৪৯তম বিসিএস ⎯ তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি [২৮১]

The meaning of the word "computer" is to calculate. A computer is a calculating
machine. The father of the modern computer is Charles Babbage. A computer designed for use
by one person is called a personal computer.

ALU performs all arithmetic and logical operations in the CPU

Decimal (Base-10): It uses ten digits (0-9) and each position represents a power
of 10 (units, tens, hundreds, etc.).
Binary (Base-2): Computers use binary because it's easy to represent with electrical signals
(on/off, 1/0). Each position represents a power of 2.
Octal (Base-8): It uses digits 0-7, and each position represents a power of 8.
Hexadecimal (Base-16): It is used to represent binary data in a more compact form. It uses
digits 0-9 and A-F (where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, and F=15). Each position represents
a power of 16

The internet was first introduced in 1969, but it was officially launched on
January 1, 1983. In Bangladesh, the internet was introduced on June 4, 1996.

 1 Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes in binary system.

    1010
+ 0101
  --------
   1111

RAM loses data when power is off, hence it's volatile.

Many devices can function as both input and output, like hard disk, touchscreens
and USB

C++ is a high-level programming language. HTML is a markup language. HTTP is
a protocol. USB is a standard for connecting computer peripherals.
Specifically, USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, and it defines the cables, connectors, and
communication protocols used for connection, communication, and power supply between
computers and electronic devices.

Google Chrome is application software; the others are system software.
Application software refers to computer programs that are designed to perform specific tasks or
functions for end users. These programs are not directly involved in the operation of the
computer, but rather they facilitate various user activities. Examples include word processors,
web browsers, multimedia software and games.

 Input devices are used to enter data into the computer system.

Windows is system software; the others are hardware device devices.

Processor is a Hardware device. It's not any type of software.

The computer system consists of four parts like (1) Hardware, (2) Software, (3)
Data, and (4) Users

Hardware includes all the tangible, physical components of a computer system,
such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, hard drive, and motherboard.

The computer system hardware comprises of three main components like
1. Input/Output (I/O) Unit,
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU), and
3. Memory Unit.

    (0 × 2⁴) + (1 × 2³) + (0 × 2²) + (1 × 2¹) + (1 × 2⁰) 
= (0 × 16) + (1 × 8) + (0 × 4) + (1 × 2) + (1 × 1)
= 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 11

Step-by-step Division by 2:

Step-by-step Division by 8:

Step-by-step Division by 16:

টেকনিক্যাল সমস্যার কারণে Live পরীক্ষার সময় প্রশ্নটি সম্পূর্ণ প্রদর্শিত হয় নি। তাই প্রশ্নটির উত্তর তুলে দেওয়া হয়েছে।  

Hex number: (244)₁₆
Break it down:
= (2 × 16²) + (4 × 16¹) + (4 × 16⁰)
= (2 × 256) + (4 × 16) + (4 × 1)
= 512 + 64 + 4
= 580
∴ (244)₁₆ = (580)₁₀ 

The question has been canceled due to an error in the question. 9 cannot be include in a octal number.

Octal number: (3091)₈
Break it down based on powers of 8 (right to left):
(3091)₈ = (3 × 8³) + (0 × 8²) + (9 × 8¹) + (1 × 8⁰)
=(3 × 512) + (0 × 64) + (9 × 8)+(1× 1)
=1536 + 0 + 72 + 1
= 1609
∴ (3091)₈ = (1609)₁₀ 

Software is generally categorized into two main types like (i) System Software (ii)
Application Software.

Computer software refers to the set of instructions, programs, or routines used to
operate and control computer hardware and perform specific tasks.
This includes everything from the operating system to application software and utility programs.

Application software helps users complete tasks like writing, browsing,
calculating, etc.

A laptop is a type of small, portable computer that is designed in the shape of a briefcase and
can be carried easily.

An audio driver is software that allows the operating system and applications to communicate
with the sound card (hardware). It acts as a translator between the hardware and software,
enabling sound to be played or recorded correctly.

A sound card is a hardware device inside the computer that processes audio signals, enabling
the computer to produce sound through speakers or headphones. It converts digital audio data
to analog signals and vice versa. The software that controls it is called a device driver, but the
sound card itself is hardware.