স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স

Explanation :
Bone cell -
Osteoblast : Bone forming cell
Osteocyte - Control calcium and phosphate level in bone
Osteoclast - Bone resorbing cell.

Explanation :
Inflammatory arthritis -
Morning stiffness  - present 
Joint pain - Worse after rest and improved after movement 
Temperature - Raised
Joint effusion - Present
Joint crepitation  - Absent

Explanation :
Osteoarthritis is a most common chronic joint condition.

Explanation :
Defect in hormone :
Achondroplasia 
Hypochondroplasia
Osteopetrosis
Thalantophoric dysplasia
Defect in extracellular structural proteins -
Osteogenesis imperfecta

Explanation :
Crystal deposited in primary gout -
Monosodium  urate crystal

Explanation -
Bilateral planter extension found in- structural lesions such as hemorrhage, brain and spinal cord tumors, and multiple sclerosis, and in abnormal metabolic states such as hypoglycemia, hypoxia, and anesthesia,infection - meningitis,encephalitis.

Explanation :
Rheumatoid arthritis :
Affect 3rd to 5th decade
Male : Female - 1:5
Anaemia present
Limitation of movement and muscle wasting

Explanation :
Causes of hyperurecemia :
Age : 20-30 years
Genetic predisposition  
Heavy alcohol consumption 
Obesity
Thiazide diuretics
Lead toxicity

Explanation :
Features of extrapyramidal lesion -
Corea
Athetosis
Hemibellismus
Bradykinesia

Explanation :
The most common conventional DMARDs are methotrexate, sulfasalazine, hydroxychloroquine, and leflunomide. Azathioprine and other drugs are used much less frequently. 

Explanation :
Guillain Barre syndrome ( Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) 
Causing ascending paralysis
Disease of perpheral nervous system.

Explanation -
 A mnemonic to remember some of the cerebellar signs is DANISH.
Dysdiadokinesia / dysmetria.
Ataxia.
Nystagmus.
Intention tremor.
Speech - slurred or scanning.
Hypotonia.

Explanation :
Joint involvement in order in osteoarthritis -
Knee joint > Lower lumber joint > Cervical vertebra > Proximal and distal interpharengeal joint

Explanation -
Extraarticular features of reactive arthritis -
Circinate balanitis
Keratoderma blennorrhagica
Nail dystrophy
Buccal erosions

Explanation -
Features of raised ICP :
Severe headache.
Blurred vision.
Feeling less alert than usual.
Vomiting.
Changes in your behavior.
Weakness or problems with moving or talking.
Lack of energy or sleepiness.
Seizure.

Explanation -
Urine R/M (Urine Routine & Microscopy) test involves gross, chemical, and microscopic evaluation of the urine sample.
Include physical appearence, urine protein, sugar, ketone body level,osmolarity,pH.

Explanation :
Osteoarthritis is an insidious disease 
Patient age over 50 year
Characterizes by deep, achy pain that worsens with use, morning stiffness, crepitus and limitation of range of movement. 

Explanation -
LP is essential or extremely useful in the diagnosis of bacterial, fungal, mycobacterial, and viral central nervous system (CNS) infections and, in certain settings, to aid in the diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), demyelinating diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome and other inflammatory disorders,cerebral abscess,Neurosyphilis, Brain tumor,Acute poliomyelitis. 

Explanation :
Psoriatic arthritis is a type of arthritis linked with psoriasis, a chronic skin and nail disease. Psoriasis causes red, scaly rashes and thick, pitted fingernails.
Mostly distal interphaleangeal joint involved

Explanation :
Major neurodegenerative disorder :
Alzheimer’s disese
Parkinson disese
Huntington disese
Spinocerebellar ataxia

Explanation -
Primary headache -
Tension headache
Migraine
Cluster headache
Trigeminal neuralgia
Benign paroxysmal headache

Explanation :
CD4 + T helper cells may initiate the autoimmune response in RA by reacting arthritogenic agent.

Explanation -
Common metabolic causes of coma :
Hypoglycemia 
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyponatremia
Uremic coma
Hepatic encephalopathy 

Explanation -
Causes of acute monoarthritis :
Septic arthritis 
Gout
Pseudogout
Haemathroses
Trauma
Monoarticular presentation of polyarthritis

Explanation -
Tophaceous gout occurs when uric acid crystals form masses of white growths that develop around the joints and tissues that gout has affected. These masses, called tophi, are often visible under the skin and tend to look like swollen nodules. The material may be in a liquid, pasty, or chalky state.

Explanation -
Reactive arthritis occurs after following infection -
Genitourinary tract ( Chlamydia) 
Gastrointestinal tract ( Shigella,Salmonella,Yersinia,Camphylobacter) 

Explanation -
Causes of stroke in old age -
HTN,DM,OHD,Atherosclerosis 
Causes of stroke in young age -
Vulvular heart disease, 
Rupture barry aneurism 
Arterio venous malformation 
Vasculitis

Explanation :
Seronegetive arthritis -
Reactive arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Enteropathic arthritis

Explanation :
Ankylosing spondylitis involve mostly sacroiliac joint and vertebra.