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৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ অর্থনীতি [৩৩১]

পরীক্ষা৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ অর্থনীতি [৩৩১]তারিখতারিখ অনির্ধারিতসময়15 minutes
মোট প্রশ্ন৩০
সিলেবাস
Exam 2: [এই প্রশ্ন বাংলা ও ইংরেজি উভয় ভাষায় প্রণীত] Meaning of development and under development, causes of under development and their remedies – characteristics of a developing economy like Bangladesh, prospects of development of Bangladesh. [Source: Class - 1 and Relevant books]
ঘনত্ব
উত্তর
উত্তরিতবর্তমানপুনরায় দেখুনঅসম্পূর্ণ

৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ অর্থনীতি [৩৩১]

৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ অর্থনীতি [৩৩১] · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ৩০ প্রশ্ন

.
What is a major characteristic of developed countries? (উন্নত দেশের একটি প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য কী?)
  1. Low technological development (নিম্ন প্রযুক্তিগত উন্নয়ন)
  2. High poverty (উচ্চ দারিদ্র্য)
  3. High Human Development Index (HDI) (উচ্চ মানব উন্নয়ন সূচক)
  4. Agrarian economy (কৃষিভিত্তিক অর্থনীতি)
ব্যাখ্যা
Developed countries are generally characterized by a high Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI is based on three main criteria: life expectancy, education level, and per capita income. In developed countries, the average life expectancy of people is higher, the education rate is higher, and the per capita income is relatively higher. These indicators improve the quality of life of the entire population. As a result, developed countries are at the forefront of healthcare, technology, infrastructure, and the standard of living.
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Which of the following is not a common characteristic of developing countries? (নিচের কোনটি উন্নয়নশীল দেশের সাধারণ বৈশিষ্ট্য নয়?)
  1. Low per capita income (নিম্ন মাথাপিছু আয়)
  2. Weak health and education systems (দুর্বল স্বাস্থ্য ও শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থা)
  3. High population pressure (উচ্চ জনসংখ্যার চাপ)
  4. Industrial-based economy (শিল্পভিত্তিক অর্থনীতি)
ব্যাখ্যা
​Developing countries are generally dependent on an agricultural-based economy, where the industrial sector is relatively weak. These countries have low per capita income, weak education and health systems, and high population pressure. Economic growth is often hampered by a lack of infrastructure development. An industrial economy is a characteristic of a developed country, which encourages productivity, employment, and exports.
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The term "developing country" is mainly associated with which global index? ("উন্নয়নশীল দেশ" শব্দটি মূলত কোন বৈশ্বিক সূচকের সাথে সম্পর্কিত?)
  1. CPI
  2. GDP
  3. HDI
  4. CPIA
ব্যাখ্যা
​The term "developing country" is most closely associated with the Human Development Index (HDI). This index is used to measure human-based development, such as education, health, and income. The World Bank or the United Nations use these criteria to classify countries as developed, developing, and least developed countries. Although GDP is used to measure domestic production, only economic aspects are taken into account; on the other hand, HDI includes human and social aspects.
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Which of the following countries can be considered an example of a developed country? (নিচের কোন দেশটিকে উন্নত দেশের উদাহরণ হিসেবে ধরা যেতে পারে?)
  1. Bangladesh
  2. Germany
  3. Ethiopia
  4. Nepal 
ব্যাখ্যা
Germany is a developed country with a high education rate, a well-developed health system, advanced technology and industry, and a social security system. The country is one of the economically strongest countries in the European Union. It also ranks high in per capita income and human development indicators. In contrast, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Ethiopia are developing or least developed countries, whose economies are still in a stage of rapid growth.
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What is the main challenge in reducing poverty in developing countries? (উন্নয়নশীল দেশে দারিদ্র্য হ্রাসের প্রধান চ্যালেঞ্জ কী?)
  1. Food surplus (খাদ্য উদ্বৃত্ত)
  2. Employment surplus (কর্মসংস্থানের উদ্বৃত্ত)
