulent alchemist named “Subtle” and his companion, “Dol Common”, Face sets about dispensing spurious charms and services to a steady stream of dupes.

Ben Jonson, byname of Benjamin Jonson is an English Stuart dramatist, lyric poet, and literary critic.
He is generally regarded as the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare, during the reign of James I.

Source: Britannica.com

Metaphysical poet, any of the poets in 17th-century England who inclined to the personal and intellectual complexity and concentration that is displayed in the poetry of John Donne, the chief of the Metaphysicals.
Other Metaphysical poets are:
- Henry Vaughan,
- Andrew Marvell,
- John Cleveland,
- Abraham Cowley
- George Herbert and
- Richard Crashaw.

Source: Britannica.com

Sonnet:
A lyric poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines.
It is of three types:
1. Petrarchan
2. Shakespearean and
3. Spenserian.

- The first eight lines of a Petrarchan Sonnet are called octave and the last six lines of it are called the sestet.
- A Shakespearean Sonnet is divided into three quatrains followed by a couplet. The concluding couplet is often used as a comment on the preceding lines.
- The Spenserian sonnet is named after Edmund Spenser who developed a different rhyme scheme for his sonnet. Like a Shakespearean sonnet, it consists of three quatrains followed by a couplet but the rhyme scheme differs from that of Shakespearean.

Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr M Mofizar Rahman

Paradise Lost, epic poem in blank verse, one of the late works by John Milton.
Many scholars consider Paradise Lost to be one of the greatest poems in the English language. It tells the biblical story of the fall from grace of Adam and Eve (and, by extension, all humanity) in language that is a supreme achievement of rhythm and sound.

The main characters in the poem are God, Lucifer (Satan), Adam, and Eve.

Source: Britannica.com

The Mill on the Floss is a novel by George Eliot, published in three volumes in 1860.

George Eliot, pseudonym of Mary Ann, or Marian, Cross, née Evans, is an English Victorian novelist who developed the method of psychological analysis characteristic of modern fiction.
Her notable works:
- Adam Bede (1859),
- The Mill on the Floss (1860),
- Silas Marner (1861),
- Middlemarch (1871–72), and
- Daniel Deronda (1876)

Source: Britannica.com

Sir Walter Scott, in full Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, (born August 15, 1771, Edinburgh, Scotland—died September 21, 1832, Abbotsford, Roxburgh, Scotland), Scottish novelist, poet, historian, and biographer who is often considered both the inventor and the greatest practitioner of the historical novel.
His notable works are:
- “Ivanhoe”
- “The Lady of the Lake”
- “Quentin Durward”
- “The Heart of Midlothian”
- “The Lay of the Last Minstrel”
- “The Waverley Novels”
- 'The Talisman'

Source: Britannica.com

Branches they bore of that enchanted stem,
Laden with flower and fruit, whereof they gave
To each, but whoso did receive of them,
And taste, to him the gushing of the wave
Far far away did seem to mourn and rave
On alien shores; and if his fellow spake,
His voice was thin, as voices from the grave;
And deep-asleep he seem'd, yet all awake,
And music in his ears his beating heart did make.

- The Lotos-eaters
By Alfred Tennyson

অনেকেই এটাকে 'Beauty is truth, truth is beauty' এভাবে জানেন। এটা ভুল।
সঠিকটা হচ্ছে -
'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'

উক্তিটি Ode on a Grecian Urn থেকে নেয়া। Ode on a Grecian Urn অংশবিশেষ দেয়া হল -
When old age shall this generation waste,
Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st,
'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.'

Other Quotation of John Keats:
- Beauty is truth, truth beauty.
- A thing of beauty is a joy forever.
- Heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter.

The Metamorphosis is not a play, it’s a famous symbolic story/novella by Austrian writer Franz Kafka, published in German as ‘Die Verwandlung’ in 1915.
George Samsa is the centre character of this novella.
Source: Encyclopedia Britannica.

The Great Gatsby, the third novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1925 by Charles Scribner’s Sons. Set in Jazz Age New York, the novel tells the tragic story of Jay Gatsby, a self-made millionaire, and his pursuit of Daisy Buchanan, a wealthy young woman whom he loved in his youth. Unsuccessful upon publication, the book is now considered a classic of American fiction and has often been called the Great American Novel.

Source - Encyclopedia Britannica.

G. B Shaw Quotations:
The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; The unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to him. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable.
- Man and Superman.

There are two tragedies in life. One is not to get your heart’s desire. The other is to get it.
- Man and Superman.

Youth, which is forgiven everything, forgives itself nothing, age which forgives itself everything, is forgiven nothing.
- Man and Superman.

Beware of his false knowledge: it is more dangerous than ignorance.
- Man and Superman.

He who has never hoped can never despair.
- Caesar and Cleopatra.

When a stupid man is doing something he is ashamed of, he always declares that it is his duty.
- Caesar and Cleopatra.

The Black Cat হলো Edgar Allan Poe রচিত একটি ছোটগল্প।
তার অন্যান্য ছোটগল্পের মধ্যে:
The Tell-Tale Heart, The Lighthouse, The Oval Portrait ইত্যাদি উল্লেখযোগ্য।
সূত্রঃ লাইভ এমসিকিউ এবং ব্রিটানিকা

“Ignorance, the root and the stem of every evil.”
- Plato
“Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.”
- Rousseau.
“Philosophy is the art of living.”
- Plutarch.
“Prejudice is the reason of fools.”
- Voltaire.

Thomas Stearns Eliot(1888-1965):
- He is an American Born British poet Dramatist and Social Critic.
- He is famous for his Theory of Objective correlatives.
- He is best known as a leader of the Modernist movement in poetry.
The famous poem of T.S. Eliot are:
The Waste Land, Gerontion, Journey to the Magi, Ash Wednesday, Four Quarters, The Hollow Man, Portrait of a Lady.
His famous drama is Murder in Cathedral, The Family Reunion, The Cocktail Party, The Elder Statement.
Source: An ABC of English Literature - Dr. M Mofizar Rahman.