প্রাইমারি শিক্ষক নিয়োগ প্রস্তুতি [লং কোর্স]

Common noun এর উদাহরণ Teacher, City.
Examples: The teacher gave us homework to complete by the next day.

Noun
Nouns ৫ প্রকার। যথা:
1. Proper noun: New York, London
2. Common noun: Teacher, City
3. Collective noun: Team, Flock
4. Abstract noun: Happiness, Freedom
5. Material noun: Gold, Water

Common nouns সাধারণ নাম নির্দেশ করে যা একটি নির্দিষ্ট ব্যক্তি, স্থান বা জিনিসকে নয়, বরং সাধারণভাবে সেই শ্রেণীর সবকিছুকে বোঝায়।
অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে  She, It এবং They, We হচ্ছে pronoun এর উদাহরণ।

Source: Cambridge dictionary

• The bright, sunny day lifted everyone's spirits.
- Examples: In this sentence, "bright" and "sunny" are adjectives that describe the noun "day."

• Adjectives
- Adjectives শব্দগুলো সাধারণত নাম বা সর্বনাম বিশেষণ করে এবং সেই বস্তু, ব্যক্তি বা স্থানটি কেমন, কতখানি, কতজন, ইত্যাদি বিষয়গুলির বর্ণনা দেয়।

অন্যদিকে, 
- Adverbs: Quickly (She runs quickly across the field.)
- Nouns: Book, Table (The book on the table is mine.)
- Abstract nouns: Friendship, Honesty (Friendship and honesty are important values.)
- এখানে, শুধুমাত্র অপশনে adjective আছে যা nouns "day" কে বিশেষণ করছে এবং সেই দিনটি কেমন ছিল তার বর্ণনা দিচ্ছে। 

Source: Cambridge dictionary

• Adverb modifying an adjective এর উদাহরণ গ) The beautifully painted mural brightened the room.
- "Beautifully" is an adverb modifying the adjective "painted"

• Adverb
Adverbs সাধারণত ক্রিয়াপদ, বিশেষণ বা অন্যান্য adverb কে বিশেষণ করে এবং কখন, কোথায়, কীভাবে, কতটুকু, কতবার ইত্যাদি প্রশ্নের উত্তর দেয়

ক) The cat slept soundly under the warm sunlight.
- "soundly" is an adverb modifying the verb "slept"
- "warm" is an adjective modifying the noun "sunlight"

খ) She finished her homework very quickly.
- "Very" is an adverb modifying the adverb "quickly"

ঘ) He spoke with confidence and clarity.
"confidence" and "clarity" are nouns

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

• The chef prepared dinner for the guests. Here 'prepared' is a - Transitive verb.

• Transitive verb
- যে verb এর object আছে তাকে transitive verb বলে৷
- Transitive verbs এর সাধারণ Structure  হচ্ছে : subject + verb + object
- Object সর্বদাই Noun অথবা Pronoun হয়।
- তাই বাক্যে verb এর পরে Noun অথবা Pronoun থাকলে verb টি সাধারণত transitive verb হবে।
- আবার intransitive verb এর শেষে preposition + object যুক্ত করেও তাকে transitive verb এ পরিণত করা যায়।

• কিছু Transitive verb এ object এর পাশাপাশি Complement থাকে।
- Complement গুলো object কে Describe করে।
- এই ধরনের Complement কে  Objective Complement বলে।

Altitude's synonym is elevation.

Altitude:
English meaning: the height above sea level of a point on the earth's surface.
Bangla meaning: উচ্চতা।

Elevation:
English meaning: the height to which something is elevated above a point of reference, especially sea level.
Bangla meaning: উচ্চতা, উত্তোলন।

• অন্য অপশনগুলোর মধ্যে - 
খ) depth - গভীরতা; ঘনতা।
গ) velocity - গতির হার; বেগ।
ঘ) magnitude - বিস্তার; প্রসার; বিশালত্ব; গুরুত্ব; তারকাদের তুলনামূলক উজ্জ্বলতা।

Examples :
1. We are currently flying at an altitude of 15,000 meters.
2. Mountain climbers use oxygen when they reach higher altitudes.

Source: Cambridge dictionary

Brief's synonym is concise.

Brief:
English meaning: of short duration; not lasting for a long time.
Bangla meaning: সংক্ষেপ, সংক্ষিপ্ত, সারসংক্ষেপ।
Example : The CEO gave a brief overview of the company's financial performance.

Concise:
English meaning: giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive.
Bangla meaning: সংক্ষিপ্ত, সারসংক্ষেপ।
Example : The article provided a concise summary of the main findings of the research study.