  3. Infrastructure shortage (অবকাঠামোর ঘাটতি)
  4. Excess foreign exchange (বৈদেশিক মুদ্রার প্রাচুর্য)
ব্যাখ্যা
​One of the main challenges in reducing poverty in developing countries is infrastructure shortage—such as inadequate roads, electricity, drinking water, education, and healthcare. Disruption of these basic services hinders business, industrialization, agriculture, and human resource development. As a result, job creation becomes difficult and poverty alleviation becomes an obstacle. Infrastructure development is essential for long-term sustainable development.
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Which are the main characteristics of developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশের প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য কোনটি?)
  1. Low income and high unemployment (নিম্ন আয় ও উচ্চ বেকারত্ব)
  2. Small population (স্বল্প জনসংখ্যা)
  3. High industrialization (উচ্চ শিল্পায়ন)
  4. Developed infrastructure (উন্নত অবকাঠামো)
ব্যাখ্যা
Developing countries generally suffer from low income, high unemployment and poor healthcare systems. Their infrastructure and technological progress are relatively weak. Social inequality and lack of education are also common features. Due to this, economic growth is slow and the standard of living of the people is low.
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Which of the following is not a problem of developing countries? (নিচের কোনটি উন্নয়নশীল দেশের সমস্যা নয়?)
  1. Poverty (দারিদ্র্য)
  2. Social inequality (সামাজিক বৈষম্য)
  3. Technological development (প্রযুক্তিগত উন্নয়ন)
  4. Political instability (রাজনৈতিক অস্থিরতা)
ব্যাখ্যা
Technology is generally weak in developing countries, but development is a long-term process. If there is technological progress, the country moves forward on the path of development. Poverty, social inequality and political instability hold the country back. Technological development rather points the way to a solution.
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What is the main problem in the education sector of developing countries? (উন্নয়নশীল দেশের শিক্ষা খাতের প্রধান সমস্যা কী?)
  1. Excess budget (অতিরিক্ত বাজেট)
  2. Lack of trained teachers (প্রশিক্ষিত শিক্ষকের অভাব)
  3. Use of technology (প্রযুক্তির ব্যবহার)
  4. More students (অধিক শিক্ষার্থী)
ব্যাখ্যা
In developing countries, the number of teachers is low and many of them are untrained. As a result, the quality of education decreases. Furthermore, educational activities are hampered due to the lack of educational institutions, weak curriculum and budget deficit.
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What is one of the reasons for the disruption of industrialization in developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশে শিল্পায়ন ব্যাহত হওয়ার একটি কারণ কী?)
  1. Abundance of labor (শ্রমশক্তির প্রাচুর্য)
  2. Adequate electricity (পর্যাপ্ত বিদ্যুৎ)
  3. Weak infrastructure (দুর্বল অবকাঠামো)
  4. Technological excellence (প্রযুক্তিগত উৎকর্ষ)
ব্যাখ্যা
The lack of roads, electricity, gas and transportation facilities required for industrialization lags developing countries. When infrastructure is weak, it becomes difficult to build factories and foreign investment decreases. This has a negative impact on the overall economy.
১০.
What is the impact of corruption in developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশে দুর্নীতির প্রভাব কী?)
  1. Slows down the pace of development (উন্নয়নের গতি কমিয়ে দেয়)
  2. Reduces poverty (দারিদ্র্য হ্রাস করে)
  3. Accelerates development (উন্নয়ন ত্বরান্বিত করে)
  4. Brings social status (সামাজিক মর্যাদা আনে)
ব্যাখ্যা
Corruption destroys administrative transparency and wastes government resources. Corruption in development projects leads to poor service delivery, which holds the country back. Corruption is also a major obstacle to foreign aid and investment.
১১.
Which is the main obstacle to healthcare in developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশের স্বাস্থ্যসেবার প্রধান বাধা কী?)
  1. Modern hospitals (আধুনিক হাসপাতাল)
  2. Abundance of doctors (চিকিৎসকের প্রাচুর্য)
  3. Lack of budget (বাজেটের অভাব)
  4. Production of medicines (ওষুধ উৎপাদন)
ব্যাখ্যা
Public health systems in developing countries are weak due to insufficient allocation to the health sector. Medical facilities are very low in rural areas. As a result, infectious diseases spread and mortality rates increase. Increasing the budget and developing infrastructure are essential.
