স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

সিলেবাস

Physiology-03 - 
Kidney and body fluid.  
- Mechanism of urine formation and concentration.
- Renal circulation.
- Renal function tests.
- Regulation of body fluids 
Nervous system:
General organization of the nervous system.
Reflexes.
Cerebellum.
Hypothalamus.
Emotion. 
Special senses:
Visual pathway.
Light reflex.
Accommodation reaction.
Vestibular apparatus.
Pathway for test and audition

প্রশ্ন দেখুন অনুশীলন

স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ২৮ প্রশ্ন

১.

A raised blood pH & Bicarbonate level is consistent with-?

ক
ক) Persistent vomiting of gastric content
খ
খ) Chronic renal failure with raised PC02
গ
গ) Partly compensated respiratory alkalosis
ঘ
ঘ) Metabolic acidosis

ব্যাখ্যা

Metabolic effects of prolonged vomiting are-
-Metabolic alkalosis
-Hypovolemia leading to lactic acidosis
-Hypokalemia
-Hypochloremia
-Paradoxical aciduria
-Compensatory hypoventilation

২.

Primary function of the basal ganglia is-?

ক
ক) Short term memory
খ
খ) Planning of voluntary movement
গ
গ) Neuroendocrine control
ঘ
ঘ) Slow wave sleep

ব্যাখ্যা

Basal ganglia is concerned with planning of voluntary movement.

৩.

Upper motor neuron inhibits Lower motor neuron by releasing-?

ক
ক) Glutamate
খ
খ) Aspartate
গ
গ) Glycine
ঘ
ঘ) Acetylcholine

ব্যাখ্যা

Glycine has both excitatory and inhibitory effects in the CNS. When it binds to NMDA receptors, it makes them more sensitive to the actions of glutamate. Glycine may spill over from synaptic junctions into the interstitial fluid and in the spinal cord; for example, it may facilitate pain transmission by NMDA receptors in the dorsal horn. However, glycine mediates direct inhibition in the brainstem and spinal cord.

৪.

Which lens is used in myopia?

ক
ক) Biconcave
খ
খ) Biconvex
গ
গ) Cylindrical
ঘ
ঘ) Both biconcave & biconvex

৫.

Post ganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic division

ক
ক) Acetylcholine
খ
খ) Adrenalin
গ
গ) Noradrenalin
ঘ
ঘ) Serotonin

৬.

Which of the following substances or combinations of substances could be used to measure interstitial fluid volume?

ক
ক) Mannitol
খ
খ) Evans blue
গ
গ) Inulin and D2O
ঘ
ঘ) Inulin and radioactive albumin

ব্যাখ্যা

Interstitial fluid volume is measured indirectly by determining the difference between extracellular fluid (ECF) volume and plasma volume. Inulin, a large fructose polymer that is restricted to the extracellular space, is a marker for ECF volume. Radioactive albumin is a marker for plasma volume.

৭.

In absence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is reabsorbed in the-?

ক
ক) DCT
খ
খ) PCT
গ
গ) ALLH
ঘ
ঘ) DLLH

ব্যাখ্যা

Aquaporin-1 is localized to both the basolateral and apical membrane of the proximal tubules and its presence allows water to move rapidly out of the tubule along the osmotic gradients set up by active transport of solutes, and isotonicity is maintained. 60-70% of filtered water is reabsorbed in PCT.

৮.

Renin also known as angiotensinogenase is circulating enzyme released mainly by JG cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys plasma renin levels are decreased in patients with-?

ক
ক) Primary hyperaldosteronism
খ
খ) Renal artery stenosis
গ
গ) Salt restriction
ঘ
ঘ) Upright posture

ব্যাখ্যা

Conditions that increase renin secretion-
-Na+ depletion
-Diuretics
- Hypotension
-Hemorrhage
-Upright posture
-Dehydration
-Cardiac failure
-Cirrhosis
-Constriction of renal artery or aorta
-Various psychological stimuli

৯.

Which nucleus of hypothalamus controls circadian rhythm?

ক
ক) Supraoptic
খ
খ) Paraventricular
গ
গ) Anterior
ঘ
ঘ) Suprachiasmatic

১০.

Which of the following substances has the highest renal clearance?

ক
ক) Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)
খ
খ) Inulin
গ
গ) Glucose
ঘ
ঘ) Na+

ব্যাখ্যা

Para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) has the greatest clearance of all of the substances because it is both filtered and secreted. Inulin is only filtered. The other substances are filtered and subsequently reabsorbed; therefore, they will have clearances that are lower than the inulin clearance.

১১.

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic alkalosis?

ক
ক) Chronic renal failure
খ
খ) Ethylene glycol ingestion
গ
গ) Treatment with acetazolamide
ঘ
ঘ) Hyperaldosteronism

ব্যাখ্যা

A cause of metabolic alkalosis is hyperaldosteronism; increased aldosterone levels cause increased H+ secretion by the distal tubule and increased reabsorption of “new” HCO3–. Diarrhea causes loss of HCO3–from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and acetazolamide causes loss of HCO3–in the urine, both resulting in hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap. Ingestion of ethylene glycol and salicylate poisoning leads to metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap.

১২.

Deep sensation

ক
ক) Pain
খ
খ) Touch
গ
গ) Pressure
ঘ
ঘ) Vibration

১৩.

In the pain pathway-?

ক
ক) The principal receptor is the Meissner's corpuscle
খ
খ) The first order neuron is the pain receptor
গ
গ) The third order neuron projects from the thalamus
ঘ
ঘ) Perception occurs in the secondary cortex

ব্যাখ্যা

Explanation-
Pain pathway-
- slow pain is carried by A-delta Fiber and fast pain is carried by C fiber and they form 1st order neuron
-Pain receptor is free nerve endings

১৪.