In addition,

Lengthy:
English meaning: lasting or taking a long time; extended.
Bangla meaning: দীর্ঘ, লম্বা, ব্যবধানবিশেষক, প্রসঙ্গবিশেষক।

Expansive:
English meaning: covering a wide area in terms of space or including a wide range of subjects.
Bangla meaning: প্রসারণশীল, প্রসারণমূলক, বিস্তৃত।

Curt:
English meaning: rudely brief or abrupt in speech or manner.
Bangla meaning: তীব্র, সংক্ষেপ, বদমেজাজি, অভাদ্র।

Source: Cambridge dictionary

The synonym of 'bold' is courageous.

Bold:
English meaning: showing a willingness to take risks; confident and courageous.
Bangla meaning: সাহসী, সাহসিক।
Example: The entrepreneur made a bold decision to invest all her savings into her startup.

Courageous:
English meaning: not deterred by danger or pain; brave.
Bangla meaning: বীর, সাহসী।
Example: The soldier's courageous act saved his comrades during the enemy ambush.

In addition,

Timid:
English meaning: showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened.
Bangla meaning: ভীরু।
Example: The timid puppy cowered in fear at the sight of strangers.

Reserved:
English meaning: slow to reveal emotion or opinions; restrained or quiet.
Bangla meaning: সাবধান, সংযত।
Example: Despite her knowledge on the subject, she remained reserved during the heated debate.

Hesitant:
English meaning: tentative, unsure, or slow in acting or speaking.
Bangla meaning: দ্বিধাগ্রস্থ।
Example: He was hesitant to confront his boss about the unfair treatment he received.

Source: Cambridge dictionary

• The word that is not a synonym for 'companion' is foe.

• Companion
English meaning: A person you spend a lot of time with often because you are friends or because you are travelling together:
Bangla Meaning: সঙ্গী; সহচর।
Example: The dog has been her constant companion these past ten years.

Friend:
English meaning: a person whom one knows and with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically exclusive of sexual or family relations.
Bangla Meaning: বন্ধু; বান্ধব; সখা; সুহৃদ; মিত্র; বয়স্য।
Example: She invited her friend to accompany her on the trip to the amusement park.

Foe:
English meaning: an enemy or opponent.
Bangla Meaning: (কাবিক্য) শত্রু।
Example: Despite being foes on the battlefield, they shared mutual respect for each other's skills.

Comrade:
English meaning: a companion who shares one's activities or is a fellow member of an organization.
Bangla Meaning: অন্তরঙ্গ সঙ্গী বা সহকর্মী; বিশ্বস্ত বন্ধু।
Example: The soldiers regarded each other as comrades, relying on one another for support during difficult missions.

Partner:
English meaning: a person who takes part in an undertaking with another or others, especially in a business or firm with shared risks and profits.
Bangla Meaning: অংশীদার
Example: They worked together as partners in their law firm, handling cases and clients collaboratively.

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

• Dissatisfied  is an antonym of 'content'.

Content:
English meaning: in a state of peaceful happiness or satisfaction.
Bangla meaning: সন্তুষ্ট, তৃপ্ত।
Example: After finishing a good book, she felt content and relaxed.

In addition,
Dissatisfied:
English meaning: not content or pleased with something.
Bangla meaning: অসন্তুষ্ট, অতৃপ্ত।
Example: The customer was dissatisfied with the quality of the product and requested a refund.

Complacent:
English meaning: showing smug or uncritical satisfaction with oneself or one's achievements.
Bangla meaning: আত্মসন্তুষ্ট, স্বপ্রশংসিত।
Example: Despite the warning signs, he remained complacent about the potential risks to his business.

Joyful:
English meaning: feeling, expressing, or causing great pleasure and happiness.
Bangla meaning: আনন্দময়, উল্লাসময়।
Example: The children's laughter filled the room, creating a joyful atmosphere during the holiday party.

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

Assurance:
English meaning: a positive declaration intended to give confidence; a promise.
Bangla meaning: নিশ্চিতকরণ, আশ্বাস।
Example: The company's success rate provided assurance to its investors about the stability of their investments.

Source: Cambridge dictionary

The word that contrasts 'delight' is boredom.

Pleasure:
English meaning: a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
Bangla meaning: আনন্দ, মনোরমতা।
Example: Watching the sunset over the ocean brought her immense pleasure and peace.

Boredom:
English meaning: the state of feeling bored; lack of interest or excitement.
Bangla meaning: নিষ্প্রয়োজনতা, বিরক্তি।
Example: He experienced boredom during the long, tedious lecture and struggled to stay focused.

In addition,
Joy:
English meaning: a feeling of great pleasure and happiness.
Bangla meaning: আনন্দ, উল্লাস।
Example: The birth of their first child brought them overwhelming joy and gratitude.

Happiness:
English meaning: the state of being happy; feeling or showing pleasure or contentment.
Bangla meaning: সুখ, আনন্দ।
Example: She found happiness in simple moments like spending time with loved ones and enjoying nature.