১২.
Which is an effective remedy for poverty reduction in developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশে দারিদ্র্য হ্রাসের একটি কার্যকর উপায় কোনটি?)
  1. Reducing the number of workers (শ্রমিক সংখ্যা কমানো)
  2. Reducing urbanization (নগরায়ণ কমানো)
  3. Reducing exports (রপ্তানি হ্রাস)
  4. Increasing employment opportunities (কর্মসংস্থানের সুযোগ বৃদ্ধি)
ব্যাখ্যা
The main way to reduce poverty is to create employment opportunities. If the youth are skilled, they can earn an income and come out of poverty. For this, technical education and entrepreneurship development measures are needed.
১৩.
Which is the reason for the population growth in developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশে জনসংখ্যা বৃদ্ধির কারণ কী?)
  1. Ignorance in birth control (জন্মনিয়ন্ত্রণে অনীহা)
  2. High age of marriage (বিয়ের উচ্চ বয়সসীমা)
  3. Urbanization (নগরায়ণ)
  4. Improved healthcare (উন্নত স্বাস্থ্যসেবা)
ব্যাখ্যা
In developing countries, the birth rate is high due to low knowledge and awareness of family planning. Poor families believe in having more children. As a result, pressure is created in the food, health, education, etc. sectors. There is no alternative but to increase awareness.
১৪.
What is the main reason why developing countries lag behind in the use of technology? (উন্নয়নশীল দেশ প্রযুক্তি ব্যবহারে পিছিয়ে থাকার প্রধান কারণ কী?)
  1. Low cost of technology (প্রযুক্তির কম খরচ)
  2. Easy access to the internet (ইন্টারনেটের সহজলভ্যতা)
  3. Lack of training (প্রশিক্ষণের অভাব)
  4. Abundance of electricity (বিদ্যুতের প্রাচুর্য)
ব্যাখ্যা
Skills and training are required to use technology. Since these facilities are lacking in developing countries, the use of technology is limited. Ensuring the use of technology in agriculture, education, business, etc. will accelerate development.
১৫.
What is the role of international aid in the development of developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশের উন্নয়নে আন্তর্জাতিক সহায়তার ভূমিকা কী?)
  1. It hinders development (উন্নয়নে বাধা দেয়)
  2. It helps development projects (উন্নয়ন প্রকল্পে সহায়তা করে)
  3. It destroys the local economy (স্থানীয় অর্থনীতি ধ্বংস করে)
  4. It increases foreign intervention (বিদেশি হস্তক্ষেপ বাড়ায়)
ব্যাখ্যা
As developing countries lack their own financing, aid from international organizations and developed countries is important. This aid helps in infrastructure development, education, health and agriculture. However, there must be sound management and transparency.
১৬.
What is an important characteristic of developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বৈশিষ্ট্য কী?)
  1. High per capita income (উচ্চ মাথাপিছু আয়)
  2. Advanced technology (উন্নত প্রযুক্তি)
  3. Industry-based exports (শিল্পভিত্তিক রপ্তানি)
  4. Agriculture-based economy (কৃষিভিত্তিক অর্থনীতি)
ব্যাখ্যা
Most developing countries, including Bangladesh, are still dependent on agriculture-based economies. About 45% of the country's population is engaged in agriculture, which contributes a significant portion of the national income. However, productivity in the agricultural sector is low, the use of modern technology is limited, and the risk of natural disasters is high. This dependence on agriculture slows down the economy. The poverty rate is higher in the agricultural sector due to low income compared to the industrial and service sectors.
১৭.
Which problem is more pronounced in developing countries due to low income? (​​​​​নিম্ন আয়ের কারণে উন্নয়নশীল দেশে কোন সমস্যাটি বেশি প্রকট?)
  1. High savings rate (উচ্চ সঞ্চয় হার)
  2. Limited investment (সীমিত বিনিয়োগ)
  3. Stable exports (স্থিতিশীল রপ্তানি)
  4. More use of technology (প্রযুক্তির অধিক ব্যবহার)
ব্যাখ্যা
In developing countries like Bangladesh, due to low per capita income, the saving capacity of the people is also low. As a result, there are limitations in domestic investment. Although dependence on foreign investment increases, political instability, corruption and weak infrastructure hinder that investment. Without adequate investment, industrialization, infrastructure development and employment creation also slow down. As a result, economic growth is not sustainable in the long run.
 
