১.
Myobacteria spreads through
ব্যাখ্যা
The source of transmission is humans with active tuberculosis who release mycobacteria present in sputum.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
মোট প্রশ্ন২৩
সিলেবাস
Pathology-04 -
Special pathology for some diseases like -
Respiratory diseases - Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Bronchial Carcinoma, Chronic Bronchitis, Empygenia, Bronchicetasis, Respiratory failure, pleurisy, pleural effusions, Pneumoconiosis.
Cardiovascular disease - Congenital and acquired valvular heart disease. Ischemic heart disease, Hypertensive heart disease. Cardiomyopathies Heart failure.
Routine laboratory procedure for peripheral blood film Urine, Stool malarial parasite examine sputum for Gram stains and AFB examine Blood examine for Hb% and ESR.
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স
স্পেশাল বিসিএস (স্বাস্থ্য) - লং কোর্স · তারিখ অনির্ধারিত · ২৩ প্রশ্ন
২.
Hypersensitivity in TB
ব্যাখ্যা
Infection typically leads to the development of delayed hypersensitivity to M. tuberculosis antigens, which can be detected by the tuberculin (PPD, or Mantoux) skin test.
৩.
A positive tuberculin test signifies ... mediated immunity to mycobacterial antigen
ব্যাখ্যা
A positive tuberculin test signifies T-cell–mediated immunity to mycobacterial antigens but does not differentiate between infection and active disease.
৪.
False-negative reactions in MT may occur in all of the following except
ব্যাখ্যা
False-negative reactions may occur in the setting of certain viral infections, sarcoidosis, malnutrition, Hodgkin lymphoma, immunosuppression,
৫.
Which is the critical mediator that enables macrophages to contain the M. tuberculosis infection?
ব্যাখ্যা
IFN-γ is the critical mediator that enables macrophages to contain the M. tuberculosis infection.
৬.
Initial infection site of TB
ব্যাখ্যা
• Infection by M. tuberculosis proceeds in steps, from initial infection of macrophages to a subsequent TH1 response that both contains the bacteria and causes tissue damage
৭.
Secondary TB classically involves
ব্যাখ্যা
• Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis classically involves the apex of the upper lobes of one or both lungs.
৮.
Most frequent presentation of extra-pulmonary TB
ব্যাখ্যা
• Lymphadenitis is the most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, usually occurring in the cervical region (“scrofula”).
৯.
Pott disease indicates involvement of
ব্যাখ্যা
• When the vertebrae are affected, the disease is referred to as Pott disease.
১০.
Most common organism in CAP
ব্যাখ্যা
• S. pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia; the distribution of inflammation is usually lobar.
১১.
Atypical organisms excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
• The term atypical organisms is used for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetii, and viruses (influenza viruses types A and B, human metapneumovirus)
১২.
Which one is most commonly related to hospital acquired pneumonia
ব্যাখ্যা
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa most commonly causes hospital-acquired infections
১৩.
Minor manifestation of rheumatic fever
ব্যাখ্যা
Others are major criteria
১৪.
Shape of pneumococcus
ব্যাখ্যা
• The presence of numerous neutrophils containing the typical gram-positive, lancet-shaped diplococci supports the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia
১৫.
Stages of lobar pneumonia excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
• In lobar pneumonia, four stages of the inflammatory response have classically been described: congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization, and resolution.
১৬.
Not a Pathognomonic feature of VT
ব্যাখ্যা
Others are Pathognomonic
১৭.
Bronchiectasis usually affects
ব্যাখ্যা
• Bronchiectasis is a disorder in which destruction of smooth muscle and elastic tissue by chronic necrotizing infections leads to permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles
• Bronchiectasis usually affects the lower lobes bilaterally
• The airways are dilated, sometimes up to four times normal size.
• Bronchiectasis usually affects the lower lobes bilaterally
• The airways are dilated, sometimes up to four times normal size.
১৮.
Key inflammatory cell in asthma
ব্যাখ্যা
• Asthma is characterized by reversible bronchoconstriction caused by airway hyperresponsiveness to a variety of stimuli.
• Atopic asthma is caused by a TH2 and IgE-mediated immunologic reaction to environmental allergens
• Eosinophils are key inflammatory cells found in almost all subtypes of asthma
• Atopic asthma is caused by a TH2 and IgE-mediated immunologic reaction to environmental allergens
• Eosinophils are key inflammatory cells found in almost all subtypes of asthma
১৯.
Right-to-left shunts are most commonly caused by
ব্যাখ্যা
• Left-to-right shunts are most common and are typically associated with ASDs, VSDs, or a PDA.
২০.
Causes of chronic type-2 respiratory failure excludes
ব্যাখ্যা
Type-1 respiratory failure occurs in lobar collapse
২১.
Rheumatic heart disease most commonly affects
ব্যাখ্যা
• It most commonly affects the mitral valve and is responsible for 99% of acquired mitral stenosis
২২.
Most important modifiable risk factor of coronary artery disease(CAD)
ব্যাখ্যা
Smoking remains most important modifiable risk factor in CAD
২৩.
Most common primary cardiac tumour in adults
ব্যাখ্যা
Myxoma is the most common cardiac primary tumour