Source: Cambridge dictionary

In the sentence "The train arrived yesterday afternoon," the underlined word "yesterday" is an adverb.

• Adverb: 
 Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us when things happen are defined as adverbs of time.
- যে adverb কোনকিছু কখন/কোন সময়ে ঘটেছে তা বর্ণনা/উল্লেখ করে তাকে Adverb of time বলে।
- এই ধরণের adverb গুলো ক্রিয়া সম্পন্ন হওয়ার সময় বুঝায় অর্থা , 'when?' বা 'কখন?'  উত্তর দেয়।
- এটা sentence এর শুরুতে অথবা শেষে ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
- Adverbs of time: Yesterday, today, afterward, always, immediately, last month, now, soon, etc. are common.

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

The sentence containing a quantitative adjective is  "She bought several new dresses for the party."

• Quantitative adjective:
- যে adjective দ্বারা uncountable noun এর পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে তাকে Quantitive adjective বলে।
- এই ধরনের adjective কোন কিছুর পরিমাণ নির্দেশ করে।
- Some Quantitive adjective: much, a little, whole, some, several, enough, all, half, sufficient etc.

• Different types of adjectives; 
- Descriptive adjectives: Bright, Sunny
- Quantitative adjectives: Some, Many
- Demonstrative adjectives: This, Those
- Possessive adjectives: My, His
- Interrogative adjectives: Which, What

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

•  Manhood হচ্ছে Abstract Noun.

• Abstract noun:
- যে noun এর কোন বাহ্যিক অস্তিত্ব নেই বা ধরা,ছোয়া যায় না সেগুলোকে Abstract Noun বলে

• Manhood এর অর্থ হচ্ছে - পূর্ণবয়স; যৌবন, পুরুষসুলভ গুণাবলি; পুরুষত্ব, শৌর্য।
- অর্থাৎ manhood দ্বারা মানবজীবনের এমন একটি অবস্থা বুঝায় যেটির বাহ্যিক অস্তিত্ব নেই বা ধরা যায় না। তাই এটি Abstract Noun।
- আরো কিছু Abstract Noun: Motherhood, friendship, Kindness, Faith etc.

• Noun
Nouns ৫ প্রকার। যথা:
1.Proper noun: New York, London
2.Common noun: Teacher, City
3.Collective noun: Team, Flock
4.Abstract noun: Happiness, Freedom
5.Material noun: Gold, Water

Source: Cambridge Dictionary

• The sentence containing a relative pronoun is  "She bought the dress that was on sale."

Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses and relate them to the noun or pronoun that they modify. In this sentence, "that" is a relative pronoun that introduces the relative clause "that was on sale," which provides additional information about the noun "dress."

Pronoun ৯ প্রকার। যথা : 
1.Personal pronoun : I, He, They
2.Demonstrative pronoun : This, Those
3.Relative pronoun : Which, Where, that.
4.Reciprocal pronoun : Each other, One another
5.Interrogative pronoun : Who, Whom
6.Indefinite pronoun: None, Several
7.Distributive pronoun : Each, Either
8.Possessive pronoun: Theirs, Ours 
9.Reflexive pronoun : Myself, Ourselves

Source: Cambridge dictionary

• A square peg in a round hole
English Meaning: a person in a situation unsuited to their abilities or character.
Bangla Meaning: অনুপযুক্ত / বেমানান।

Ex. Sentence: He never quite fitted in when he was working here - he was always a bit of a square peg.
Bangla Meaning: সে যখন এখানে কাজ করতো তখন মানিয়ে নিতে পারে নি, সে বরাবরই এখানে বেমানান ছিলো।

Source: Cambridge Dictionary and Live MCQ Lecture.

The idiom "barking up the wrong tree" means pursuing a mistaken or misguided course.

In contrast, the other options:
 "Jumping on the bandwagon" means joining a popular trend or activity without careful consideration, which is different from pursuing a mistaken course.
Example- Everyone started juicing in the office, so I decided to jump on the bandwagon and bought myself a juicer too.

"Letting the cat out of the bag" means revealing a secret, which is unrelated to pursuing a mistaken course.
Example- I accidentally let the cat out of the bag when I told Sarah about the surprise party we were planning for her birthday.

"Spilling the beans" means revealing confidential or secret information, which is also unrelated to pursuing a mistaken course.
Example- I wasn't supposed to tell anyone, but I ended up spilling the beans about the new project our company is working on during the meeting. 

Source: Cambridge dictionary. 

• Hit the nail on the head:
English Meaning: To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem/ Accurately identifying or addressing an issue.
Bengali meaning: মূল সমস্যাটি চিহ্নিত করা; আসল কথায় আসা।

Example: "When she said we need more time to complete the project, she hit the nail on the head."

Source:
1. Live MCQ Lecture, 
2. Cambridge Dictionary.
3. Accessible Dictionary by Bangla Academy.