১৮.
What is one of the problems of the social structure of developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশের সামাজিক কাঠামোর সমস্যা কোনটি?)
  1. Excessive population pressure (অতিরিক্ত জনসংখ্যার চাপ)
  2. Abundance of educated workforce (শিক্ষিত শ্রমশক্তির প্রাচুর্য)
  3. Balance of urbanization (নগরায়ণের ভারসাম্য)
  4. Development of health system (স্বাস্থ্যসেবার উন্নয়ন)
ব্যাখ্যা
In a country like Bangladesh, population growth is a big challenge. High population puts pressure on resources and creates crises in health, education, housing and employment. High population means the need for more employment, but the economic structure cannot create that opportunity. As a result, unemployment, poverty and crime rates increase. At the same time, there is pressure on the social service sector and there is a disruption in the development of human resources. 
১৯.
What is the main obstacle to poverty reduction for developing countries? (​উন্নয়নশীল দেশে দারিদ্র্য হ্রাসের প্রধান বাধা কী?)
  1. Foreign aid (বিদেশি সাহায্য)
  2. Urbanization (নগরায়ণ)
  3. Income inequality (আয় বৈষম্য)
  4. Agricultural production (কৃষি উৎপাদন)
ব্যাখ্যা
In developing countries, such as Bangladesh, income inequality is very pronounced. There is a huge gap between the rich and the poor. A small section enjoys a large share of the national wealth, while a large section of the population lives below the poverty line. This disparity has a negative impact on social instability and development planning. If income inequality cannot be reduced, the benefits of economic growth are not distributed equitably among the people, thus hindering poverty reduction.
২০.
What is the main challenge in foreign trade of a developing country like Bangladesh? (বাংলাদেশের মতো উন্নয়নশীল দেশের বৈদেশিক বাণিজ্যের প্রধান চ্যালেঞ্জ কী?)
  1. Export diversification (রপ্তানি বৈচিত্র্যকরণ)
  2. Technological advancement (প্রযুক্তিগত অগ্রগতি)
  3. Import dependence (আমদানি নির্ভরতা)
  4. Foreign aid (বিদেশি সাহায্য)
ব্যাখ্যা
Developing countries, especially Bangladesh, suffer from import dependence. Many basic items, including raw materials, energy, technology, and food products, have to be imported from abroad. This increases the trade deficit and puts pressure on foreign exchange. On the other hand, the export sector is relatively limited, mainly dependent on ready-made garments. Due to the lack of export diversification, even minor changes in the international market have a negative impact on the country's economy. 
২১.
What is the main driver of economic development in Bangladesh? (​বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক উন্নয়নের প্রধান চালিকা শক্তি কী?)
  1. Agriculture sector (কৃষি খাত)
  2. Garment industry (পোশাক শিল্প)
  3. Expatriate income (প্রবাসী আয়)
  4. Information technology sector (তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি খাত)
ব্যাখ্যা
About 80 percent of Bangladesh's export earnings come from the garment industry. About 4 million people are employed in this sector. This sector is very important for the Bangladesh economy due to low-cost labor and increasing international demand. Although agriculture and expatriate income also contribute significantly, the garment industry is the strongest sector in terms of exports and employment. 
২২.
How many remittance has been achieved by Bangladesh in 2024 through legal channel? (২০২৪ সালে বাংলাদেশ বৈধ চ্যানেলে কী পরিমাণ রেমিটেন্স অর্জন করে?)
  1. 16.17 Billion Doller (১৬.১৭ বিলিয়ন ডলার)
  2. 22.37 Billion Doller (২২.৩৭ বিলিয়ন ডলার)
  3. 26.67 Billion Doller (২৬.৬৭ বিলিয়ন ডলার)
  4. 36.97 Billion Doller (৩৬.৯৭ বিলিয়ন ডলার)
ব্যাখ্যা