Medial geniculate body is concerned with -

ক
ক) Audition
খ
খ) Vision
গ
গ) Olfaction
ঘ
ঘ) Gustation

ব্যাখ্যা

Medial geniculate Body is the-
-Relay station for auditory pulse

১৫.

Corticospinal tract lesion leads to

ক
ক) Exaggerate knee jerk
খ
খ) Loss of all tendon reflexes
গ
গ) Decreased muscle tone
ঘ
ঘ) Weakness of distal group of muscles of hands and feet

ব্যাখ্যা

Corticospinal tract lesion leads to develp features of upper motor neuron lesion.
Features of Upper motor neuron lesion-
-Increased muscle tone with clonus
-Spastic paralysis
-Superficial reflexes are absent
-Deep tendon reflexes are increased
-Planter response extensor

১৬.

Root value of knee jerk

ক
ক) L2-L4
খ
খ) L2-L5
গ
গ) L5-S1
ঘ
ঘ) L5-S2

১৭.

Hormones secreted by kidneys excludes

ক
ক) Erythropoietin
খ
খ) Thrombopoietin
গ
গ) Noradrenalin
ঘ
ঘ) Prostaglandins

ব্যাখ্যা

Hormones secreted by kidneys
• Erythropoietin
• Thrombopoietin
• Renin
• 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
• Prostaglandins.

১৮.

The glomerular capillaries cannot filtrate...?

ক
ক) Glucose
খ
খ) Plasma protein
গ
গ) Sodium
ঘ
ঘ) Creatinine

ব্যাখ্যা

The renal artery enters the kidney through the hilum and then branches progressively to form the interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries (also called radial arteries), and afferent arterioles, which lead to the glomerular capillaries, where large amounts of fluid and solutes (except the plasma proteins) are filtered to begin urine formation.

১৯.

Renal autoregulation is important to maintain the

ক
ক) RPF
খ
খ) GFR
গ
গ) BP
ঘ
ঘ) Osmolarity

ব্যাখ্যা

Renal autoregulation is important to maintain the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Blood flow to kidneys remains normal even when the mean arterial blood pressure vary widely between 60 mm Hg and 180 mmHg. This helps to maintain normal GFR.

২০.

Normal GFR is .... L/day?

ক
ক) 125
খ
খ) 625
গ
গ) 180
ঘ
ঘ) 290

ব্যাখ্যা

Normally, GFR is about 180 L/day, and tubular reabsorption is 178.5 L/day, leaving 1.5 L/day of fluid to be excreted in the urine.

২১.

Kidney synthesize glucose by the process of

ক
ক) Glycolysis
খ
খ) Glycogenesis
গ
গ) Gluconeogenesis
ঘ
ঘ) Glucogenesis

ব্যাখ্যা

The kidneys synthesize glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting, a process referred to as gluconeogenesis. The kidneys’ capacity to add glucose to the blood during prolonged periods of fasting rivals that of the liver.

২২.

About what % of human body is fluid?

ক
ক) 40%
খ
খ) 60%
গ
গ) 50 %
ঘ
ঘ) 65 %

ব্যাখ্যা

60% of TBW is fluid where 40% is ICF & 20 is ECF

২৩.

Regarding basal ganglia-

ক
ক) It is a part of pyramidal system
খ
খ) It is associated with temperature regulation
গ
গ) Its lesion produces Huntington disease
ঘ
ঘ) It controls posture and equilibrium

ব্যাখ্যা

Basal ganglia are part of extrapyramidal system. Hypothalamus is associated with temperature regulation. It controls food habit, emotion & sexual behavior.

২৪.

Which of the following areas is predominantly concerned with thermoregulation?

ক
ক) Hypothalamus
খ
খ) Anterior pituitary
গ
গ) Cerebellum
ঘ
ঘ) Brain stem

ব্যাখ্যা

The hypothalamus is primarily concerned with thermoregulation. It may relay to the cerebral cortex to induce behavioral adaptation to facilitate the thermoregulatory process.

২৫.

Following Which is a Bipolar Neuron-?

ক
ক) Vestibular Ganglia
খ
খ) Cranial nerve ganglia
গ
গ) Cerebral cortex
ঘ
ঘ) Cerebellar cortex

ব্যাখ্যা

Examples of Bipolar neuron are-
-Olfactory cells
-Bipolar cells of retina
-Vestibular ganglia
-Hair cells of cochlea

২৬.

Neuroglia is non-excitable cell of CNS. Which of the following neuroglia is originated from Bone marrow?

ক
ক) Ependymocytes
খ
খ) Astrocytes
গ
গ) Oligodendrocytes
ঘ
ঘ) Microglia

ব্যাখ্যা

Microglia usually inactive in normal CNS. It drives from blood monocyte.

২৭.

Which prevents fall of GFR?

ক
ক) Norepinephrine
খ
খ) Epinephrine
গ
গ) Endothelin
ঘ
ঘ) Angiotensin-2

২৮.

Which of the following causes a decrease in renal Ca2+ clearance?

ক
ক) Hypoparathyroidism
খ
খ) Treatment with chlorothiazide
গ
গ) Treatment with furosemide
ঘ
ঘ) Hypermagnesemia

ব্যাখ্যা

Thiazide diuretics have a unique effect on the distal tubule; they increase Ca2+ reabsorption, thereby decreasing Ca2+ excretion and clearance. Because parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases Ca2+ reabsorption, the lack of PTH will cause an increase in Ca2+ clearance. Furosemide inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion inhibits Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule. At these sites, Ca2+ reabsorption is linked to Na+ reabsorption, and Ca2+ clearance would be increased. Because Mg2+ competes with Ca2+ for reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, hypermagnesemia will cause increased Ca2+ clearance.