According to the Bangladesh Bank, Bangladesh received approximately $26.67 billion in remittances through formal channels between January 1 and December 28, 2024—a roughly 22% increase from $21.92 billion in 2023. 

The Daily Star reports that Bangladesh hit a new record by receiving nearly $27 billion in remittances in 2024—also noting a sharp 23% year-on-year increase.

২৩.
Which sector has the potentiality to create the most employment in Bangladesh in the future? (ভবিষ্যতে কোন খাতটি বাংলাদেশে সর্বাধিক কর্মসংস্থান সৃষ্টি করতে পারে?)
  1. Agriculture (কৃষি)
  2. Information Technology (তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি)
  3. Construction (নির্মাণ)
  4. Banking (ব্যাংকিং)
ব্যাখ্যা
The information technology sector is expanding rapidly around the world. The young people of Bangladesh are gradually becoming skilled in freelancing, software development, artificial intelligence (AI), etc. As a result, huge employment opportunities are possible in this sector in the future. The government is also investing in ICT education.
২৪.
Which region is a potential blue-economy resource for Bangladesh? (বাংলাদেশের জন্য কোন অঞ্চলটি একটি সম্ভাব্য সুনীল-অর্থনীতির সম্পদ?)
  1. Sundarbans
  2. Chittagong Hill Tracts
  3. St. Martin's
  4. Bay of Bengal
ব্যাখ্যা
The Bay of Bengal has vast marine resources—fish, minerals, fuel gas, shipping routes, etc. After gaining maritime borders, Bangladesh is now focusing on the blue-economy, i.e. the use of marine resources. This can play an important role in increasing GDP.
২৫.
Which sector of Bangladesh is called a “remittance warrior”?
  1. Insurance
  2. Expatriate workers
  3. Construction
  4. Banking
ব্যাখ্যা
Money sent by expatriate workers or remittances is important for the country’s economy. It is the main source of earning foreign exchange. Thousands of workers are working in the Middle East, Malaysia and Europe, contributing to the family and country’s economy.
২৬.
In which sector has Bangladesh shown the most progress in achieving the SDG target? (​এসডিজি লক্ষ্যমাত্রা অর্জনে বাংলাদেশ কোন খাতে সবচেয়ে বেশি অগ্রগতি দেখিয়েছে?)
  1. Hunger eradication (ক্ষুধা দূরীকরণ)
  2. Poverty reduction (দারিদ্র্য হ্রাস)
  3. Gender equality (লিঙ্গ সমতা)
  4. Water and sanitation (পানি ও স্যানিটেশন)
ব্যাখ্যা
In recent years, the poverty rate in Bangladesh has reduced significantly. Social safety nets, microfinance, rural development and employment creation have played a role in this. As a result, Bangladesh has become a model in South Asia in poverty reduction.
২৭.
What is considered Bangladesh's most significant achievement in addressing climate-related issues? (জলবায়ু সংক্রান্ত সমস্যা মোকাবেলায় কোনটি বাংলাদেশের সর্বপ্রধান সাফল্য হিসেবে বিচেবিত হয়?)
  1. Community Empowerment (স্থানীয় উদ্যোগ ও ক্ষমতায়নে গড়া সক্ষমতা)
  2. Resilient Urban Design (শহুরে উদ্ভাবন ও জলবায়ু উপযোগী স্থাপত্য)
  3. Mangrove Restoration (প্রাকৃতিক সমাধানের মাধ্যমে উপকূল রক্ষা)
  4. Clean Energy & NDC Progress (প্রযুক্তি ও শক্তিতে সবুজ অভিযাত্রা)
ব্যাখ্যা

Mangrove restoration refers coastal afforestation project and so on. 
Coastal Afforestation Project: 9,650 hectares of mangroves have been planted in Bangladesh's coastal areas, sequestering over 965,000 tonnes of carbon annually. The project involves landless and marginalized communities, especially women, and 42% of coastal women are now involved in local planning
UNFCCC. Sundarbans Mangrove Restoration: Over 10,000 hectares have been restored since 2015.

২৮.
What is the major challenge to sustainable development in Bangladesh? (​বাংলাদেশের টেকসই উন্নয়নের প্রধান চ্যালেঞ্জ কী?)
  1. Conservation of migratory birds (পরিযায়ী পাখি সংরক্ষণ)
  2. Climate change (জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন)
  3. Deforestation (বন উজাড়)
  4. Conservation of natural beauty (প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্য সংরক্ষণ)
ব্যাখ্যা
The geographical location of Bangladesh makes it one of the most vulnerable countries due to climate change. Cyclones, floods, river erosion, salinity are having a negative impact on agriculture and biodiversity. Adopting climate-tolerant technologies and strategies is essential for sustainable development.
২৯.
Which is one of the main foundations of the development potential of the young society of Bangladesh? (বাংলাদেশের যুব সমাজের উন্নয়ন সম্ভাবনার অন্যতম প্রধান ভিত্তি কোনটি?)
  1. Sports (ক্রীড়া)
  2. Manufacturing (উৎপাদনশিল্প)
  3. Literature (সাহিত্য)
  4. Information Technology (তথ্যপ্রযুক্তি)
ব্যাখ্যা
Bangladesh's young population is very large and interested in technology. They are ahead in IT education, startups, e-commerce, app development. The creation of IT-based entrepreneurship is making the youth self-reliant and taking the country forward on the path of development.
​বাংলাদেশের তরুণ সমাজের উন্নয়ন সম্ভাবনার প্রধান ভিত্তিগুলির একটি কী?
৩০.
What is the main obstacle to the development of Bangladesh? (​বাংলাদেশের উন্নয়নের প্রধান বাধা কী?)
  1. Corruption (দুর্নীতি)
  2. Natural resources (প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ)
  3. Foreign investment (বিদেশি বিনিয়োগ)
  4. Population (জনসংখ্যা)
ব্যাখ্যা
Corruption hinders the implementation of development projects, discourages foreign investment and disrupts public services. According to the report of Transparency International, Bangladesh still ranks high in corruption, which is a challenge for developing countries.